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  1. Article ; Online: Engineered antibody fusion proteins for targeted disease therapy.

    Silver, Aliyah B / Leonard, Elissa K / Gould, Joseph R / Spangler, Jamie B

    Trends in pharmacological sciences

    2021  Volume 42, Issue 12, Page(s) 1064–1081

    Abstract: Since the FDA approval of the first therapeutic antibody 35 years ago, antibody-based products have gained prominence in the pharmaceutical market. Building on the early successes of monoclonal antibodies, more recent efforts have capitalized on the ... ...

    Abstract Since the FDA approval of the first therapeutic antibody 35 years ago, antibody-based products have gained prominence in the pharmaceutical market. Building on the early successes of monoclonal antibodies, more recent efforts have capitalized on the exquisite specificity and/or favorable pharmacokinetic properties of antibodies by developing fusion proteins that enable targeted delivery of therapeutic payloads which are otherwise ineffective when administered systemically. This review focuses on recent engineering and translational advances for therapeutics that genetically fuse antibodies to disease-relevant payloads, including cytokines, toxins, enzymes, neuroprotective agents, and soluble factor traps. With numerous antibody fusion proteins in the clinic and other innovative molecules poised to follow suit, these potent, multifunctional drug candidates promise to be a major player in the therapeutic development landscape for years to come.
    MeSH term(s) Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Cytokines ; Humans
    Chemical Substances Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Cytokines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-10-25
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Review
    ZDB-ID 282846-7
    ISSN 1873-3735 ; 0165-6147
    ISSN (online) 1873-3735
    ISSN 0165-6147
    DOI 10.1016/j.tips.2021.09.009
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: Antibody–Invertase Fusion Protein Enables Quantitative Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Using Widely Available Glucometers

    Leonard, Elissa K. / Aller Pellitero, Miguel / Juelg, Boris / Spangler, Jamie B. / Arroyo-Currás, Netzahualcóyotl

    Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2022 June 08, v. 144, no. 25

    2022  

    Abstract: Rapid diagnostics that can accurately inform patients of disease risk and protection are critical to mitigating the spread of the current COVID-19 pandemic and future infectious disease outbreaks. To be effective, such diagnostics must rely on simple, ... ...

    Abstract Rapid diagnostics that can accurately inform patients of disease risk and protection are critical to mitigating the spread of the current COVID-19 pandemic and future infectious disease outbreaks. To be effective, such diagnostics must rely on simple, cost-effective, and widely available equipment and should be compatible with existing telehealth infrastructure to facilitate data access and remote care. Commercial glucometers are an established detection technology that can overcome the cost, time, and trained personnel requirements of current benchtop-based antibody serology assays when paired with reporter molecules that catalyze glucose conversion. To this end, we developed an enzymatic reporter that, when bound to disease-specific patient antibodies, produces glucose in proportion to the level of antibodies present in the patient sample. Although a straightforward concept, the coupling of enzymatic reporters to secondary antibodies or antigens often results in low yields, indeterminant stoichiometry, reduced target binding, and poor catalytic efficiency. Our enzymatic reporter is a novel fusion protein that comprises an antihuman immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody genetically fused to two invertase molecules. The resulting fusion protein retains the binding affinity and catalytic activity of the constituent proteins and serves as an accurate reporter for immunoassays. Using this fusion, we demonstrate quantitative glucometer-based measurement of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibodies in blinded clinical sample training sets. Our results demonstrate the ability to detect SARS-CoV-2-specific IgGs in patient serum with precise agreement to benchmark commercial immunoassays. Because our fusion protein binds all human IgG isotypes, it represents a versatile tool for detection of disease-specific antibodies in a broad range of biomedical applications.
    Keywords COVID-19 infection ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; antibodies ; beta-fructofuranosidase ; blood serum ; catalytic activity ; cost effectiveness ; diagnostic techniques ; equipment ; glucose ; human resources ; humans ; immunoglobulin G ; infrastructure ; patients ; risk ; serology ; stoichiometry ; telemedicine
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-0608
    Size p. 11226-11237.
    Publishing place American Chemical Society
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 3155-0
    ISSN 1520-5126 ; 0002-7863
    ISSN (online) 1520-5126
    ISSN 0002-7863
    DOI 10.1021/jacs.2c02537
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  3. Article ; Online: Antibody-Invertase Fusion Protein Enables Quantitative Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Using Widely Available Glucometers.

    Leonard, Elissa K / Aller Pellitero, Miguel / Juelg, Boris / Spangler, Jamie B / Arroyo-Currás, Netzahualcóyotl

    Journal of the American Chemical Society

    2022  Volume 144, Issue 25, Page(s) 11226–11237

    Abstract: Rapid diagnostics that can accurately inform patients of disease risk and protection are critical to mitigating the spread of the current COVID-19 pandemic and future infectious disease outbreaks. To be effective, such diagnostics must rely on simple, ... ...

    Abstract Rapid diagnostics that can accurately inform patients of disease risk and protection are critical to mitigating the spread of the current COVID-19 pandemic and future infectious disease outbreaks. To be effective, such diagnostics must rely on simple, cost-effective, and widely available equipment and should be compatible with existing telehealth infrastructure to facilitate data access and remote care. Commercial glucometers are an established detection technology that can overcome the cost, time, and trained personnel requirements of current benchtop-based antibody serology assays when paired with reporter molecules that catalyze glucose conversion. To this end, we developed an enzymatic reporter that, when bound to disease-specific patient antibodies, produces glucose in proportion to the level of antibodies present in the patient sample. Although a straightforward concept, the coupling of enzymatic reporters to secondary antibodies or antigens often results in low yields, indeterminant stoichiometry, reduced target binding, and poor catalytic efficiency. Our enzymatic reporter is a novel fusion protein that comprises an antihuman immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody genetically fused to two invertase molecules. The resulting fusion protein retains the binding affinity and catalytic activity of the constituent proteins and serves as an accurate reporter for immunoassays. Using this fusion, we demonstrate quantitative glucometer-based measurement of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibodies in blinded clinical sample training sets. Our results demonstrate the ability to detect SARS-CoV-2-specific IgGs in patient serum with precise agreement to benchmark commercial immunoassays. Because our fusion protein binds all human IgG isotypes, it represents a versatile tool for detection of disease-specific antibodies in a broad range of biomedical applications.
    MeSH term(s) Antibodies, Viral ; COVID-19/diagnosis ; Glucose ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; beta-Fructofuranosidase
    Chemical Substances Antibodies, Viral ; Immunoglobulin G ; beta-Fructofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.26) ; Glucose (IY9XDZ35W2)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 3155-0
    ISSN 1520-5126 ; 0002-7863
    ISSN (online) 1520-5126
    ISSN 0002-7863
    DOI 10.1021/jacs.2c02537
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Weaponizing T-cell receptors through molecular engineering.

    Leonard, Elissa K / Leff, Michael I / Spangler, Jamie B

    The Journal of biological chemistry

    2019  Volume 294, Issue 15, Page(s) 5805–5806

    Abstract: T-cell receptors (TCRs) recognize pathogens to ignite immune responses, making them attractive scaffolds for development as immunotherapeutics. However, manipulation of TCRs has been impeded by difficulties in their engineering and expression. Wagner and ...

    Abstract T-cell receptors (TCRs) recognize pathogens to ignite immune responses, making them attractive scaffolds for development as immunotherapeutics. However, manipulation of TCRs has been impeded by difficulties in their engineering and expression. Wagner and colleagues now establish new platforms to generate high-affinity TCR variants that potently activate T cells, and they also create soluble TCR fusion proteins that specifically recognize cognate peptides. This work provides specific tools to combat cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and helps illuminate a general path to actuation of engineered TCR-based therapeutics.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Protein Engineering ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics ; Solubility
    Chemical Substances Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-04-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 2997-x
    ISSN 1083-351X ; 0021-9258
    ISSN (online) 1083-351X
    ISSN 0021-9258
    DOI 10.1074/jbc.H119.008479
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article: Engineered cytokine/antibody fusion proteins improve delivery of IL-2 to pro-inflammatory cells and promote antitumor activity.

    Leonard, Elissa K / Tomala, Jakub / Gould, Joseph R / Leff, Michael I / Lin, Jian-Xin / Li, Peng / Porter, Mitchell J / Johansen, Eric R / Thompson, Ladaisha / Cao, Shanelle D / Henclova, Tereza / Huliciak, Maros / Vaněk, Ondřej / Kovar, Marek / Leonard, Warren J / Spangler, Jamie B

    bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

    2023  

    Abstract: Progress in cytokine engineering is driving therapeutic translation by overcoming the inherent limitations of these proteins as drugs. The interleukin-2 (IL-2) cytokine harbors great promise as an immune stimulant for cancer treatment. However, the ... ...

    Abstract Progress in cytokine engineering is driving therapeutic translation by overcoming the inherent limitations of these proteins as drugs. The interleukin-2 (IL-2) cytokine harbors great promise as an immune stimulant for cancer treatment. However, the cytokine's concurrent activation of both pro-inflammatory immune effector cells and anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells, its toxicity at high doses, and its short serum half-life have limited clinical application. One promising approach to improve the selectivity, safety, and longevity of IL-2 is complexation with anti-IL-2 antibodies that bias the cytokine towards the activation of immune effector cells (i.e., effector T cells and natural killer cells). Although this strategy shows therapeutic potential in preclinical cancer models, clinical translation of a cytokine/antibody complex is complicated by challenges in formulating a multi-protein drug and concerns about complex stability. Here, we introduce a versatile approach to designing intramolecularly assembled single-agent fusion proteins (immunocytokines, ICs) comprising IL-2 and a biasing anti-IL-2 antibody that directs the cytokine's activities towards immune effector cells. We establish the optimal IC construction and further engineer the cytokine/antibody affinity to improve immune biasing function. We demonstrate that our IC preferentially activates and expands immune effector cells, leading to superior antitumor activity compared to natural IL-2 without inducing toxicities associated with IL-2 administration. Collectively, this work presents a roadmap for the design and translation of immunomodulatory cytokine/antibody fusion proteins.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.1101/2023.05.03.539272
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: In Vivo Stimulation of Therapeutic Antigen-Specific T Cells in an Artificial Lymph Node Matrix.

    Livingston, Natalie K / Hickey, John W / Sim, Hajin / Salathe, Sebastian F / Choy, Joseph / Kong, Jiayuan / Silver, Aliyah B / Stelzel, Jessica L / Omotoso, Mary O / Li, Shuyi / Chaisawangwong, Worarat / Roy, Sayantika / Ariail, Emily C / Lanis, Mara R / Pradeep, Pratibha / Bieler, Joan Glick / Witte, Savannah Est / Leonard, Elissa / Doloff, Joshua C /
    Spangler, Jamie B / Mao, Hai-Quan / Schneck, Jonathan P

    Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

    2024  , Page(s) e2310043

    Abstract: T cells are critical mediators of antigen-specific immune responses and are common targets for immunotherapy. Biomaterial scaffolds have previously been used to stimulate antigen-presenting cells to elicit antigen-specific immune responses; however, ... ...

    Abstract T cells are critical mediators of antigen-specific immune responses and are common targets for immunotherapy. Biomaterial scaffolds have previously been used to stimulate antigen-presenting cells to elicit antigen-specific immune responses; however, structural and molecular features that directly stimulate and expand naïve, endogenous, tumor-specific T cells in vivo have not been defined. Here, an artificial lymph node (aLN) matrix is created, which consists of an extracellular matrix hydrogel conjugated with peptide-loaded-MHC complex (Signal 1), the co-stimulatory signal anti-CD28 (Signal 2), and a tethered IL-2 (Signal 3), that can bypass challenges faced by other approaches to activate T cells in situ such as vaccines. This dynamic immune-stimulating platform enables direct, in vivo antigen-specific CD8+ T cell stimulation, as well as recruitment and coordination of host immune cells, providing an immuno-stimulatory microenvironment for antigen-specific T cell activation and expansion. Co-injecting the aLN with naïve, wild-type CD8+ T cells results in robust activation and expansion of tumor-targeted T cells that kill target cells and slow tumor growth in several distal tumor models. The aLN platform induces potent in vivo antigen-specific CD8+ T cell stimulation without the need for ex vivo priming or expansion and enables in situ manipulation of antigen-specific responses for immunotherapies.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-15
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1474949-X
    ISSN 1521-4095 ; 0935-9648
    ISSN (online) 1521-4095
    ISSN 0935-9648
    DOI 10.1002/adma.202310043
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Nanoparticle-based modulation of CD4

    Isser, Ariel / Silver, Aliyah B / Pruitt, Hawley C / Mass, Michal / Elias, Emma H / Aihara, Gohta / Kang, Si-Sim / Bachmann, Niklas / Chen, Ying-Yu / Leonard, Elissa K / Bieler, Joan G / Chaisawangwong, Worarat / Choy, Joseph / Shannon, Sydney R / Gerecht, Sharon / Weber, Jeffrey S / Spangler, Jamie B / Schneck, Jonathan P

    Nature communications

    2022  Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 6086

    Abstract: ... Helper ( ... ...

    Abstract Helper (CD4
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Antigen-Presenting Cells ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; HLA Antigens ; Humans ; Immunotherapy, Adoptive ; Mice ; Nanoparticles
    Chemical Substances HLA Antigens
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-14
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2553671-0
    ISSN 2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
    ISSN (online) 2041-1723
    ISSN 2041-1723
    DOI 10.1038/s41467-022-33597-y
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Supramolecular filaments for concurrent ACE2 docking and enzymatic activity silencing enable coronavirus capture and infection prevention.

    Anderson, Caleb F / Wang, Qiong / Stern, David / Leonard, Elissa K / Sun, Boran / Fergie, Kyle J / Choi, Chang-Yong / Spangler, Jamie B / Villano, Jason / Pekosz, Andrew / Brayton, Cory F / Jia, Hongpeng / Cui, Honggang

    Matter

    2022  Volume 6, Issue 2, Page(s) 583–604

    Abstract: Coronaviruses have historically precipitated global pandemics of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) into devastating public health crises. Despite the virus's rapid rate of mutation, all SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants are known to gain ... ...

    Abstract Coronaviruses have historically precipitated global pandemics of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) into devastating public health crises. Despite the virus's rapid rate of mutation, all SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants are known to gain entry into host cells primarily through complexation with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Although ACE2 has potential as a druggable decoy to block viral entry, its clinical use is complicated by its essential biological role as a carboxypeptidase and hindered by its structural and chemical instability. Here we designed supramolecular filaments, called fACE2, that can silence ACE2's enzymatic activity and immobilize ACE2 to their surface through enzyme-substrate complexation. This docking strategy enables ACE2 to be effectively delivered in inhalable aerosols and improves its structural stability and functional preservation. fACE2 exhibits enhanced and prolonged inhibition of viral entry compared with ACE2 alone while mitigating lung injury
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-12-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2590-2385
    ISSN (online) 2590-2385
    DOI 10.1016/j.matt.2022.11.027
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Recurrence of severe diverticulitis is associated with age and birth decade.

    Leonard, Molly E / Horns, Joshua J / Allen-Brady, Kristina / Ozanne, Elissa M / Wallace, Andrea S / Brooke, Benjamin S / Supiano, Mark A / Cohan, Jessica N

    Journal of gastrointestinal surgery : official journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract

    2024  Volume 28, Issue 4, Page(s) 507–512

    Abstract: Background: The risk of recurrence is an important consideration when deciding to treat patients medically or with elective colectomy after recovery from diverticulitis. It is unclear whether age is associated with recurrence. This study aimed to ... ...

    Abstract Background: The risk of recurrence is an important consideration when deciding to treat patients medically or with elective colectomy after recovery from diverticulitis. It is unclear whether age is associated with recurrence. This study aimed to examine the relationship between age and the risk of recurrent diverticulitis while considering important epidemiologic factors, such as birth decade.
    Methods: The Utah Population Database was used to identify individuals with incident severe diverticulitis, defined as requiring an emergency department visit or hospitalization, between 1998 and 2018. This study measured the relationship between age and recurrent severe diverticulitis after adjusting for birth decade and other important variables, such as sex, urban/rural status, complicated diverticulitis, and body mass index using a Cox proportional hazards model.
    Results: The cohort included 8606 individuals with a median age of 61 years at index diverticulitis diagnosis. After adjustment, among individuals born in the same birth decade, increasing age at diverticulitis onset was associated with an increased risk of recurrent diverticulitis (hazard ratio [HR] for 10 years, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.5-2.1). Among individuals with the same age of onset, those born in a more recent birth decade were also at greater risk of recurrent diverticulitis (HR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.6-2.3).
    Conclusion: Among individuals with an index episode of severe diverticulitis, recurrence was associated with increasing age and more recent birth decade. Clinicians may wish to employ age-specific strategies when counseling patients regarding treatment options after a diverticulitis diagnosis.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Middle Aged ; Child ; Diverticulitis, Colonic/epidemiology ; Diverticulitis, Colonic/surgery ; Diverticulitis, Colonic/complications ; Retrospective Studies ; Diverticulitis/complications ; Hospitalization ; Colectomy/adverse effects ; Recurrence
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-09
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2012365-6
    ISSN 1873-4626 ; 1934-3213 ; 1091-255X
    ISSN (online) 1873-4626 ; 1934-3213
    ISSN 1091-255X
    DOI 10.1016/j.gassur.2023.12.028
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Design and validation of a corneal bioreactor.

    Leonard, Elissa K / Pai, Vincent H / Amberg, Philip / Gardner, Jens / Orwin, Elizabeth J

    Biotechnology and bioengineering

    2012  Volume 109, Issue 12, Page(s) 3189–3198

    Abstract: Mechanical strain is an important signal that influences the behavior and properties of cells in a wide variety of tissues. Physiologically similar mechanical strain can revert cultured cells to a more normal phenotype. Here, we have demonstrated that 3% ...

    Abstract Mechanical strain is an important signal that influences the behavior and properties of cells in a wide variety of tissues. Physiologically similar mechanical strain can revert cultured cells to a more normal phenotype. Here, we have demonstrated that 3% equibiaxial (EB) and uniaxial strains confer favorable protein expression in cultured rabbit corneal fibroblasts (RCFs), with approximately 35% and 65% reduction in expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), respectively. We have designed a novel bioreactor that is capable of imparting up to 7% EB strain and up to 6% EB strain using a cornea-shaped post. Additional features of the bioreactor include the application of shear stress to cells in culture and the ability to image cells using optical coherence microscopy (OCM) without being removed from the system.
    MeSH term(s) Actins ; Animals ; Bioreactors ; Cell Culture Techniques/methods ; Cornea/cytology ; Fibroblasts/cytology ; Fibroblasts/metabolism ; Fibroblasts/physiology ; Finite Element Analysis ; Rabbits ; Reproducibility of Results ; Stress, Mechanical ; Tissue Engineering/methods ; Tomography, Optical Coherence
    Chemical Substances Actins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2012-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 280318-5
    ISSN 1097-0290 ; 0006-3592
    ISSN (online) 1097-0290
    ISSN 0006-3592
    DOI 10.1002/bit.24587
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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