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  1. Article: Dimerization of G-protein-coupled receptors.

    Dean, M K / Higgs, C / Smith, R E / Bywater, R P / Snell, C R / Scott, P D / Upton, G J / Howe, T J / Reynolds, C A

    Journal of medicinal chemistry

    2001  Volume 44, Issue 26, Page(s) 4595–4614

    Abstract: ... of amino acid conservation, has been applied to over 700 aligned G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) sequences ... oligomerization. The application of the evolutionary trace method to 113 aligned G-protein sequences resulted ... beta/gamma and regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) binding. The other G-protein functional site ...

    Abstract The evolutionary trace (ET) method, a data mining approach for determining significant levels of amino acid conservation, has been applied to over 700 aligned G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) sequences. The method predicted the occurrence of functionally important clusters of residues on the external faces of helices 5 and 6 for each family or subfamily of receptors; similar clusters were observed on helices 2 and 3. The probability that these clusters are not random was determined using Monte Carlo techniques. The cluster on helices 5 and 6 is consistent with both 5,6-contact and 5,6-domain swapped dimer formation; the possible equivalence of these two types of dimer is discussed because this relates to activation by homo- and heterodimers. The observation of a functionally important cluster of residues on helices 2 and 3 is novel, and some possible interpretations are given, including heterodimerization and oligomerization. The application of the evolutionary trace method to 113 aligned G-protein sequences resulted in the identification of two functional sites. One large, well-defined site is clearly identified with adenyl cyclase, beta/gamma and regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) binding. The other G-protein functional site, which extends from the ras-like domain onto the helical domain, has the correct size and electrostatic properties for GPCR dimer binding. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of the conformational changes required in the G-protein for activation by a receptor dimer. Further, the implications of GPCR dimerization for medicinal chemistry are discussed in the context of these ET results.
    MeSH term(s) Amino Acid Sequence ; Consensus Sequence ; Dimerization ; GTP-Binding Proteins/chemistry ; Models, Molecular ; Monte Carlo Method ; Mutation ; Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry ; Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
    Chemical Substances Receptors, Cell Surface ; GTP-Binding Proteins (EC 3.6.1.-)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2001-12-20
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 218133-2
    ISSN 1520-4804 ; 0022-2623
    ISSN (online) 1520-4804
    ISSN 0022-2623
    DOI 10.1021/jm010290+
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  2. Article: Dimerization and domain swapping in G-protein-coupled receptors: a computational study.

    Gouldson, P R / Higgs, C / Smith, R E / Dean, M K / Gkoutos, G V / Reynolds, C A

    Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology

    2000  Volume 23, Issue 4 Suppl, Page(s) S60–77

    Abstract: In recent years there has been an increasing number of reports describing G protein-coupled ... studies on G protein-coupled receptor dimerization and domain swapping. The studies described include ... through this common functional site on helices 5 and 6. The evolutionary trace results on the G protein are briefly ...

    Abstract In recent years there has been an increasing number of reports describing G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) dimerization and heterodimerization. However, the evidence on the nature of the dimers and their role in GPCR activation is inconclusive. Consequently, we present here a review of our computational studies on G protein-coupled receptor dimerization and domain swapping. The studies described include molecular dynamics simulations on receptor monomers and dimers in the absence of ligand, in the presence of an agonist, and in the presence of an antagonist (or more precisely an inverse agonist). Two distinct sequence-based approaches to studying protein interfaces are also described, namely correlated mutation analysis and evolutionary trace analysis. All three approaches concur in supporting the proposal that the dimerization interface includes transmembrane helices 5 and 6. These studies cannot distinguish between domain swapped dimers and contact dimers as the models used were restricted to the helical part of the receptor. However, it is proposed that for the purpose of signalling, the domain swapped dimer and the corresponding contact dimer are equivalent. The evolutionary trace analysis suggests that every GPCR family and subfamily (for which sufficient sequence data is available) has the potential to dimerize through this common functional site on helices 5 and 6. The evolutionary trace results on the G protein are briefly described and these are consistent with GPCR dimerization. In addition to the functional site on helices 5 and 6, the evolutionary trace analysis identified a second functional site on helices 2 and 3. Possible roles for this site are suggested, including oligomerization.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Binding Sites/physiology ; DNA Mutational Analysis/methods ; Dimerization ; Evolution, Molecular ; GTP-Binding Proteins/chemistry ; GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs/physiology ; Humans ; Protein Structure, Tertiary/physiology ; Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry ; Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism ; Receptors, GABA-B/chemistry ; Receptors, GABA-B/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Receptors, Cell Surface ; Receptors, GABA-B ; GTP-Binding Proteins (EC 3.6.1.-)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2000-10
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Review
    ZDB-ID 639471-1
    ISSN 1740-634X ; 0893-133X
    ISSN (online) 1740-634X
    ISSN 0893-133X
    DOI 10.1016/S0893-133X(00)00153-6
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  3. Article: A new polymorphim (G->A) in the psizeta1 globin gene.

    Villegas, A / Anguita, E / Noguera, N / González, F A / Ropero, P / Sánchez, J / Milani, A C / Espinos, D / Monash, D B / Higgs, D

    Haematologica

    2000  Volume 85, Issue 9, Page(s) 899–901

    Abstract: ... Sequencing of the PCR fragment showed that in all three patients it was the same polymorphism (G ... Interpretation and conclusions: We describe a new polymorphism in the yz1 first exon Bgl II restriction site (G ...

    Abstract Background and objectives: a-globin cluster polymorphisms are obtained with specific restriction enzymes (Xba I, Eco RI, Sac I, Apa I, Bgl II, etc) that can also have implications for genetic analysis. DESIGN AND AND METHODS: We studied three unrelated patients; one from Argentina, one from Spain and one from Australia but of Polish origin. Genomic DNA was digested with several different restriction enzymes and probes, amplified and sequenced with an ABI Prism 310 sequencer.
    Results: In the three patients an abnormal 26 kb band appeared when they were studied with restriction enzyme Bgl II and z probe. A fragment of 944 bp was amplified with primers that cover from -280 to +714 bp of the recognition sequence of Bgl II enzyme (AGATCT) localized 5' from pseudogene z1. After digestion of this PCR product with Bgl II, two fragments of 714 and 280 bp were produced in normal controls, whereas in patient #1 the PCR fragment was undigested and in patients 2 and 3 both undigested and digested fragments were observed. Sequencing of the PCR fragment showed that in all three patients it was the same polymorphism (G->A) at nucleotide 153171 of the 16 p sequence found in the Bgl II recognition site that changed to AAATCT.
    Interpretation and conclusions: We describe a new polymorphism in the yz1 first exon Bgl II restriction site (G->A). The polymorphism is associated in cis with haplotype -a3.7. The fragment obtained by PCR enabled us to corroborate the presence of the polymorphism quickly without having to use complicated sequencing techniques.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Base Sequence ; Blotting, Southern ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific/metabolism ; Family Health ; Female ; Globins/genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; alpha-Thalassemia/genetics
    Chemical Substances Globins (9004-22-2) ; Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific (EC 3.1.21.4) ; GCCNNNNNGGC-specific type II deoxyribonucleases (EC 3.1.21.4)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2000-09
    Publishing country Italy
    Document type Case Reports ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2333-4
    ISSN 1592-8721 ; 0390-6078 ; 0017-6567
    ISSN (online) 1592-8721
    ISSN 0390-6078 ; 0017-6567
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  4. Article: When Is a Reaction Network a Metabolism? Criteria for Simple Metabolisms That Support Growth and Division of Protocells.

    Higgs, Paul G

    Life (Basel, Switzerland)

    2021  Volume 11, Issue 9

    Abstract: With the aim of better understanding the nature of metabolism in the first cells and the relationship between the origin of life and the origin of metabolism, we propose three criteria that a chemical reaction system must satisfy in order to constitute a ...

    Abstract With the aim of better understanding the nature of metabolism in the first cells and the relationship between the origin of life and the origin of metabolism, we propose three criteria that a chemical reaction system must satisfy in order to constitute a metabolism that would be capable of sustaining growth and division of a protocell. (1) Biomolecules produced by the reaction system must be maintained at high concentration inside the cell while they remain at low or zero concentration outside. (2) The total solute concentration inside the cell must be higher than outside, so there is a positive osmotic pressure that drives cell growth. (3) The metabolic rate (i.e., the rate of mass throughput) must be higher inside the cell than outside. We give examples of small-molecule reaction systems that satisfy these criteria, and others which do not, firstly considering fixed-volume compartments, and secondly, lipid vesicles that can grow and divide. If the criteria are satisfied, and if a supply of lipid is available outside the cell, then continued growth of membrane surface area occurs alongside the increase in volume of the cell. If the metabolism synthesizes more lipid inside the cell, then the membrane surface area can increase proportionately faster than the cell volume, in which case cell division is possible. The three criteria can be satisfied if the reaction system is bistable, because different concentrations can exist inside and out while the rate constants of all the reactions are the same. If the reaction system is monostable, the criteria can only be satisfied if there is a reason why the rate constants are different inside and out (for example, the decay rates of biomolecules are faster outside, or the formation rates of biomolecules are slower outside). If this difference between inside and outside does not exist, a monostable reaction system cannot sustain cell growth and division. We show that a reaction system for template-directed RNA polymerization can satisfy the requirements for a metabolism, even if the small-molecule reactions that make the single nucleotides do not.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-09-14
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2662250-6
    ISSN 2075-1729
    ISSN 2075-1729
    DOI 10.3390/life11090966
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  5. Article: Domain swapping in G-protein coupled receptor dimers.

    Gouldson, P R / Snell, C R / Bywater, R P / Higgs, C / Reynolds, C A

    Protein engineering

    1998  Volume 11, Issue 12, Page(s) 1181–1193

    Abstract: ... of the experimental evidence for G-protein coupled receptor dimerization. Many other aspects of G-protein coupled ...

    Abstract Computer simulations were performed on models of the beta2-adrenergic receptor dimer, including 5,6-domain swapped dimers which have been proposed as the active, high affinity form (here the dimer interface lies between helices 5 and 6). The calculations suggest that the domain swapped dimer is a high energy structure in both the apo dimer and in the presence of propranolol. In the presence of agonist the energy of the domain swapped dimer is significantly lowered. Analysis of the dimer structure suggests that the agonist-induced conformational change optimizes the helix-helix interactions at the 5-6 interface. An antagonist on the other hand has little effect on these interactions. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the agonist functions by shifting the equilibrium in favour of the domain swapped dimer. Indirect support for the domain swapping hypothesis was obtained from the correlated mutations amongst the external residues of the known beta2-adrenergic receptors. These occur mainly at the 5-6 interface at precisely the locations predicted by the simulations; site-directed mutagenesis data in support of a functional role for these lipid-facing correlated residues is presented. The article includes a review of the experimental evidence for G-protein coupled receptor dimerization. Many other aspects of G-protein coupled receptor activation are discussed in terms of this domain swapping hypothesis
    MeSH term(s) Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Computer Simulation ; Dimerization ; GTP-Binding Proteins/chemistry ; GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Propranolol/pharmacology ; Protein Conformation ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/chemistry ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/metabolism ; Thermodynamics
    Chemical Substances Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2 ; Propranolol (9Y8NXQ24VQ) ; GTP-Binding Proteins (EC 3.6.1.-)
    Language English
    Publishing date 1998-12
    Publishing country England
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 56453-9
    ISSN 1460-213X ; 0269-2139
    ISSN (online) 1460-213X
    ISSN 0269-2139
    DOI 10.1093/protein/11.12.1181
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  6. Article: Multiple G-protein-dependent pathways mediate the antisecretory effects of somatostatin and clonidine in the HT29-19A colonic cell line.

    Warhurst, G / Turnberg, L A / Higgs, N B / Tonge, A / Grundy, J / Fogg, K E

    The Journal of clinical investigation

    1993  Volume 92, Issue 2, Page(s) 603–611

    Abstract: ... at which inhibitory G-proteins mediate the antisecretory actions of somatostatin (SST) and the alpha 2 ... 200 ng/ml) which activated ADP-ribosylation of a 41-kD inhibitory G protein in HT29-19A membranes ... G-proteins at sites located both proximal and distal to the production of second messengers. ...

    Abstract Using the functionally differentiated colonic cell line, HT29-19A, we have examined sites at which inhibitory G-proteins mediate the antisecretory actions of somatostatin (SST) and the alpha 2-adrenergic agonist, clonidine (CLON) at the epithelial level. Both agents caused a dose-dependent inhibition (EC50:SST 35 nM; CLON 225 nM) of Cl- secretion (assessed by changes in short circuit current) activated by cAMP-mediated agonists, PGE2 and cholera toxin. Inhibition was accompanied by a reduction in intracellular cAMP accumulation and could be blocked by pretreatment with pertussis toxin at a concentration (200 ng/ml) which activated ADP-ribosylation of a 41-kD inhibitory G protein in HT29-19A membranes. Secretion stimulated by the permeant cAMP analogue, dibutyryl cAMP, was also inhibited by SST and CLON (30-50%; P < 0.005), indicating additional inhibitory sites located distal to cAMP production. Both agents were effective inhibitors of secretion mediated through the Ca2+ signaling pathway. SST (1 microM) and CLON (10 microM) reduced the Isc response to the muscarinic agonist, carbachol, by 60-70%; inhibition was reversed in pertussis toxin-treated cells. These effects did not, however, involve inhibition of the carbachol-induced increase in cellular inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate levels or the rise in cytosolic calcium, [Ca]i. Inhibition by SST of secretion induced by phorbol 12,13 dibutyrate but not by the calcium agonist, thapsigargin, suggests that SST may act at a distal inhibitory site in the Ca(2+)-dependent secretory process activated by protein kinase C. We conclude that SST and alpha 2-adrenergic agonists can act directly on intestinal epithelial cells to exert a comprehensive inhibition of Cl- secretion mediated through both cAMP and Ca2+/protein kinase C signaling pathways. Inhibition is mediated via pertussis toxin-sensitive G-proteins at sites located both proximal and distal to the production of second messengers.
    MeSH term(s) Adenocarcinoma ; Bucladesine/pharmacology ; Calcium/metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; Chlorides/metabolism ; Cholera Toxin/pharmacology ; Clonidine/pharmacology ; Colonic Neoplasms ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Dinoprostone/pharmacology ; Epithelium/drug effects ; Epithelium/physiology ; GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Humans ; Inositol Phosphates/metabolism ; Kinetics ; Membrane Potentials/drug effects ; Somatostatin/pharmacology ; Time Factors ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Chemical Substances Chlorides ; Inositol Phosphates ; Somatostatin (51110-01-1) ; Bucladesine (63X7MBT2LQ) ; Cholera Toxin (9012-63-9) ; Cyclic AMP (E0399OZS9N) ; GTP-Binding Proteins (EC 3.6.1.-) ; Dinoprostone (K7Q1JQR04M) ; Clonidine (MN3L5RMN02) ; Calcium (SY7Q814VUP)
    Language English
    Publishing date 1993-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 3067-3
    ISSN 1558-8238 ; 0021-9738
    ISSN (online) 1558-8238
    ISSN 0021-9738
    DOI 10.1172/JCI116627
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  7. Article ; Online: Computer simulations of Template-Directed RNA Synthesis driven by temperature cycling in diverse sequence mixtures.

    Chamanian, Pouyan / Higgs, Paul G

    PLoS computational biology

    2022  Volume 18, Issue 8, Page(s) e1010458

    Abstract: We present simulations of non-enzymatic template-directed RNA synthesis that incorporate primer extension, ligation, melting, and reannealing. Strand growth occurs over multiple heating/cooling cycles, producing strands of several hundred nucleotides in ... ...

    Abstract We present simulations of non-enzymatic template-directed RNA synthesis that incorporate primer extension, ligation, melting, and reannealing. Strand growth occurs over multiple heating/cooling cycles, producing strands of several hundred nucleotides in length, starting with random oligomers of 4 to 10 nucleotides. A strand typically grows by only 1 or 2 nucleotides in each cycle. Therefore, a strand is copied from many different templates, not from one specific complementary strand. A diverse sequence mixture is produced, and there is no exact copying of sequences, even if single base additions are fully accurate (no mutational errors). It has been proposed that RNA systems may contain a virtual circular genome, in which sequences partially overlap in a way that is mutually catalytic. We show that virtual circles do not emerge naturally in our simulations, and that a system initiated with a virtual circle can only maintain itself if there are no mutational errors and there is no input of new sequences formed by random polymerization. Furthermore, if a virtual sequence and its complement contain repeated short words, new sequences can be produced that were not on the original virtual circle. Therefore the virtual circle sequence cannot maintain itself. Functional sequences with secondary structures contain complementary words on opposite sides of stem regions. Both these words are repeated in the complementary sequence; hence, functional sequences cannot be encoded on a virtual circle. Additionally, we consider sequence replication in populations of protocells. We suppose that functional ribozymes benefit the cell which contains them. Nevertheless, scrambling of sequences occurs, and the functional sequence is not maintained, even when under positive selection.
    MeSH term(s) Computer Simulation ; Nucleotides ; RNA/chemistry ; RNA/genetics ; RNA, Catalytic ; Temperature
    Chemical Substances Nucleotides ; RNA, Catalytic ; RNA (63231-63-0)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-08-24
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2193340-6
    ISSN 1553-7358 ; 1553-734X
    ISSN (online) 1553-7358
    ISSN 1553-734X
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010458
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  8. Article: Exposure to models' negative facial expressions whilst eating a vegetable decreases women's liking of the modelled vegetable, but not their desire to eat.

    Edwards, Katie L / Thomas, Jason M / Higgs, Suzanne / Blissett, Jacqueline

    Frontiers in psychology

    2024  Volume 14, Page(s) 1252369

    Abstract: ... adults to other eaters enjoying nutritious foods that are typically disliked (e.g., vegetables ...

    Abstract Introduction: Food enjoyment can be conveyed through facial expressions. Observing others' enjoyment of food has been found to influence adults' desirability of liked and disliked food. Exposing adults to other eaters enjoying nutritious foods that are typically disliked (e.g., vegetables) could enhance the consumption of vegetables by young adults. However, this remains to be examined in young adult populations. This study examined the effect of models' facial expressions towards raw broccoli on young adult women's change in liking and change in desire to eat a modelled vegetable (raw broccoli) and a non-modelled vegetable (cucumber).
    Methods: Young adult women (
    Results: Observing models conveying negative facial expressions whilst eating raw broccoli resulted in a statistically significant reduction in liking ratings of broccoli, but not cucumber. There was no effect of models' facial expressions on the change in desire to eat foods.
    Discussion: These findings suggest that watching others express a negative facial expression whilst eating a raw vegetable reduces women's liking of the modelled vegetable, in the absence of a significant change to their desire to consume these foods. This highlights the power of others' negative facial expressions on food liking. Further work is needed to establish the effect of others' facial expressions on vegetable intake.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-11
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2563826-9
    ISSN 1664-1078
    ISSN 1664-1078
    DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1252369
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  9. Article: Impact of Training Set Configurations for Differentiating Plantation Forest Genera with Sentinel-2 Imagery and Machine Learning

    Higgs, Caley / van Niekerk, Adriaan

    Remote Sensing. 2022 Aug. 16, v. 14, no. 16

    2022  

    Abstract: ... of the training data used to build the models. However, it is not known what sampling scheme (e.g., sample size ... strategies (e.g., even, uneven, and area-proportionate) for training the random forests machine learning ...

    Abstract Forest plantations in South Africa impose genus-specific demands on limited soil moisture. Hence, plantation composition and distribution mapping is critical for water conservation planning. Genus maps are used to quantify the impact of post-harvest genus-exchange activities in the forestry sector. Collecting genus data using in situ methods is costly and time-consuming, especially when performed at regional or national scales. Although remotely sensed data and machine learning show potential for mapping genera at regional scales, the efficacy of such methods is highly dependent on the size and quality of the training data used to build the models. However, it is not known what sampling scheme (e.g., sample size, proportion per genus, and spatial distribution) is most effective to map forest genera over large and complex areas. Using Sentinel-2 imagery as inputs, this study evaluated the effects of different sampling strategies (e.g., even, uneven, and area-proportionate) for training the random forests machine learning classifier to differentiate between Acacia, Eucalyptus, and Pinus trees in South Africa. Sample size (s) was related to the number of input features (n) to better understand the potential impact of sample sparseness. The results show that an even sample with maximum size (100%, s~91n) produced the highest overall accuracy (76.3%). Although larger training set sizes (s > n) resulted in higher OAs, a saturation point was reached at s~64n.
    Keywords Acacia ; Eucalyptus ; Pinus ; forest plantations ; forests ; remote sensing ; sample size ; soil water ; water conservation ; South Africa
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-0816
    Publishing place Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2513863-7
    ISSN 2072-4292
    ISSN 2072-4292
    DOI 10.3390/rs14163992
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  10. Article ; Online: Evolution of Bipartite and Segmented Viruses from Monopartite Viruses.

    Park, Hyunjin / Denha, Saven / Higgs, Paul G

    Viruses

    2023  Volume 15, Issue 5

    Abstract: RNA viruses may be monopartite (all genes on one strand), multipartite (two or more strands packaged separately) or segmented (two or more strands packaged together). In this article, we consider competition between a complete monopartite virus, A, and ... ...

    Abstract RNA viruses may be monopartite (all genes on one strand), multipartite (two or more strands packaged separately) or segmented (two or more strands packaged together). In this article, we consider competition between a complete monopartite virus, A, and two defective viruses, D and E, that have complementary genes. We use stochastic models that follow gene translation, RNA replication, virus assembly, and transmission between cells. D and E multiply faster than A when stored in the same host as A or when together in the same host, but they cannot multiply alone. D and E strands are packaged as separate particles unless a mechanism evolves that allows assembly of D + E segmented particles. We show that if defective viruses assemble rapidly into separate particles, the formation of segmented particles is selected against. In this case, D and E spread as parasites of A, and the bipartite D + E combination eliminates A if the transmissibility is high. Alternatively, if defective strands do not assemble rapidly into separate particles, then a mechanism for assembly of segmented particles is selected for. In this case, the segmented virus can eliminate A if transmissibility is high. Conditions of excess protein resources favor bipartite viruses, while conditions of excess RNA resources favor segmented viruses. We study the error threshold behavior that arises when deleterious mutations are introduced. Relative to bipartite and segmented viruses, deleterious mutations favor monopartite viruses. A monopartite virus can give rise to either a bipartite or a segmented virus, but it is unlikely that both will originate from the same virus.
    MeSH term(s) Viruses/genetics ; RNA Viruses/genetics ; Virus Assembly
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-10
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2516098-9
    ISSN 1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
    ISSN (online) 1999-4915
    ISSN 1999-4915
    DOI 10.3390/v15051135
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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