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Article ; Online: Lifespan Effects of Muscle-Specific Androgen Receptor Overexpression on Body Composition of Male and Female Rats.

Barsky, Sabrina Tzivia / Monks, Douglas Ashley

2024 Volume 165, Issue 3

Abstract: Androgenic actions of gonadal testosterone are thought to be a major mechanism promoting sex differences in body composition across the lifespan. However, this inference is based on studies of androgen receptor (AR) function in late adolescent or ... ...

Abstract	Androgenic actions of gonadal testosterone are thought to be a major mechanism promoting sex differences in body composition across the lifespan. However, this inference is based on studies of androgen receptor (AR) function in late adolescent or emerging adult rodents. Here we assess body composition and AR expression in skeletal muscle of rats at defined ages, comparing wild-type (WT) to transgenic human skeletal actin-driven AR overexpression (HSAAR) rats which overexpress AR in skeletal muscle. Male and female HSAAR and WT Sprague Dawley rats (N = 288) underwent dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning and tissue collection at postnatal day (PND) 1, 10, 21, 42, 70, 183, 243, and 365. Expected sex differences in body composition and muscle mass largely onset with puberty (PND-21), with no associated changes to skeletal muscle AR protein. In adulthood, HSAAR increased tibialis anterior (TA) and extensor digitorum longus mass in males, and reduced the expected gain in gonadal fat mass in both sexes. In WT rats, AR protein was reduced in soleus, but not TA, throughout life. Nonetheless, soleus AR protein expression was greater in male rats than female rats at all ages of sexual development, yet only at PND-70 in TA. Overall, despite muscle AR overexpression effects, results are inconsistent with major sex differences in body composition during sexual development being driven by changes in muscle AR, rather suggesting that changes in ligand promote sexual differentiation of body composition during pubertal timing. Nonetheless, increased skeletal muscle AR in adulthood can be sufficient to increase muscle mass in males, and reduce adipose in both sexes.
MeSH term(s)	Rats ; Animals ; Female ; Male ; Humans ; Adolescent ; Receptors, Androgen/metabolism ; Longevity ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Androgens/metabolism ; Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism ; Body Composition/genetics
Chemical Substances	Receptors, Androgen ; Androgens
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	427856-2
ISSN	1945-7170 ; 0013-7227
ISSN (online)	1945-7170
ISSN	0013-7227
DOI	10.1210/endocr/bqae012
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Article ; Online: Androgen action on myogenesis throughout the lifespan; comparison with neurogenesis.

Barsky, Sabrina Tzivia / Monks, Douglas Ashley

Frontiers in neuroendocrinology

2023 Volume 71, Page(s) 101101

Abstract: Androgens' pleiotropic actions in promoting sex differences present not only a challenge to providing a comprehensive account of their function, but also an opportunity to gain insights by comparing androgenic actions across organ systems. Although often ...

Abstract	Androgens' pleiotropic actions in promoting sex differences present not only a challenge to providing a comprehensive account of their function, but also an opportunity to gain insights by comparing androgenic actions across organ systems. Although often overlooked by neuroscientists, skeletal muscle is another androgen-responsive organ system which shares with the nervous system properties of electrochemical excitability, behavioral relevance, and remarkable capacity for adaptive plasticity. Here we review androgenic regulation of mitogenic plasticity in skeletal muscle with the goal of identifying areas of interest to those researching androgenic mechanisms mediating sexual differentiation of neurogenesis. We use an organizational-activational framework to relate broad areas of similarity and difference between androgen effects on mitogenesis in muscle and brain throughout the lifespan, from early organogenesis, through pubertal organization, adult activation, and aging. The focus of the review is androgenic regulation of muscle-specific stem cells (satellite cells), which share with neural stem cells essential functions in development, plasticity, and repair, albeit with distinct, muscle-specific features. Also considered are areas of paracrine and endocrine interaction between androgen action on muscle and nervous system, including mediation of neural plasticity of innervating and distal neural populations by muscle-produced trophic factors.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Male ; Humans ; Androgens ; Receptors, Androgen/physiology ; Longevity ; Neurogenesis ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Muscle Development
Chemical Substances	Androgens ; Receptors, Androgen
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	390985-2
ISSN	1095-6808 ; 0532-7466 ; 0091-3022
ISSN (online)	1095-6808
ISSN	0532-7466 ; 0091-3022
DOI	10.1016/j.yfrne.2023.101101
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Article ; Online: Myocytic androgen receptor overexpression does not affect sex differences in adaptation to chronic endurance exercise.

Barsky, Sabrina Tzivia / Monks, Douglas Ashley

Biology of sex differences

2022 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 59

Abstract: Muscle-specific androgen receptor (AR) overexpression (HSAAR transgene) in sedentary male rats results in reduced adiposity, increased mitochondrial enzyme activity, and selective increase in Type 2b myofiber size. Here, we tested chronic endurance ... ...

Abstract	Muscle-specific androgen receptor (AR) overexpression (HSAAR transgene) in sedentary male rats results in reduced adiposity, increased mitochondrial enzyme activity, and selective increase in Type 2b myofiber size. Here, we tested chronic endurance exercise interactions with this phenotype in both sexes. Across 9 weeks, rats ran 5×/week on motorized running wheels at increasing speeds and durations. Exercise reduced fat mass in all groups, but sex affected endurance exercise outcomes such that absolute lean mass increased only in females and total body mass decreased only in males. Expected sex differences were observed with males exhibiting greater total body and lean mass; absolute and relative fat mass; bone mineral density; extensor digitorum longus (EDL) myofiber size and glycolytic proportion; but lesser Type 2a and Type 1 myosin expression in tibialis anterior. Observed HSAAR outcomes were not altered by sex, with transgenic rats having greater lean mass, Type 2a myosin expression in soleus, and glycolytic myofiber size in EDL. Tibialis AR content was independently affected by sex, HSAAR, and exercise. No sex differences were observed in tibialis AR expression in wild-type rats, although HSAAR males had greater AR content than HSAAR females. We identified a moderate correlation between AR expression and glycolytic myofiber size, but not whole-body composition. Overall, results suggest myocytic AR overexpression and chronic exercise, despite sharing a similar phenotype to adaptation, are mediated by distinct mechanisms. Further, this study illustrates sex differences in adaptation to chronic endurance exercise, and suggests sex-similarity in the relationship between muscle AR and exercise response.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Rats ; Male ; Animals ; Physical Conditioning, Animal/physiology ; Receptors, Androgen/metabolism ; Muscle, Skeletal/physiology ; Body Composition
Chemical Substances	Receptors, Androgen
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2587352-0
ISSN	2042-6410 ; 2042-6410
ISSN (online)	2042-6410
ISSN	2042-6410
DOI	10.1186/s13293-022-00471-x
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Article ; Online: Myocytic androgen receptor overexpression does not affect sex differences in adaptation to chronic endurance exercise

Sabrina Tzivia Barsky / Douglas Ashley Monks

Biology of Sex Differences, Vol 13, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2022 Volume 21

Abstract: Highlights 1. Adaptations in bone, lean, and total mass after forced endurance exercise are sex-dependent in rats. 2. Sex differences in muscle fiber-type size and proportion, lean body mass, and bone density are independent of exercise in rats. 3. ... ...

Abstract	Highlights 1. Adaptations in bone, lean, and total mass after forced endurance exercise are sex-dependent in rats. 2. Sex differences in muscle fiber-type size and proportion, lean body mass, and bone density are independent of exercise in rats. 3. Myocytic AR overexpression promotes lean body mass and glycolytic myofiber size in both sexes. 4. Skeletal muscle AR protein is elevated by chronic endurance exercise in rats, and these changes in AR content are correlated with improved glycolytic myofiber size.
Keywords	Endurance exercise ; Sex differences ; Muscle androgen receptor ; Body composition ; Medicine ; R ; Physiology ; QP1-981
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: (with research data) Managing anabolic steroids in pre-hibernating Arctic ground squirrels: obtaining their benefits and avoiding their costs.

Boonstra, Rudy / Mo, Kaiguo / Monks, Douglas Ashley

Biology letters

2014 Volume 10, Issue 11, Page(s) 20140734

Abstract: Androgens have benefits, such as promoting muscle growth, but also significant costs, including suppression of immune function. In many species, these trade-offs in androgen action are reflected in regulated androgen production, which is typically ... ...

Abstract	Androgens have benefits, such as promoting muscle growth, but also significant costs, including suppression of immune function. In many species, these trade-offs in androgen action are reflected in regulated androgen production, which is typically highest only in reproductive males. However, all non-reproductive Arctic ground squirrels, irrespective of age and sex, have high levels of androgens prior to hibernating at sub-zero temperatures. Androgens appear to be required to make muscle in summer, which, together with lipid, is then catabolized during overwinter. By contrast, most hibernating mammals catabolize only lipid. We tested the hypothesis that androgen action is selectively enhanced in Arctic ground squirrel muscle because of an upregulation of androgen receptors (ARs). Using Western blot analysis, we found that Arctic ground squirrels have AR in skeletal muscle more than four times that of Columbian ground squirrels, a related southern species that overwinters at approximately 0°C and has low pre-hibernation androgen levels. By contrast, AR in lymph nodes was equivalent in both species. Brain AR was also modestly but significantly increased in Arctic ground squirrel relative to Columbian ground squirrel. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that tissue-specific AR regulation prior to hibernation provides a mechanism whereby Arctic ground squirrels obtain the life-history benefits and mitigate the costs associated with high androgen production.
MeSH term(s)	Alberta ; Androgens/metabolism ; Animals ; Arctic Regions ; Blotting, Western/veterinary ; Brain/metabolism ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Hibernation ; Lymph Nodes/metabolism ; Male ; Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism ; Receptors, Androgen/genetics ; Receptors, Androgen/metabolism ; Sciuridae/physiology ; Species Specificity ; Yukon Territory
Chemical Substances	Androgens ; Receptors, Androgen
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-11-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2135022-X
ISSN	1744-957X ; 1744-9561
ISSN (online)	1744-957X
ISSN	1744-9561
DOI	10.1098/rsbl.2014.0734
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Article: Sexual dimorphism and androgen regulation of satellite cell population in differentiating rat levator ani muscle.

Niel, Lee / Willemsen, Kristin R / Volante, Sonia N / Monks, Douglas Ashley

Developmental neurobiology

2008 Volume 68, Issue 1, Page(s) 115–122

Abstract: The bulbocavernosus (BC) and levator ani (LA) muscles of rats show remarkable androgen-dependent sexual dimorphism. These muscles are additionally of interest because they are thought to indirectly mediate sexual differentiation of innervating spinal ... ...

Abstract	The bulbocavernosus (BC) and levator ani (LA) muscles of rats show remarkable androgen-dependent sexual dimorphism. These muscles are additionally of interest because they are thought to indirectly mediate sexual differentiation of innervating spinal motoneurons. This sexual differentiation of the BC/LA is thought to be due to an increase in muscle units in the male rat during the first week after birth. We examined the cellular basis of this differentiation by studying satellite cells in the LA of postnatal day 2.5 rats, when sexual dimorphism is already prominent. Two experiments were performed in which LA satellite cells were measured: (1) wild-type (WT) males were compared with females and to Tfm androgen receptor mutant males, which are androgen insensitive despite producing masculine amounts of testosterone, and (2) females treated prenatally and/or postnatally with testosterone proprionate were compared with females receiving vehicle injections. Our results indicate that WT males have a larger LA and a greater number of satellite cells in the LA muscle than females or Tfm males. However, satellite cell density was similar for all three groups. Prenatal testosterone treatment masculinized LA size and resulted in a corresponding increase in satellite cell populations, while postnatal TP treatment resulted in a tendency for increased satellite cell density without a significant increase in LA size. Taken together, these studies indicate that satellite cells in the neonatal LA muscle are sexually dimorphic, and that this dimorphism likely results from perinatal actions of androgens on androgen receptors.
MeSH term(s)	Androgens/physiology ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Animals, Newborn ; Cell Differentiation/physiology ; Female ; Male ; Muscle, Skeletal/cytology ; PAX7 Transcription Factor/genetics ; PAX7 Transcription Factor/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Androgen/genetics ; Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/physiology ; Sex Characteristics
Chemical Substances	Androgens ; PAX7 Transcription Factor ; PAX7 protein, human ; Receptors, Androgen
Language	English
Publishing date	2008-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2256184-5
ISSN	1097-4695 ; 1932-8451 ; 0022-3034
ISSN (online)	1097-4695
ISSN	1932-8451 ; 0022-3034
DOI	10.1002/dneu.20580
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Article: Androgen receptor and Kennedy disease/spinal bulbar muscular atrophy.

Monks, Douglas Ashley / Rao, Pengcheng / Mo, Kaiguo / Johansen, Jamie Ann / Lewis, Gareth / Kemp, Michael Quentin

Hormones and behavior

2008 Volume 53, Issue 5, Page(s) 729–740

Abstract: Kennedy Disease/Spinal Bulbar Muscular Atrophy (KD/SBMA) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by genetic polyglutamine expansion of the androgen receptor. We have recently found that overexpression of wildtype androgen receptor in skeletal ... ...

Abstract	Kennedy Disease/Spinal Bulbar Muscular Atrophy (KD/SBMA) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by genetic polyglutamine expansion of the androgen receptor. We have recently found that overexpression of wildtype androgen receptor in skeletal muscle of transgenic mice results in a KD/SBMA phenotype. This surprising result challenges the orthodox view that KD/SBMA requires expression of polyglutamine expanded androgen receptor within motoneurons. Theories relating to the etiology of this disease drawn from studies of human patients, cellular and mouse models are considered with a special emphasis on potential myogenic contributions to as well as the molecular etiology of KD/SBMA.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Muscle, Skeletal/physiology ; Muscular Atrophy, Spinal/pathology ; Muscular Atrophy, Spinal/physiopathology ; Neurons/physiology ; Receptors, Androgen/physiology
Chemical Substances	Receptors, Androgen
Language	English
Publishing date	2008-01-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Review
ZDB-ID	214409-8
ISSN	1095-6867 ; 0018-506X
ISSN (online)	1095-6867
ISSN	0018-506X
DOI	10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.12.009
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Article: Androgen receptor immunoreactivity in skeletal muscle: enrichment at the neuromuscular junction.

Monks, Douglas Ashley / O'Bryant, Erin Louise / Jordan, Cynthia Lee

The Journal of comparative neurology

2004 Volume 473, Issue 1, Page(s) 59–72

Abstract: Potential cellular targets of androgen action within skeletal muscle of the rat were determined by comparing the cellular distribution of androgen receptor (AR)-positive nuclei in the highly androgen-responsive levator ani (LA) muscle with that of the ... ...

Abstract	Potential cellular targets of androgen action within skeletal muscle of the rat were determined by comparing the cellular distribution of androgen receptor (AR)-positive nuclei in the highly androgen-responsive levator ani (LA) muscle with that of the relatively androgen-unresponsive extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle. We found that androgen responsiveness correlates with AR expression in muscle fibers and not in fibroblasts. Results indicate that a much higher percentage of myonuclei in the LA are AR(+) than in the EDL (74% vs. 7%), correlating with differences in androgen responsiveness. Both muscles contain an equivalent proportion of AR(+) fibroblasts (approximately 62%). AR(+) nuclei were not observed in terminal Schwann cells in either muscle. These results suggest that ARs within LA muscle fibers mediate the androgen-dependent survival and growth of the LA muscle and its motoneurons. We also observed an unexpected enrichment of AR(+) myonuclei and fibroblasts proximate to neuromuscular junctions, suggesting that ARs at muscle synapses may selectively regulate synapse-specific genes important for the survival and growth of motoneurons. Although castration reduced the proportion of AR(+) fibroblasts in both muscles, the proportion of AR(+) myonuclei was reduced only in the LA. As expected, testosterone treatment prevented these effects of castration but, unexpectedly, increased the proportion of AR(+) myonuclei in the EDL to above normal. These results suggest that how AR expression in skeletal muscle is influenced by androgens depends not only on the particular muscle but on the particular cell type within that muscle.
MeSH term(s)	Analysis of Variance ; Androgens/metabolism ; Androgens/pharmacology ; Animals ; Basement Membrane/metabolism ; Cell Count/methods ; Fibroblasts/metabolism ; Immunohistochemistry/methods ; Indoles/metabolism ; Male ; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology ; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism ; Muscle, Skeletal/cytology ; Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects ; Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism ; Neuromuscular Junction/drug effects ; Neuromuscular Junction/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Androgen/metabolism ; Receptors, Cholinergic/metabolism ; Testosterone/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	Androgens ; Indoles ; Receptors, Androgen ; Receptors, Cholinergic ; Testosterone (3XMK78S47O) ; DAPI (47165-04-8)
Language	English
Publishing date	2004-05-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3086-7
ISSN	1096-9861 ; 0021-9967 ; 0092-7317
ISSN (online)	1096-9861
ISSN	0021-9967 ; 0092-7317
DOI	10.1002/cne.20088
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Article: Overexpression of wild-type androgen receptor in muscle recapitulates polyglutamine disease

Monks, Douglas Ashley / Johansen, Jamie A / Mo, Kaiguo / Rao, Pengcheng / Eagleson, Bryn / Yu, Zhigang / Lieberman, Andrew P / Breedlove, S. Marc / Jordan, Cynthia L

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2007 Nov. 13, v. 104, no. 46

2007

Abstract: We created transgenic mice that overexpress WT androgen receptor (AR) exclusively in their skeletal muscle fibers. Unexpectedly, these mice display androgen-dependent muscle weakness and early death, show changes in muscle morphology and gene expression ... ...

Abstract	We created transgenic mice that overexpress WT androgen receptor (AR) exclusively in their skeletal muscle fibers. Unexpectedly, these mice display androgen-dependent muscle weakness and early death, show changes in muscle morphology and gene expression consistent with neurogenic atrophy, and exhibit a loss of motor axons. These features reproduce those seen in models of Kennedy disease, a polyglutamine expansion disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the AR gene. These findings demonstrate that toxicity in skeletal muscles is sufficient to cause motoneuron disease and indicate that overexpression of the WT AR can exert toxicity comparable with the polyglutamine expanded protein. This model has two clear implications for Kennedy disease: (i) mechanisms affecting AR gene expression may cause neuromuscular symptoms similar to those of Kennedy disease and (ii) therapeutic approaches targeting skeletal muscle may provide effective treatments for this disease.
Language	English
Dates of publication	2007-1113
Size	p. 18259-18264.
Publishing place	National Academy of Sciences
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
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Article ; Online: Overexpression of wild-type androgen receptor in muscle recapitulates polyglutamine disease.

Monks, Douglas Ashley / Johansen, Jamie A / Mo, Kaiguo / Rao, Pengcheng / Eagleson, Bryn / Yu, Zhigang / Lieberman, Andrew P / Breedlove, S Marc / Jordan, Cynthia L

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2007 Volume 104, Issue 46, Page(s) 18259–18264

Abstract	We created transgenic mice that overexpress WT androgen receptor (AR) exclusively in their skeletal muscle fibers. Unexpectedly, these mice display androgen-dependent muscle weakness and early death, show changes in muscle morphology and gene expression consistent with neurogenic atrophy, and exhibit a loss of motor axons. These features reproduce those seen in models of Kennedy disease, a polyglutamine expansion disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the AR gene. These findings demonstrate that toxicity in skeletal muscles is sufficient to cause motoneuron disease and indicate that overexpression of the WT AR can exert toxicity comparable with the polyglutamine expanded protein. This model has two clear implications for Kennedy disease: (i) mechanisms affecting AR gene expression may cause neuromuscular symptoms similar to those of Kennedy disease and (ii) therapeutic approaches targeting skeletal muscle may provide effective treatments for this disease.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism ; Peptides/genetics ; Receptors, Androgen/genetics ; Transgenes
Chemical Substances	Peptides ; Receptors, Androgen ; polyglutamine (26700-71-0)
Language	English
Publishing date	2007-11-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.0705501104
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