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  1. Article: The Effects of Source Credibility in the Presence or Absence of Prior Attitudes: Implications for the Design of Persuasive Communication Campaigns.

    Kumkale, G Tarcan / Albarracín, Dolores / Seignourel, Paul J

    Journal of applied social psychology

    2011  Volume 40, Issue 6, Page(s) 1325–1356

    Abstract: Most theories of persuasion predict that limited ability and motivation to think about communications should increase the impact of source credibility on persuasion. Furthermore, this effect is assumed to occur, regardless of whether or not the ... ...

    Abstract Most theories of persuasion predict that limited ability and motivation to think about communications should increase the impact of source credibility on persuasion. Furthermore, this effect is assumed to occur, regardless of whether or not the recipients have prior attitudes. In this study, the effects of source credibility, ability, and motivation (knowledge, message repetition, relevance) on persuasion were examined meta-analytically across both attitude formation and change conditions. Findings revealed that the Source Credibility × Ability/Motivation interaction emerged only when participants lacked prior attitudes and were unable to form a new attitude based on the message content. In such settings, the effects of source credibility decayed rapidly. The implications of these findings for applied communication campaigns are discussed.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2011-05-18
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2066531-3
    ISSN 1559-1816 ; 0021-9029
    ISSN (online) 1559-1816
    ISSN 0021-9029
    DOI 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00620.x
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  2. Article: A longitudinal study of awareness of deficit after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury.

    Hart, Tessa / Seignourel, Paul J / Sherer, Mark

    Neuropsychological rehabilitation

    2009  Volume 19, Issue 2, Page(s) 161–176

    Abstract: Lack of awareness of deficits is a common problem after traumatic brain injury (TBI), and is associated with worse functional outcome and poor compliance with rehabilitation. Little is known, however, about the course of awareness of deficits after TBI. ... ...

    Abstract Lack of awareness of deficits is a common problem after traumatic brain injury (TBI), and is associated with worse functional outcome and poor compliance with rehabilitation. Little is known, however, about the course of awareness of deficits after TBI. Using a longitudinal design, we examined changes in self-awareness between the subacute stage (about 45 days after injury) and one-year follow-up in a sample of 123 individuals with moderate to severe TBI. Awareness of deficits was operationalised as the discrepancy between patient and family ratings on the Awareness Questionnaire (AQ) and Patient Competency Rating Scale (PCRS). Compared to baseline, awareness was improved at one year, as evidenced by smaller discrepancy scores and stronger correlations between participant and family ratings. Changes in awareness were most pronounced for the behavioural/affective domain and least pronounced for the motor/sensory domain, which showed best agreement at baseline. Even at one year, participants rated themselves as higher functioning than did their relatives. Awareness at baseline and, for the AQ, time to follow commands, significantly predicted awareness at one year. These results suggest that awareness of deficits improves between the subacute and post-acute stages after TBI, and highlight the need for effective interventions for persons with impaired awareness and for flexible timing of rehabilitation efforts.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Attitude to Health ; Awareness ; Brain Injuries/physiopathology ; Brain Injuries/psychology ; Brain Injuries/rehabilitation ; Female ; Glasgow Coma Scale ; Humans ; Injury Severity Score ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Mental Competency ; Middle Aged ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Regression Analysis ; Self Concept ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Time Factors ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2009-04
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Multicenter Study ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 1080508-4
    ISSN 1464-0694 ; 0960-2011
    ISSN (online) 1464-0694
    ISSN 0960-2011
    DOI 10.1080/09602010802188393
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  3. Article: Factor structure and diagnostic efficiency of the BDI-II in treatment-seeking substance users.

    Seignourel, Paul J / Green, Charles / Schmitz, Joy M

    Drug and alcohol dependence

    2008  Volume 93, Issue 3, Page(s) 271–278

    Abstract: Screening instruments are needed to rapidly and efficiently identify depression in drug and alcohol users. The Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II) has excellent validity in psychiatric, normative and primary care samples, but its diagnostic ...

    Abstract Screening instruments are needed to rapidly and efficiently identify depression in drug and alcohol users. The Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II) has excellent validity in psychiatric, normative and primary care samples, but its diagnostic efficiency has not been examined in substance users. Using a large sample of treatment-seeking substance users and the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) to establish diagnosis, we examined the factor structure of the BDI-II and its ability to detect clinical depression, defined as the presence of a Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) or substance-induced depression. A three-factor structure provided the best fit, and the diagnostic efficiency of the BDI-II was moderate, and independent of gender and substance of abuse. Subscores had lower diagnostic efficiency than the BDI-II total score. A range of possible cutoff scores with corresponding sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive power and negative predictive power is provided to aid clinicians and researchers in choosing the optimal parameters for their screening needs.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Depression/diagnosis ; Depression/psychology ; Depressive Disorder/diagnosis ; Depressive Disorder/psychology ; Depressive Disorder, Major/diagnosis ; Depressive Disorder, Major/psychology ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Patient Acceptance of Health Care/psychology ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/statistics & numerical data ; ROC Curve ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sex Characteristics ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Substance-Related Disorders/diagnosis ; Substance-Related Disorders/psychology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2008-03-01
    Publishing country Ireland
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 519918-9
    ISSN 1879-0046 ; 0376-8716
    ISSN (online) 1879-0046
    ISSN 0376-8716
    DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.10.016
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  4. Article ; Online: Anxiety in dementia: a critical review.

    Seignourel, Paul J / Kunik, Mark E / Snow, Lynn / Wilson, Nancy / Stanley, Melinda

    Clinical psychology review

    2008  Volume 28, Issue 7, Page(s) 1071–1082

    Abstract: Until recently, little attention has been paid to anxiety symptoms in dementia. However, anxiety is common in this population, and associated with poor outcome and quality of life. The current review examines the existing literature around three major ... ...

    Abstract Until recently, little attention has been paid to anxiety symptoms in dementia. However, anxiety is common in this population, and associated with poor outcome and quality of life. The current review examines the existing literature around three major themes: the definition of anxiety in dementia, the properties of available instruments for assessment, and the clinical characteristics of anxiety in this population. Defining anxiety in individuals with dementia is complicated by the overlap between symptoms of anxiety, depression and dementia, and by the influence of the source of information. Several instruments are available to assess anxiety in this population, including general neuropsychiatric instruments and two scales designed specifically for this purpose. The reliability of these instruments is acceptable, but their validity has not been sufficiently examined, and they may discriminate poorly between anxiety and depression. Anxiety may be higher in vascular dementia than in Alzheimer's Disease, and it decreases in the severe stages of dementia. It is associated with poor quality of life and behavioral disturbances, even after controlling for depression. Little is known, however, about its social and environmental correlates. Limitations of the existing literature and key directions for future research are discussed.
    MeSH term(s) Anxiety Disorders/epidemiology ; Anxiety Disorders/etiology ; Anxiety Disorders/psychology ; Dementia/diagnosis ; Dementia/epidemiology ; Dementia/psychology ; Humans
    Language English
    Publishing date 2008-03-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 604577-7
    ISSN 1873-7811 ; 0272-7358
    ISSN (online) 1873-7811
    ISSN 0272-7358
    DOI 10.1016/j.cpr.2008.02.008
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  5. Article: Effects of methylphenidate on working memory in traumatic brain injury: a preliminary FMRI investigation.

    Newsome, Mary R / Scheibel, Randall S / Seignourel, Paul J / Steinberg, Joel L / Troyanskaya, Maya / Li, Xiaoqi / Levin, Harvey S

    Brain imaging and behavior

    2009  Volume 3, Issue 3, Page(s) 298–305

    Abstract: As part of a preliminary investigation on the effects of methylphenidate on brain activation during a working memory (WM) task in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), patients with TBI received 15 mg of methylphenidate (N = 4) or placebo (N = 5) ... ...

    Abstract As part of a preliminary investigation on the effects of methylphenidate on brain activation during a working memory (WM) task in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), patients with TBI received 15 mg of methylphenidate (N = 4) or placebo (N = 5) twice a day for one month in a double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Brain activation was assessed at pre-treatment and on the final treatment day using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with an N-back task using faces as stimuli. In a whole brain voxel-wise analysis, methylphenidate, compared to placebo, produced a decrease in brain activation for the 2-load minus 0-load contrast in the anterior cingulate, thalamus, cuneus and cerebellum, regions associated with WM performance. Further, an a priori region of interest analysis with small volume correction found reduced activation in the anterior cingulate. Although based on a small sample size, these preliminary findings suggest methylphenidate may increase processing efficiency associated with cognitive control during WM tasks in patients with TBI.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2009-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2377165-3
    ISSN 1931-7565 ; 1931-7557
    ISSN (online) 1931-7565
    ISSN 1931-7557
    DOI 10.1007/s11682-009-9072-5
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  6. Article: Impact of acceptance and commitment therapy versus education on stigma toward people with psychological disorders.

    Masuda, Akihiko / Hayes, Steven C / Fletcher, Lindsay B / Seignourel, Paul J / Bunting, Kara / Herbst, Scott A / Twohig, Michael P / Lillis, Jason

    Behaviour research and therapy

    2007  Volume 45, Issue 11, Page(s) 2764–2772

    Abstract: Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) has previously been shown to alter stigmatizing attitudes and to be relatively useful for psychologically inflexible participants. The present study is the first to bring those two findings together by comparing ... ...

    Abstract Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) has previously been shown to alter stigmatizing attitudes and to be relatively useful for psychologically inflexible participants. The present study is the first to bring those two findings together by comparing ACT to an education intervention for reducing stigma toward people with psychological disorders, and examining whether results differ for psychologically inflexible versus flexible individuals. A sample of college students (N =95) was randomly assigned to a 2(1)2h ACT or educational workshop. Measures were taken before and after the workshop and at a 1-month follow-up. ACT reduced mental health stigma significantly regardless of participants' pre-treatment levels of psychological flexibility, but education reduced stigma only among participants who were relatively flexible and non-avoidant to begin with. Acceptance could be an important avenue of exploration for stigma researchers.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Attitude to Health ; Behavior Therapy/methods ; Female ; Health Education/methods ; Humans ; Male ; Mental Disorders/psychology ; Prejudice ; Psychometrics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2007-11
    Publishing country England
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial
    ZDB-ID 211997-3
    ISSN 1873-622X ; 0005-7967
    ISSN (online) 1873-622X
    ISSN 0005-7967
    DOI 10.1016/j.brat.2007.05.008
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  7. Article ; Online: Abnormal affective startle modulation in individuals with psychogenic [corrected] movement disorder.

    Seignourel, Paul J / Miller, Kimberly / Kellison, Ida / Rodriguez, Ramon / Fernandez, Hubert H / Bauer, Russell M / Bowers, Dawn / Okun, Michael S

    Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society

    2007  Volume 22, Issue 9, Page(s) 1265–1271

    Abstract: Despite recent advances, psychogenic movement disorder (PMD) remains a poorly understood phenomenon. Emotional functioning and responsiveness to stress are believed to play a role in the development of psychogenic symptoms, but empirical studies ... ...

    Abstract Despite recent advances, psychogenic movement disorder (PMD) remains a poorly understood phenomenon. Emotional functioning and responsiveness to stress are believed to play a role in the development of psychogenic symptoms, but empirical studies examining emotional responsiveness in PMD and other conversion disorders are lacking. We investigated modulation of the startle eyeblink reflex by affective pictures in 12 patients with PMD and 12 age- and education-matched control participants. Participants viewed positive, neutral, and negative pictures, while eyeblink responses to white noise bursts were recorded. Control participants showed the expected pattern of startle modulation, with significant potentiation by negative pictures and slight (nonsignificant) inhibition by positive pictures. In the PMD group, however, both positive and negative pictures yielded significantly greater startle responses than neutral pictures. Depression and anxiety symptomatology did not correlate with startle modulation, and the two groups did not differ in self-reported emotional reactions to the pictures. Our findings suggest that individuals with PMD show aversive physiological reactions to positive as well as negative stimuli. Abnormal affective startle modulation may be used to help distinguish between malingering and PMD. Future studies using larger samples are needed to better understand the role of emotions in conversion disorder.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Aged ; Analysis of Variance ; Anxiety/physiopathology ; Case-Control Studies ; Depression/physiopathology ; Electromyography/methods ; Emotions ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Movement Disorders/physiopathology ; Movement Disorders/psychology ; Photic Stimulation/methods ; Reaction Time/physiology ; Reflex, Startle/physiology ; Severity of Illness Index ; Surveys and Questionnaires
    Language English
    Publishing date 2007-07-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 607633-6
    ISSN 1531-8257 ; 0885-3185
    ISSN (online) 1531-8257
    ISSN 0885-3185
    DOI 10.1002/mds.21451
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  8. Article: Cognitive control in closed head injury: context maintenance dysfunction or prepotent response inhibition deficit?

    Seignourel, Paul J / Robins, Diana L / Larson, Michael J / Demery, Jason A / Cole, Michael / Perlstein, William M

    Neuropsychology

    2005  Volume 19, Issue 5, Page(s) 578–590

    Abstract: The authors contrasted 2 potential explanations for the cognitive control deficits observed in closed head injury (CHI): a prepotent response inhibition deficit or a deficit in context maintenance, defined as the guidance of appropriate responding by ... ...

    Abstract The authors contrasted 2 potential explanations for the cognitive control deficits observed in closed head injury (CHI): a prepotent response inhibition deficit or a deficit in context maintenance, defined as the guidance of appropriate responding by task-relevant information. Healthy and CHI participants performed the traditional card Stroop task and a single-trial Stroop task sensitive to context maintenance deficits. As predicted by a context maintenance deficit, moderate to severe CHI participants showed higher error rates in the single-trial Stroop task only, and only when task instructions had to be maintained over a long delay. Moreover, context maintenance impairment and generalized slowing were both related to reports of daily functioning in CHI participants. Thus, context maintenance could be a useful framework for characterizing cognitive control deficits in CHI.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Attention/physiology ; Cognition Disorders/etiology ; Cues ; Female ; Head Injuries, Closed/physiopathology ; Humans ; Inhibition (Psychology) ; Male ; Models, Psychological ; Neuropsychological Tests/statistics & numerical data ; Reaction Time/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2005-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1042412-x
    ISSN 1931-1559 ; 0894-4105
    ISSN (online) 1931-1559
    ISSN 0894-4105
    DOI 10.1037/0894-4105.19.5.578
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  9. Article: Parametric manipulation of working memory load in traumatic brain injury: behavioral and neural correlates.

    Perlstein, William M / Cole, Michael A / Demery, Jason A / Seignourel, Paul J / Dixit, Neha K / Larson, Michael J / Briggs, Richard W

    Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS

    2004  Volume 10, Issue 5, Page(s) 724–741

    Abstract: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is often associated with enduring impairments in high-level cognitive functioning, including working memory (WM). We examined WM function in predominantly chronic patients with mild, moderate and severe TBI and healthy ... ...

    Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is often associated with enduring impairments in high-level cognitive functioning, including working memory (WM). We examined WM function in predominantly chronic patients with mild, moderate and severe TBI and healthy comparison subjects behaviorally and, in a small subset of moderate-to-severe TBI patients, with event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), using a visual n-back task that parametrically varied WM load. TBI patients showed severity-dependent and load-related WM deficits in performance accuracy, but not reaction time. Performance of mild TBI patients did not differ from controls; patients with moderate and severe TBI were impaired, relative to controls and mild TBI patients, but only at higher WM-load levels. fMRI results show that TBI patients exhibit altered patterns of activation in a number of WM-related brain regions, including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and Broca's area. Examination of the pattern of behavioral responding and the temporal course of activations suggests that WM deficits in moderate-to-severe TBI are due to associative or strategic aspects of WM, and not impairments in active maintenance of stimulus representations. Overall, results demonstrate that individuals with moderate-to-severe TBI exhibit WM deficits that are associated with dysfunction within a distributed network of brain regions that support verbally mediated WM.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Brain Injuries/pathology ; Brain Injuries/physiopathology ; Brain Injuries/psychology ; Brain Mapping ; Cerebral Cortex/anatomy & histology ; Cerebral Cortex/blood supply ; Cerebral Cortex/physiopathology ; Demography ; Female ; Functional Laterality/physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Male ; Memory, Short-Term/physiology ; Middle Aged ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Oxygen/blood ; Reaction Time/physiology ; Task Performance and Analysis
    Chemical Substances Oxygen (S88TT14065)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2004-09
    Publishing country England
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 1230632-0
    ISSN 1469-7661 ; 1355-6177
    ISSN (online) 1469-7661
    ISSN 1355-6177
    DOI 10.1017/S1355617704105110
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  10. Article ; Online: Dual electrode thalamic deep brain stimulation for the treatment of posttraumatic and multiple sclerosis tremor.

    Foote, Kelly D / Seignourel, Paul / Fernandez, Hubert H / Romrell, Janet / Whidden, Elaine / Jacobson, Charles / Rodriguez, Ramon L / Okun, Michael S

    Neurosurgery

    2006  Volume 58, Issue 4 Suppl 2, Page(s) ONS–280–5; discussion ONS–285–6

    Abstract: Objective: To report the results of ventralis intermedius nucleus/ventralis oralis posterior nucleus (VIM) plus ventralis oralis anterior (VOA)/ventralis oralis posterior (VOP) thalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) for the treatment of posttraumatic and ...

    Abstract Objective: To report the results of ventralis intermedius nucleus/ventralis oralis posterior nucleus (VIM) plus ventralis oralis anterior (VOA)/ventralis oralis posterior (VOP) thalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) for the treatment of posttraumatic and multiple sclerosis tremor.
    Objective: The treatment of posttraumatic tremor and multiple sclerosis tremor, by either medication or surgery, has proven difficult. Lesions and DBS have had mixed and somewhat disappointing results. Previously, we reported the use of two DBS electrodes (one at the VIM/VOP border and one at the VOA/VOP border) as effective for the treatment of posttraumatic tremor in a single patient. In this study, we report the results of this technique on four patients.
    Methods: Four patients with either posttraumatic tremor (n = 3) or multiple sclerosis tremor (n = 1) underwent placement of two DBS electrodes (one at the VIM/VOP border and one at the VOA/VOP border). Patients underwent preoperative testing and testing at a minimum of 6 months after implantation in four conditions: On VIM DBS/On VOA/VOP DBS; On VIM DBS/Off VOA VOP DBS (5 h DBS washout); Off VIM DBS/Off VOA/VOP DBS (12 h overnight washout); and Off VIM DBS/On VOA/VOP DBS (5 h DBS washout).
    Results: Each of the patients showed improvements in all four conditions when compared with the baseline. All of the improvements were maintained with chronic DBS, without tremor rebound. An analysis was performed to determine whether each condition was associated with symptom reduction (percentage change). The percentage reduction was significant for each condition and measure, despite the small number of participants. For the total tremor rating scale score, the Off VIM/Off VOA/VOP condition yielded less symptom reduction than the On VIM condition or the On VOA/VOP condition. The On VIM and On VOA/VOP conditions did not differ significantly from each other in terms of contralateral upper extremity symptoms or total clinical score. Activation of both the VIM and VOA/VOP electrodes was associated with the greatest symptom reduction.
    Conclusion: Tremors, such as those examined in this study, that are refractory to medications and have a poor response to VIM DBS monotherapy, may respond favorably to VIM plus VOA/VOP DBS. Two electrodes may be better than one for the treatment of certain disorders; however, more study will be required to confirm this hypothesis.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Brain Injuries/complications ; Deep Brain Stimulation/instrumentation ; Deep Brain Stimulation/methods ; Electrodes ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Multiple Sclerosis/complications ; Posterior Thalamic Nuclei/surgery ; Treatment Outcome ; Tremor/etiology ; Tremor/surgery ; Ventral Thalamic Nuclei/surgery
    Language English
    Publishing date 2006-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Clinical Trial ; Comparative Study ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 135446-2
    ISSN 1524-4040 ; 0148-396X
    ISSN (online) 1524-4040
    ISSN 0148-396X
    DOI 10.1227/01.NEU.0000192692.95455.FD
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