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Article ; Online: mRNA, the beginning of a new influenza vaccine game.

Pecetta, Simone / Rappuoli, Rino

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2022 Volume 119, Issue 50, Page(s) e2217533119

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Influenza Vaccines ; RNA, Messenger ; Influenza, Human/prevention & control ; Vaccination
Chemical Substances	Influenza Vaccines ; RNA, Messenger
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Comment
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.2217533119
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Article ; Online: Global antibiotic use during the COVID-19 pandemic: analysis of pharmaceutical sales data from 71 countries, 2020-2022.

Nandi, Arindam / Pecetta, Simone / Bloom, David E

EClinicalMedicine

2023 Volume 57, Page(s) 101848

Abstract: Background: Despite bacterial coinfection rates of less than 10%, antibiotics are prescribed to an estimated 75% of patients with COVID-19, potentially exacerbating antimicrobial resistance. We estimated the associations of COVID-19 cases and ... ...

Abstract	Background: Despite bacterial coinfection rates of less than 10%, antibiotics are prescribed to an estimated 75% of patients with COVID-19, potentially exacerbating antimicrobial resistance. We estimated the associations of COVID-19 cases and vaccinations with global antibiotic sales during the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We obtained monthly data on broad-spectrum antibiotic sales volumes (cephalosporins, penicillins, macrolides, and tetracyclines) in 71 countries during March 2020-May 2022 from the IQVIA MIDAS® database. These data were combined with country-month-level COVID-19 case and vaccination data from Our World in Data. We used least squares (pooled) and fixed-effects panel data regression models, accounting for country characteristics, to estimate the associations between antibiotic sales volumes and COVID-19 cases and vaccinations per 1000 people. Findings: Sales of all four antibiotics fell sharply during April and May 2020, followed by a gradual rise to near pre-pandemic levels through May 2022. In fixed-effects regression models, a 10% increase in monthly COVID-19 cases was associated with 0.2%-0.3% higher sales of cephalosporins, 0.2%-0.3% higher sales of penicillins, 0.4%-0.6% higher sales of macrolides, and 0.3% higher sales of all four antibiotics combined per 1000 people. Across continents, a 10% increase in monthly COVID-19 cases was associated with 0.8%, 1.3%, and 1.5% higher macrolides sales in Europe, North America, and Africa respectively. Sales of other antibiotics across continent were also positively associated with COVID-19 cases, although the estimated associations were smaller in magnitude. No consistent associations were observed between antibiotic sales and COVID-19 vaccinations. Results from pooled regression analysis were similar to those from the fixed-effects models. Interpretation: Antibiotic sales were positively associated with COVID-19 cases globally during 2020-2022. Our findings underline that antibiotic stewardship in the context of COVID-19 remains essential. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2589-5370
ISSN (online)	2589-5370
DOI	10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101848
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Article ; Online: Save the microbes to save the planet. A call to action of the International Union of the Microbiological Societies (IUMS).

Rappuoli, Rino / Young, Paul / Ron, Eliora / Pecetta, Simone / Pizza, Mariagrazia

One health outlook

2023 Volume 5, Issue 1, Page(s) 5

Abstract: Our planet is populated by at least a trillion species of microorganisms. Every life form is sustained by them and they make the planet habitable. Only a minority of them, about 1400 species, cause infectious diseases that are responsible for human ... ...

Abstract	Our planet is populated by at least a trillion species of microorganisms. Every life form is sustained by them and they make the planet habitable. Only a minority of them, about 1400 species, cause infectious diseases that are responsible for human morbidity, mortality, pandemics and the resulting huge economic losses. Modern human activities, environmental changes and the attempt to control infectious agents using broad spectrum antibiotics and disinfectants jeopardize the global microbial diversity. The International Union of the Microbiological Societies (IUMS) is launching a call to action to mobilize all microbiological societies globally to promote the development of sustainable solutions to control infectious agents while preserving the global microbial diversity and the healthy life of our planet.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Letter
ISSN	2524-4655
ISSN (online)	2524-4655
DOI	10.1186/s42522-023-00077-2
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Article ; Online: Global antibiotic use during the COVID-19 pandemic

Arindam Nandi / Simone Pecetta / David E. Bloom

EClinicalMedicine, Vol 57, Iss , Pp 101848- (2023)

analysis of pharmaceutical sales data from 71 countries, 2020–2022Research in context

2023

Abstract: Summary: Background: Despite bacterial coinfection rates of less than 10%, antibiotics are prescribed to an estimated 75% of patients with COVID-19, potentially exacerbating antimicrobial resistance. We estimated the associations of COVID-19 cases and ... ...

Abstract	Summary: Background: Despite bacterial coinfection rates of less than 10%, antibiotics are prescribed to an estimated 75% of patients with COVID-19, potentially exacerbating antimicrobial resistance. We estimated the associations of COVID-19 cases and vaccinations with global antibiotic sales during the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We obtained monthly data on broad-spectrum antibiotic sales volumes (cephalosporins, penicillins, macrolides, and tetracyclines) in 71 countries during March 2020–May 2022 from the IQVIA MIDAS® database. These data were combined with country-month-level COVID-19 case and vaccination data from Our World in Data. We used least squares (pooled) and fixed-effects panel data regression models, accounting for country characteristics, to estimate the associations between antibiotic sales volumes and COVID-19 cases and vaccinations per 1000 people. Findings: Sales of all four antibiotics fell sharply during April and May 2020, followed by a gradual rise to near pre-pandemic levels through May 2022. In fixed-effects regression models, a 10% increase in monthly COVID-19 cases was associated with 0.2%–0.3% higher sales of cephalosporins, 0.2%–0.3% higher sales of penicillins, 0.4%–0.6% higher sales of macrolides, and 0.3% higher sales of all four antibiotics combined per 1000 people. Across continents, a 10% increase in monthly COVID-19 cases was associated with 0.8%, 1.3%, and 1.5% higher macrolides sales in Europe, North America, and Africa respectively. Sales of other antibiotics across continent were also positively associated with COVID-19 cases, although the estimated associations were smaller in magnitude. No consistent associations were observed between antibiotic sales and COVID-19 vaccinations. Results from pooled regression analysis were similar to those from the fixed-effects models. Interpretation: Antibiotic sales were positively associated with COVID-19 cases globally during 2020–2022. Our findings underline that antibiotic stewardship in the context of ...
Keywords	COVID-19 ; Antibiotic use ; AMR ; Antimicrobial resistance ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Bacteriophages, a multi-tool to fight infectious disease.

Pecetta, Simone / Rappuoli, Rino

Med (New York, N.Y.)

2020 Volume 2, Issue 3, Page(s) 209–210

Abstract: The selectivity of bacteriophages and the flexibility of phage-based preventative or curative treatments hold the promise to counteract the emerging antimicrobial resistant bacteria and other pathogens. An increasing understanding of the phage biology ... ...

Abstract	The selectivity of bacteriophages and the flexibility of phage-based preventative or curative treatments hold the promise to counteract the emerging antimicrobial resistant bacteria and other pathogens. An increasing understanding of the phage biology and recent scientific advancements in the field suggest that this might be possible.
MeSH term(s)	Bacteria ; Bacteriophages ; Communicable Diseases ; Humans ; Phage Therapy
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Comment
ISSN	2666-6340
ISSN (online)	2666-6340
DOI	10.1016/j.medj.2020.12.007
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: The immune evasion roles of

Bear, Alex / Locke, Thomas / Rowland-Jones, Sarah / Pecetta, Simone / Bagnoli, Fabio / Darton, Thomas C

Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology

2023 Volume 13, Page(s) 1242702

Abstract: ... ...

Abstract	While
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Staphylococcal Protein A ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Immune Evasion ; Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology ; Vaccine Development
Chemical Substances	Staphylococcal Protein A
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-27
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2619676-1
ISSN	2235-2988 ; 2235-2988
ISSN (online)	2235-2988
ISSN	2235-2988
DOI	10.3389/fcimb.2023.1242702
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Article ; Online: Vaccines 2020: The era of the digital vaccine is here.

Pizza, Mariagrazia / Pecetta, Simone / Rappuoli, Rino

Science translational medicine

2021 Volume 13, Issue 624, Page(s) eabm3249

Abstract: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has generated a renaissance in vaccinology, with COVID-19 mRNA vaccines delivering a “digital code” of the viral antigen with no need to purify proteins or inactivate pathogens. ...

Abstract	The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has generated a renaissance in vaccinology, with COVID-19 mRNA vaccines delivering a “digital code” of the viral antigen with no need to purify proteins or inactivate pathogens.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Humans ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccines
Chemical Substances	COVID-19 Vaccines ; Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2518854-9
ISSN	1946-6242 ; 1946-6234
ISSN (online)	1946-6242
ISSN	1946-6234
DOI	10.1126/scitranslmed.abm3249
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Article ; Online: Immunology and Technology of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Vaccines.

Pecetta, Simone / Kratochvil, Sven / Kato, Yu / Vadivelu, Kumaran / Rappuoli, Rino

Pharmacological reviews

2022 Volume 74, Issue 1, Page(s) 313–339

Abstract: We have experienced an enormous cohesive effort of the scientific community to understand how the immune system reacts to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and how to elicit protective immunity via vaccination. This effort ... ...

Abstract	We have experienced an enormous cohesive effort of the scientific community to understand how the immune system reacts to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and how to elicit protective immunity via vaccination. This effort resulted in the development of vaccines in record time with high levels of safety, efficacy, and real-life effectiveness. However, the rapid diffusion of viral variants that escape protective antibodies prompted new studies to understand SARS-CoV-2 vulnerabilities and strategies to guide follow-up actions to increase, and maintain, the protection offered by vaccines. In this review, we report the main findings on human immunity to SARS-CoV-2 after natural infection and vaccination; we dissect the immunogenicity and efficacy of the different vaccination strategies that resulted in products widely used in the population; and we describe the impact of viral variants on vaccine-elicited immunity, summarizing the main discoveries and challenges to stay ahead of SARS-CoV-2 evolution. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study reviewed findings on human immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), analyzed the immunogenicity and efficacy of the various vaccines currently used in large vaccination campaigns or candidates in advanced clinical development, and discussed the challenging task to ensure high protective efficacy against the rapidly evolving SARS-CoV-2 virus. This manuscript was completed prior to the emergence of the Omicron variant and to global vaccine boosting efforts.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19 ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Technology ; Viral Vaccines
Chemical Substances	Viral Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	209898-2
ISSN	1521-0081 ; 0031-6997
ISSN (online)	1521-0081
ISSN	0031-6997
DOI	10.1124/pharmrev.120.000285
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Article ; Online: Quantum leap of monoclonal antibody (mAb) discovery and development in the COVID-19 era.

Pecetta, Simone / Finco, Oretta / Seubert, Anja

Seminars in immunology

2020 Volume 50, Page(s) 101427

Abstract: In recent years the global market for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) became a multi-billion-dollar business. This success is mainly driven by treatments in the oncology and autoimmune space. Instead, development of effective mAbs against infectious ... ...

Abstract	In recent years the global market for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) became a multi-billion-dollar business. This success is mainly driven by treatments in the oncology and autoimmune space. Instead, development of effective mAbs against infectious diseases has been lagging behind. For years the high production cost and limited efficacy have blocked broader application of mAbs in the infectious disease space, which instead has been dominated for almost a century by effective and cheap antibiotics and vaccines. Only very few mAbs against RSV, anthrax, Clostridium difficile or rabies have reached the market. This is about to change. The development of urgently needed and highly effective mAbs as preventive and therapeutic treatments against a variety of pathogens is gaining traction. Vast advances in mAb isolation, engineering and production have entirely shifted the cost-efficacy balance. MAbs against devastating diseases like Ebola, HIV and other complex pathogens are now within reach. This trend is further accelerated by ongoing or imminent health crises like COVID-19 and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), where antibodies could be the last resort. In this review we will retrace the history of antibodies from the times of serum therapy to modern mAbs and lay out how the current run for effective treatments against COVID-19 will lead to a quantum leap in scientific, technological and health care system innovation around mAb treatments for infectious diseases.
MeSH term(s)	Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use ; COVID-19/immunology ; COVID-19/therapy ; Communicable Diseases/therapy ; Humans ; Immunization, Passive/methods ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Monoclonal
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-17
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1018141-6
ISSN	1096-3618 ; 1044-5323
ISSN (online)	1096-3618
ISSN	1044-5323
DOI	10.1016/j.smim.2020.101427
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Article ; Online: Recent advances and future perspectives on carbohydrate-based cancer vaccines and therapeutics.

Sorieul, Charlotte / Papi, Francesco / Carboni, Filippo / Pecetta, Simone / Phogat, Sanjay / Adamo, Roberto

Pharmacology & therapeutics

2022 Volume 235, Page(s) 108158

Abstract: Carbohydrates are abundantly expressed on the surface of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, often as post translational modifications of proteins. Glycoproteins are recognized by the immune system and can trigger both innate and humoral responses. ... ...

Abstract	Carbohydrates are abundantly expressed on the surface of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, often as post translational modifications of proteins. Glycoproteins are recognized by the immune system and can trigger both innate and humoral responses. This feature has been harnessed to generate vaccines against polysaccharide-encapsulated bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Hemophilus influenzae type b and Neisseria meningitidis. In cancer, glycosylation plays a pivotal role in malignancy development and progression. Since glycans are specifically expressed on the surface of tumor cells, they have been targeted for the discovery of anticancer preventive and therapeutic treatments, such as vaccines and monoclonal antibodies. Despite the various efforts made over the last years, resulting in a series of clinical studies, attempts of vaccination with carbohydrate-based candidates have proven unsuccessful, primarily due to the immune tolerance often associated with these glycans. New strategies are thus deployed to enhance carbohydrate-based cancer vaccines. Moreover, lessons learned from glycan immunobiology paved the way to the development of new monoclonal antibodies specifically designed to recognize cancer-bound carbohydrates and induce tumor cell killing. Herein we provide an overview of the immunological principles behind the immune response towards glycans and glycoconjugates and the approaches exploited at both preclinical and clinical level to target cancer-associated glycans for the development of vaccines and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. We also discuss gaps and opportunities to successfully advance glycan-directed cancer therapies, which could provide patients with innovative and effective treatments.
MeSH term(s)	Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use ; Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use ; Carbohydrates ; Humans ; Neoplasms/prevention & control ; Polysaccharides ; Vaccines
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Cancer Vaccines ; Carbohydrates ; Polysaccharides ; Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-17
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	194735-7
ISSN	1879-016X ; 0163-7258
ISSN (online)	1879-016X
ISSN	0163-7258
DOI	10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108158
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