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Article ; Online: Whole blood stimulation provides preliminary evidence of altered immune function following SRC.

Di Battista, Alex P / Rhind, Shawn G / Shiu, Maria / Hutchison, Michael G

2024 Volume 25, Issue 1, Page(s) 6

Abstract: Purpose: To implement an approach combining whole blood immune stimulation and causal modelling to estimate the impact of sport-related concussion (SRC) on immune function.: Methods: A prospective, observational cohort study was conducted on athletes ...

Abstract	Purpose: To implement an approach combining whole blood immune stimulation and causal modelling to estimate the impact of sport-related concussion (SRC) on immune function. Methods: A prospective, observational cohort study was conducted on athletes participating across 13 university sports at a single academic institute; blood was drawn from 52 athletes, comprised of 22 athletes (n = 11 male, n = 11 female) within seven days of a physician-diagnosed SRC, and 30 healthy athletes (n = 18 female, n = 12 male) at the beginning of their competitive season. Blood samples were stimulated for 24 h under two conditions: (1) lipopolysaccharide (lps, 100ng/mL) or (2) resiquimod (R848, 1uM) using the TruCulture® system. The concentration of 45 cytokines and chemokines were quantitated in stimulated samples by immunoassay using the highly sensitive targeted Proximity Extension Assays (PEA) on the Olink® biomarker platform. A directed acyclic graph (DAG) was used as a heuristic model to make explicit scientific assumptions regarding the effect of SRC on immune function. A latent factor analysis was used to derive two latent cytokine variables representing immune function in response to LPS and R848 stimulation, respectively. The latent variables were then modelled using student-t regressions to estimate the total causal effect of SRC on immune function. Results: There was an effect of SRC on immune function in males following SRC, and it varied according to prior concussion history. In males with no history of concussion, those with an acute SRC had lower LPS reactivity compared to healthy athletes with 93% posterior probability (pprob), and lower R848 reactivity with 77% pprob. Conversely, in males with a history of SRC, those with an acute SRC had higher LPS reactivity compared to healthy athletes with 85% pprob and higher R848 reactivity with 82%. In females, irrespective of concussion history, SRC had no effect on LPS reactivity. However, in females with no concussion history, those with an acute SRC had higher R848 reactivity compared to healthy athletes with 86% pprob. Conclusion: Whole blood stimulation can be used within a causal framework to estimate the effect of SRC on immune function. Preliminary evidence suggests that SRC affects LPS and R848 immunoreactivity, that the effect is stronger in male athletes, and differs based on concussion history. Replication of this study in a larger cohort with a more sophisticated causal model is necessary.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Male ; Female ; Athletic Injuries/complications ; Prospective Studies ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Brain Concussion ; Immunity
Chemical Substances	Lipopolysaccharides
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Observational Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2041500-X
ISSN	1471-2172 ; 1471-2172
ISSN (online)	1471-2172
ISSN	1471-2172
DOI	10.1186/s12865-023-00595-8
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Article ; Online: A Continuous Aerobic Resistance Exercise Protocol for Concussion Rehabilitation Delivered Remotely via a Mobile App: Feasibility Study.

Hutchison, Michael G / Di Battista, Alex P / Loenhart, Matthew M

JMIR formative research

2023 Volume 7, Page(s) e45321

Abstract: Background: In recent years, several studies have consistently reported the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise in alleviating symptoms following concussion. However, exercise modality recommendations by practitioners are often limited to traditional ...

Abstract	Background: In recent years, several studies have consistently reported the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise in alleviating symptoms following concussion. However, exercise modality recommendations by practitioners are often limited to traditional exercise equipment (eg, treadmills and stationary bikes). Advances in digital technologies may help to overcome this limitation, as mobile apps can now provide users with high-quality instructional videos, programs, and monitoring capabilities using alternative modalities such as resistance exercises. Mobile technologies are also rapidly expanding to deliver and complement in-person clinical care. Thus, it is imperative to evaluate this emerging technology on its feasibility, safety, and clinical utility for concussion care. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the feasibility of a mobile app to deliver a resistance exercise protocol with minimal equipment to individuals following concussion. Feasibility was defined by retention, adverse events, and achievement of a target heart rate (HR) of 60%±5% (age-adjusted percentage of max: 220 - age). HR data were collected using an Apple Watch, Series 6. Symptoms were evaluated before and after 3 exercise sessions. Methods: A 2-week, prospective, single-arm pilot study was conducted on 21 adults diagnosed with a concussion. Users were provided a continuous aerobic resistance exercise (CARE) protocol through a mobile app. Results: A total of 18 participants (14 female and 4 male) completed a 3-session exercise plan. The median age-adjusted percent of HR max for session 1 was 55.5% (IQR 49%-63%), 58.1% (IQR 50.8%-65.2%) for session 2, and 57.4% (IQR 49.5%-64.7%) for session 3. Individual median HR% across all sessions ranged from 46.9% to 67.4%; furthermore, 10 participants (55.5%) had a total mean HR% within the target HR%, 7 participants had a mean HR% below 55%, and 1 participant had a mean HR% above 65%. In addition, adherence to the plan resulted in a decrease in reported symptom burden with 94% posterior probability. Conclusions: Following concussion, a CARE protocol delivered through a mobile app resulted in no adverse effects with 14% (n=3/21) attrition over 3 sessions. CARE was successful in achieving an aerobic exercise intensity of 55%-65% of age-adjusted maximum HR in the majority of participants and resulted in a decrease in reported symptom burden. The potential for this platform in concussion rehabilitation warrants further investigation. Future studies are needed to assess the use of this technology throughout concussion recovery in both individuals with acute concussion, and those with persistent symptoms.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-19
Publishing country	Canada
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2561-326X
ISSN (online)	2561-326X
DOI	10.2196/45321
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Article ; Online: Concussion Characteristics in the National Hockey League Before and After the Introduction of Rule 48.

Hutchison, Michael G / Di Battista, Alex P / Meeuwisse, Willem / Bruce, Jared M / Echemendia, Ruben J / Delaney, J Scott / Comper, Paul

JAMA network open

2023 Volume 6, Issue 11, Page(s) e2344399

Abstract: Importance: A rule prohibiting a direct hit to the lateral side of the head (ie, Rule 48-Illegal Check to the Head) was introduced in the National Hockey League (NHL) in the 2010-2011 season and refined in the 2011-2012 season to widen the application ... ...

Abstract	Importance: A rule prohibiting a direct hit to the lateral side of the head (ie, Rule 48-Illegal Check to the Head) was introduced in the National Hockey League (NHL) in the 2010-2011 season and refined in the 2011-2012 season to widen the application to include direct contact to all areas of the head. Objective: To compare the incidence and proportion of concussions that occurred following hits to the head before and after the implementation of Rule 48. Design, setting, and participants: This retrospective cohort study used a before and after design to evaluate concussions among NHL players in regular season games. Data from the 4 seasons preceding the implementation of Rule 48 (2006-2007 to 2009-2010) were compared with data from 5 seasons following its implementation (2014-2015 to 2018-2019). Data were analyzed from October 31, 2021, to November 30, 2022. Main outcomes and measures: The incidence and relative proportion of concussion characteristics and mechanisms before and after the introduction of Rule 48. Results: In the analysis of 688 concussions for NHL seasons spanning 2006 to 2010 (n = 231) and 2014 to 2019 (n = 457), there was an overall increase in the incidence of concussion between the 2 time frames, although the incidence of concussions due to hits to the lateral aspect of the head decreased from 1.6/100 games to 1.0/100 games (estimated difference, 0.6/100 games [90% credible interval (CrI), 0.30/100 games to 0.90/100 games). There was also a reduction of 18.8 (90% CrI, 13.0-23.7) percentage points in the proportion of concussions due to hits to the lateral aspect of the head from 80 of 231 concussions (34.6%) to 61 of 457 concussions (13.3%). The incidence of concussions following hits to the head from body checks using the shoulder, arm, and glove was similar before and following the implementation of Rule 48. However, the proportion was reduced 14.7 percentage points from 113 of 231 concussions (48.9%) before to 149 of 457 concussions (32.6%) after implementation of Rule 48 (90% CrI of the difference, 8.9-20.7 percentage points). Conclusions and relevance: The findings of this cohort study of NHL players suggest that after the introduction of Rule 48, the incidence rate and proportion of concussions from contact to the lateral aspect of the head decreased, as did the proportion of concussions following direct hits to the head.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Athletic Injuries/epidemiology ; Athletic Injuries/etiology ; Cohort Studies ; Retrospective Studies ; Hockey ; Brain Concussion/complications
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2574-3805
ISSN (online)	2574-3805
DOI	10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.44399
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Article ; Online: A history of concussion is associated with minimal perturbations to heart rate variability in athletes.

Pyndiura, Kyla L / Di Battista, Alex P / Hutchison, Michael G

Brain injury

2020 Volume 34, Issue 10, Page(s) 1416–1421

Abstract: Purpose: To compare heart rate variability (HRV) in healthy male and female athletes with versus without a history of concussion.: Methods: A cross-sectional study of 113 healthy interuniversity athletes (n = 62 female; n = 51 male) across nine ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: To compare heart rate variability (HRV) in healthy male and female athletes with versus without a history of concussion. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 113 healthy interuniversity athletes (n = 62 female; n = 51 male) across nine sports from a single institution, participating within the first half of their respective athletic seasons. Concussion history was determined by self-report (males: yes = 20, no = 31; females: yes = 21, no = 41). HRV was measured over five-minute time intervals in both seated and supine positions. All analyses were adjusted for age. Results: No differences in HRV were observed in female athletes with versus without a history of concussion; male athletes with a history of concussion displayed a significantly lower mean RR in the seated position compared to athletes with no history of concussion. Conclusion: In the months-to-years following a concussion, HRV does not appear to be significantly perturbed. However, males with a history of concussion may have a slightly lower mean RR. Future studies evaluating HRV and concussion history should be mindful of the confounding influence of sex and age.
MeSH term(s)	Athletes ; Athletic Injuries/complications ; Brain Concussion/complications ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Male
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-08-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	639115-1
ISSN	1362-301X ; 0269-9052
ISSN (online)	1362-301X
ISSN	0269-9052
DOI	10.1080/02699052.2020.1802661
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Article ; Online: Randomized controlled trial of early aerobic exercise following sport-related concussion: Progressive percentage of age-predicted maximal heart rate versus usual care.

Hutchison, Michael G / Di Battista, Alex P / Lawrence, David W / Pyndiura, Kyla / Corallo, Danielle / Richards, Doug

PloS one

2022 Volume 17, Issue 12, Page(s) e0276336

Abstract: Objective: To examine the effect of a readily accessible, structured aerobic exercise intervention on days to asymptomatic status and days to medical clearance compared to usual care exercise prescription in a cohort of adolescents and young adults ... ...

Abstract	Objective: To examine the effect of a readily accessible, structured aerobic exercise intervention on days to asymptomatic status and days to medical clearance compared to usual care exercise prescription in a cohort of adolescents and young adults following sport-related concussion (SRC). Methods: A longitudinal, randomized, non-blinded clinical trial consisting of a structured aerobic exercise protocol (SAEP) group and a usual care exercise prescription (UCEP) group. Participants in the SAEP group underwent an exercise protocol including 8 sessions over 11 days progressing in duration and intensity stepwise based on participants' age-predicted maximal heart rate. Symptom follow-ups were on days 7, 14, 21, and 28. The primary outcome measures of the study were days to asymptomatic status and days to medical clearance, while the secondary outcome measure was symptom severity on days 7, 14, 21, and 28. Results: 38 participants (SAEP, n = 20; UCEP, n = 19) were recruited and completed all follow-up appointments. Compared to the UCEP group, the SAEP had a faster time to asymptomatic status with 96% posterior probability. In addition, the SAEP group displayed an earlier time to medical clearance with 93% posterior probability. While symptom severity scores did not differ between groups at enrolment (SAEP symptom severity, 30; UCEP, 29), they were subsequently lower in the SAEP group at all assessments throughout the trial with 100% posterior probability. Conclusions: An aerobic exercise protocol based on percentages of age-predicted maximum heart rate is a safe and effective treatment for reducing symptoms and can be initiated during the first week following SRC. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, no. NCT02969824.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0276336
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Article ; Online: Incidence of Remote Near-Point of Convergence in University Athletes After Sport-Related Concussion.

Hutchison, Michael G / Di Battista, Alex P / Pyndiura, Kyla / Blanc, Shirley / Quaid, Patrick T / Richards, Doug

Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine

2022 Volume 33, Issue 3, Page(s) 258–263

Abstract: Objective: Near-point of convergence (NPC) testing is an attractive screening tool in the sport setting because it is rapid, requires few resources, and is easy to administer. Remote NPC has been reported after sport-related concussion (SRC), although ... ...

Abstract	Objective: Near-point of convergence (NPC) testing is an attractive screening tool in the sport setting because it is rapid, requires few resources, and is easy to administer. Remote NPC has been reported after sport-related concussion (SRC), although the incidence among a university-aged population is not well defined. The purpose of the study was to examine the incidence of remote NPC after SRC in a cohort of Canadian interuniversity athletes. Design: Cross-sequential. Setting: University. Participants: One hundred thirty-two university athletes [SRC, n = 68; musculoskeletal (MSK) injury, n = 64] were tested before the beginning of their competitive season and again after their injury. Independent variables: Healthy athletes measured preseason were compared with athletes after SRC or MSK injury using both longitudinal and cross-sectional designs. Main outcome measures: Remote NPC (pass/fail), measured at 6 cm or greater, repeated 3 times. Results: After SRC, 22% of athletes failed their test postinjury (95% CI, 14%-33%). Comparatively, in the MSK group, 3% of athletes failed their test postinjury (95% CI, 1%-7%). A direct comparison of both injury groups yielded a mean 19% higher prevalence of failed NPC tests after SRC versus MSK injury (95% CI, 10%-30%). There seems to be no relationship between reported symptom burden and NPC performance after SRC. Conclusion: Remote NPC occurs in approximately 1 of 5 athletes after SRC and is rarely observed after MSK injury.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Aged ; Athletic Injuries/epidemiology ; Athletic Injuries/diagnosis ; Incidence ; Universities ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Canada ; Brain Concussion/epidemiology ; Brain Concussion/diagnosis ; Athletes
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1062530-6
ISSN	1536-3724 ; 1050-642X
ISSN (online)	1536-3724
ISSN	1050-642X
DOI	10.1097/JSM.0000000000001102
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Article ; Online: An investigation of plasma interleukin-6 in sport-related concussion.

Di Battista, Alex P / Rhind, Shawn G / Richards, Doug / Hutchison, Michael G

PloS one

2020 Volume 15, Issue 4, Page(s) e0232053

Abstract: ... a history of concussion (β = -0.29, p = 0.029). IL-6 did not differ between healthy athletes and ...

Abstract	Background: Increasing evidence suggests inflammation is an important component of concussion pathophysiology. However, its etiology, restitution, and potential clinical repercussions remain unknown. The purpose of the current study was to compare the blood concentrations of interleukin (IL) -6, a prominent inflammatory cytokine, between healthy athletes and athletes with a sport-related concussion (SRC), while addressing the potential confounds of sex, recent physical activity, and the interacting effect of concussion history. Method: A prospective, observational cohort study was conducted on athletes at a single academic institute participating across 13 interuniversity sports. Follow-up of 96 athletes who agreed to provide a blood sample was completed: 41 athletes with a physician diagnosed SRC, and 55 healthy athletes. Ella™, the high sensitivity immunoassay system by ProteinSimple was used to measure peripheral plasma concentrations of IL-6 within the first week (median = 4 days, range = 2-7) following injury. A resampled ordinary least squares regression was used to evaluate the relationship between IL-6 concentrations and concussion status, while partial least squares regression was used to evaluate the relationship between IL-6 and both symptom burden and time to clinical recovery. Results: Regression analysis identified a negative relationship between plasma IL-6 concentrations and the interaction between an acute SRC and a history of concussion (β = -0.29, p = 0.029). IL-6 did not differ between healthy athletes and those with an acute SRC independent of concussion history, and was not correlated with either recovery time or symptom burden in athletes with SRC. Conclusion: Perturbations to circulating IL-6 concentrations, a key inflammatory cytokine, may be more pronounced following SRC in athletes who have a history of concussion. These results add to a growing body of evidence supporting the involvement of inflammation at all phases of recovery following SRC, and potentially support a concomitant effect of prior concussion on acute SRC pathophysiology.
MeSH term(s)	Athletic Injuries/blood ; Athletic Injuries/immunology ; Brain Concussion/blood ; Brain Concussion/diagnosis ; Brain Concussion/immunology ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Interleukin-6/blood ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Regression Analysis ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Interleukin-6
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Observational Study ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0232053
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Article ; Online: The relationship between symptom burden and systemic inflammation differs between male and female athletes following concussion.

Di Battista, Alex P / Churchill, Nathan / Rhind, Shawn G / Richards, Doug / Hutchison, Michael G

BMC immunology

2020 Volume 21, Issue 1, Page(s) 11

Abstract: Background: Inflammation appears to be an important component of concussion pathophysiology. However, its relationship to symptom burden is unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between symptoms and inflammatory ... ...

Abstract	Background: Inflammation appears to be an important component of concussion pathophysiology. However, its relationship to symptom burden is unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between symptoms and inflammatory biomarkers measured in the blood of male and female athletes following a sport-related concussion (SRC). Results: Forty athletes (n = 20 male, n = 20 female) from nine interuniversity sport teams at a single institution provided blood samples within one week of an SRC. Twenty inflammatory biomarkers were quantitated by immunoassay. The Sport Concussion Assessment Tool version 5 (SCAT-5) was used to evaluate symptoms. Partial least squares (PLS) analyses were used to evaluate the relationship(s) between biomarkers and symptoms. In males, a positive correlation between interferon (IFN)-γ and symptom severity was observed following SRC. The relationship between IFN-γ and symptoms was significant among all symptom clusters, with cognitive symptoms displaying the largest effect. In females, a significant negative relationship was observed between symptom severity and cytokines IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and myeloperoxidase (MPO); a positive relationship was observed between symptom severity and MCP-4. Inflammatory mediators were significantly associated with all symptom clusters in females; the somatic symptom cluster displayed the largest effect. Conclusion: These results provide supportive evidence of a divergent relationship between inflammation and symptom burden in male and female athletes following SRC. Future investigations should be cognizant of the potentially sex-specific pathophysiology underlying symptom presentation.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Athletes ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; Brain Concussion/immunology ; Disease Progression ; Female ; Humans ; Inflammation/immunology ; Interferon-gamma/metabolism ; Male ; Peroxidase/metabolism ; Severity of Illness Index ; Sex Characteristics ; Sex Factors ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Interferon-gamma (82115-62-6) ; Peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-03-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2041500-X
ISSN	1471-2172 ; 1471-2172
ISSN (online)	1471-2172
ISSN	1471-2172
DOI	10.1186/s12865-020-0339-3
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Article ; Online: N, N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)-Occasioned Familiarity and the Sense of Familiarity Questionnaire (SOF-Q).

Lawrence, David Wyndham / DiBattista, Alex P / Timmermann, Christopher

Journal of psychoactive drugs

2023 , Page(s) 1–13

Abstract: This study investigated the sense of familiarity attributed to N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) experiences. 227 naturalistic inhaled-DMT experiences reporting a sense of familiarity were included. No experiences referenced a previous DMT or psychedelic ... ...

Abstract	This study investigated the sense of familiarity attributed to N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) experiences. 227 naturalistic inhaled-DMT experiences reporting a sense of familiarity were included. No experiences referenced a previous DMT or psychedelic experience as the source of the familiarity. A high prevalence of concomitant features discordant from ordinary consciousness were identified: features of a mystical experience (97.4%), ego-dissolution (16.3%), and a "profound experience of death" (11.0%). The Sense of Familiarity Questionnaire (SOF-Q) was developed assessing 19 features of familiarity across 5 themes: (1) Familiarity with the Feeling, Emotion, or Knowledge Gained; (2) Familiarity with the Place, Space, State, or Environment; (3) Familiarity with the Act of Going Through the Experience; (4) Familiarity with Transcendent Features; and (5) Familiarity Imparted by an Entity Encounter. Bayesian latent class modeling yielded two stable classes of participants who shared similar SOF-Q responses. Class 1 participants responded, "yes" more often for items within "Familiarity Imparted by an Entity Encounter" and "Familiarity with the Feeling, Emotion, or Knowledge Gained." Results catalogued features of the sense of familiarity imparted by DMT, which appears to be non-referential to a previous psychedelic experience. Findings provide insights into the unique and enigmatic familiarity reported during DMT experiences and offer a foundation for further exploration into this intriguing phenomenon.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	392405-1
ISSN	2159-9777 ; 0279-1072
ISSN (online)	2159-9777
ISSN	0279-1072
DOI	10.1080/02791072.2023.2230568
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Article ; Online: Ten-Word List Performance in Healthy Athletes and Athletes at 3-to-5 Days Following Concussion.

Hutchison, Michael G / Di Battista, Alex P / Pyndiura, Kyla L / Corallo, Danielle N / Lawrence, David W / Richards, Doug

Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine

2021 Volume 32, Issue 4, Page(s) e354–e360

Abstract: ... significant differences in either immediate ( P = 0.228, Cohen's D = 0.18) or delayed ( P = 0.908, Cohen's D ... on both immediate (mean difference = 1.0, P < 0.001) and delayed (mean difference = 0.5, P = 0.006) recall tasks ...

Abstract	Objective: Although the word recall component of the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT) was updated from 5-to-10 words, its clinical utility across athletic populations remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to provide normative data on the SCAT-5 10-word test and examine its discriminative ability between healthy university level athletes and those with sport-related concussion (SRC). Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: University. Participants: Three hundred sixty-three (363, M = 220, F = 153) healthy athletes and 49 (M = 30, F = 19) athletes following SRC. Independent variable: Healthy athletes measured preseason were compared with athletes following an SRC (median = 4.0 days postinjury). Main outcome measure: Ten-word list performance from the SCAT-5. Results: There were no significant differences in either immediate ( P = 0.228, Cohen's D = 0.18) or delayed ( P = 0.908, Cohen's D = 0.02) recall tests between athletes with SRC and healthy athletes; the null findings extended to both the male and female subset comparisons. Among healthy athletes, females outperformed males on both immediate (mean difference = 1.0, P < 0.001) and delayed (mean difference = 0.5, P = 0.006) recall tasks. Conclusion: Concussion does not seem to impact immediate or delayed recall of the 10-word list in the subacute period following injury. Practitioners should be mindful of sex differences and the time point of administration following injury.
MeSH term(s)	Athletes ; Athletic Injuries/diagnosis ; Brain Concussion/diagnosis ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Universities
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1062530-6
ISSN	1536-3724 ; 1050-642X
ISSN (online)	1536-3724
ISSN	1050-642X
DOI	10.1097/JSM.0000000000000941
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