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Book ; Conference proceedings: Symposium issue: The evolution of bipedality: humans and other bipeds

Crompton, Robin Huw

[Symposium on the Evolution of Bipedality] ; [held at Burlington House, London, on 5 September 2003]

(Journal of anatomy ; 204,5)

2004

Title variant	The evolution of bipedality: humans and other bipeds
Institution	Symposium on the Evolution of Bipedality
Author's details	guest eds.: Robin Huw Crompton
Series title	Journal of anatomy ; 204,5
Collection
Language	English
Size	S. 317 - 430 : Ill., graph. Darst.
Publisher	Blackwell
Publishing place	Oxford u.a.
Publishing country	Great Britain
Document type	Book ; Conference proceedings
HBZ-ID	HT014049822
Database	Catalogue ZB MED Medicine, Health

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Article ; Online: Biomechanics and the origins of human bipedal walking: The last 50 years.

Crompton, Robin Huw / Sellers, William / Davids, Keith / McClymont, Juliet

Journal of biomechanics

2023 Volume 157, Page(s) 111701

Abstract: Motion analysis, as applied to evolutionary biomechanics, has experienced its own evolution over the last 50 years. Here we review how an ever-increasing fossil record, together with continuing advancements in biomechanics techniques, have shaped our ... ...

Abstract	Motion analysis, as applied to evolutionary biomechanics, has experienced its own evolution over the last 50 years. Here we review how an ever-increasing fossil record, together with continuing advancements in biomechanics techniques, have shaped our understanding of the origin of upright bipedal walking. The original, and long-established hypothesis held by Lamarck (1809), Darwin (1859) and Keith (1934), amongst others, maintained that bipedality originated in an arboreal context. However, the first field studies of gorilla and chimpanzees from the 1960's, highlighted their so-called 'knucklewalking' quadrupedalism, leading scientists to assume, semi-automatically, that knucklewalking must have been the precursor to bipedality. It would not be until the discovery of skeletons of early human relatives Australopithecus afarensis and Australopithecus prometheus, and the inclusion of methods of analysis from computer science, biomechanics, sports science and medicine, that the knucklewalking hypothesis would be most robustly challenged. Their short, but human-like lower limbs and human-like hand indicated that knucklewalking was not part of our ancestral locomotor repertoire. Rather, most current research in evolutionary biomechanics agrees it was a combination of climbing and bipedalism, both in an arboreal context, which facilitated upright, terrestrial, bipedal walking over short distances.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Walking ; Pan troglodytes ; Biological Evolution ; Locomotion
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Review ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	218076-5
ISSN	1873-2380 ; 0021-9290
ISSN (online)	1873-2380
ISSN	0021-9290
DOI	10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111701
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Article ; Online: The hominins: a very conservative tribe? Last common ancestors, plasticity and ecomorphology in Hominidae. Or, What's in a name?

Crompton, Robin Huw

Journal of anatomy

2016 Volume 228, Issue 4, Page(s) 686–699

Abstract: In the early 20th century the dominant paradigm for the ecological context of the origins of human bipedalism was arboreal suspension. In the 1960s, however, with recognition of the close genetic relationship of humans, chimpanzees and bonobos, and with ... ...

Abstract	In the early 20th century the dominant paradigm for the ecological context of the origins of human bipedalism was arboreal suspension. In the 1960s, however, with recognition of the close genetic relationship of humans, chimpanzees and bonobos, and with the first field studies of mountain gorillas and common chimpanzees, it was assumed that locomotion similar to that of common chimpanzees and mountain gorillas, which appeared to be dominated by terrestrial knuckle-walking, must have given rise to human bipedality. This paradigm has been popular, if not universally dominant, until very recently. However, evidence that neither the knuckle-walking or vertical climbing of these apes is mechanically similar to human bipedalism, as well as the hand-assisted bipedality and orthograde clambering of orang-utans, has cast doubt on this paradigm. It now appears that the dominance of terrestrial knuckle-walking in mountain gorillas is an artefact seen only in the extremes of their range, and that both mountain and lowland gorillas have a generalized orthogrady similar to that seen in orang-utans. These data, together with evidence for continued arboreal competence in humans, mesh well with an increasing weight of fossil evidence suggesting that a mix of orang-utan and gorilla-like arboreal locomotion and upright terrestrial bipedalism characterized most australopiths. The late split date of the panins, corresponding to dates for separation of Homo and Australopithecus, leads to the speculation that competition with chimpanzees, as appears to exist today with gorillas, may have driven ecological changes in hominins and perhaps cladogenesis. However, selection for ecological plasticity and morphological conservatism is a core characteristic of Hominidae as a whole, including Hominini.
MeSH term(s)	Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; Fossils ; Hominidae ; Locomotion
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-01-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	2955-5
ISSN	1469-7580 ; 0021-8782
ISSN (online)	1469-7580
ISSN	0021-8782
DOI	10.1111/joa.12424
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Article ; Online: Anthropology. Stepping out.

Crompton, Robin Huw / Pataky, Todd C

Science (New York, N.Y.)

2009 Volume 323, Issue 5918, Page(s) 1174–1175

MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Foot/anatomy & histology ; Foot/physiology ; Fossils ; Gait ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology ; Hominidae/physiology ; Humans ; Kenya ; Locomotion ; Pressure ; Software ; Toes/anatomy & histology ; Toes/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-02-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comment ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	128410-1
ISSN	1095-9203 ; 0036-8075
ISSN (online)	1095-9203
ISSN	0036-8075
DOI	10.1126/science.1170916
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Article ; Online: StW 573 Australopithecus prometheus: Its Significance for an Australopith Bauplan.

Crompton, Robin Huw / McClymont, Juliet / Elton, Sarah / Thorpe, Susannah / Sellers, William / Heaton, Jason / Pickering, Travis Rayne / Pataky, Todd / Carlson, Kristian J / Jashashvili, Tea / Beaudet, Amélie / Bruxelles, Laurent / Goh, Ethan / Kuman, Kathleen / Clarke, Ronald

Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology

2021 Volume 92, Issue 5-6, Page(s) 243–275

Abstract: The StW 573 skeleton of Australopithecus prometheus from Sterkfontein Member 2 is some 93% complete and thus by far the most complete member of that genus yet found. Firmly dated at 3.67 Ma, it is one of the earliest specimens of its genus. A crucial ... ...

Abstract	The StW 573 skeleton of Australopithecus prometheus from Sterkfontein Member 2 is some 93% complete and thus by far the most complete member of that genus yet found. Firmly dated at 3.67 Ma, it is one of the earliest specimens of its genus. A crucial aspect of interpretation of locomotor behaviour from fossil remains is an understanding of the palaeoenvironment in which the individual lived and the manner in which it would have used it. While the value of this ecomorphological approach is largely accepted, it has not been widely used as a stable framework on which to build evolutionary biomechanical interpretations. Here, we collate the available evidence on StW 573's anatomy in order, as far as currently possible, to reconstruct what might have been this individual's realized and potential niche. We explore the concept of a common Australopithecus "bauplan" by comparing the morphology and ecological context of StW 573 to that of paenocontemporaneous australopiths including Australopithecus anamensis and KSD-VP-1/1 Australopithecus afarensis. Each was probably substantially arboreal and woodland-dwelling, relying substantially on arboreal resources. We use a hypothesis-driven approach, tested by: virtual experiments, in the case of extinct species; biomechanical analyses of the locomotor behaviour of living great ape species; and analogical experiments with human subjects. From these, we conclude that the habitual locomotor mode of all australopiths was upright bipedalism, whether on the ground or on branches. Some later australopiths such as Australopithecus sediba undoubtedly became more terrestrial, allowing sacrifice of arboreal stability in favour of manual dexterity. Indeed, modern humans retain arboreal climbing skills but have further sacrificed arboreal effectiveness for enhanced ability to sustain striding terrestrial bipedalism over much greater distances. We compare StW 573's locomotor adaptations to those of living great apes and protohominins, and agree with those earlier observers who suggest that the common panin-hominin last common ancestor was postcranially more like Gorilla than Pan.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Fossils ; Gorilla gorilla ; Hominidae
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-28
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2041-2
ISSN	1421-9980 ; 0015-5713
ISSN (online)	1421-9980
ISSN	0015-5713
DOI	10.1159/000519723
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Article ; Online: Arboreality, terrestriality and bipedalism.

Crompton, Robin Huw / Sellers, William I / Thorpe, Susannah K S

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

2010 Volume 365, Issue 1556, Page(s) 3301–3314

Abstract: The full publication of Ardipithecus ramidus has particular importance for the origins of hominin bipedality, and strengthens the growing case for an arboreal origin. Palaeontological techniques however inevitably concentrate on details of fragmentary ... ...

Abstract	The full publication of Ardipithecus ramidus has particular importance for the origins of hominin bipedality, and strengthens the growing case for an arboreal origin. Palaeontological techniques however inevitably concentrate on details of fragmentary postcranial bones and can benefit from a whole-animal perspective. This can be provided by field studies of locomotor behaviour, which provide a real-world perspective of adaptive context, against which conclusions drawn from palaeontology and comparative osteology may be assessed and honed. Increasingly sophisticated dynamic modelling techniques, validated against experimental data for living animals, offer a different perspective where evolutionary and virtual ablation experiments, impossible for living mammals, may be run in silico, and these can analyse not only the interactions and behaviour of rigid segments but increasingly the effects of compliance, which are of crucial importance in guiding the evolution of an arboreally derived lineage.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena/physiology ; Gait/physiology ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology ; Hominidae/physiology ; Humans ; Pan troglodytes/anatomy & histology ; Pan troglodytes/physiology ; Pongo pygmaeus/anatomy & histology ; Pongo pygmaeus/physiology ; Trees
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-09-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	208382-6
ISSN	1471-2970 ; 0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
ISSN (online)	1471-2970
ISSN	0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
DOI	10.1098/rstb.2010.0035
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Article: The metabolic costs of 'bent-hip, bent-knee' walking in humans.

Carey, Tanya Suzanne / Crompton, Robin Huw

Journal of human evolution

2005 Volume 48, Issue 1, Page(s) 25–44

Abstract: The costs of different modes of bipedalism are a key issue in reconstructing the likely gait of early human ancestors such as Australopithecus afarensis. Some workers, on the basis of morphological differences between the locomotor skeleton of A. ... ...

Abstract	The costs of different modes of bipedalism are a key issue in reconstructing the likely gait of early human ancestors such as Australopithecus afarensis. Some workers, on the basis of morphological differences between the locomotor skeleton of A. afarensis and modern humans, have proposed that this hominid would have walked in a 'bent-hip, bent-knee' (BHBK) posture like that seen in the voluntary bipedalism of untrained chimpanzees. Computer modelling studies using inverse dynamics indicate that on the basis of segment proportions AL-288-1 should have been capable of mechanically effective upright walking, but in contrast predicted that BHBK walking would have been highly ineffective. The measure most pertinent to natural selection, however, is more likely to be the complete, physiological, or metabolic energy cost. We cannot measure this parameter in a fossil. This paper presents the most complete investigation yet of the metabolic and thermoregulatory costs of BHBK walking in humans. Data show that metabolic costs including the basal metabolic rate (BMR) increase by around 50% while the energy costs of locomotion and blood lactate production nearly double, heat load is increased, and core temperature does not return to normal within 20 minutes rest. Net effects imply that a resting period of 150% activity time would be necessary to prevent physiologically intolerable heat load. Preliminary data for children suggest that scaling effects would not significantly reduce relative costs for hominids of AL-288-1's size. Data from recent studies using forwards dynamic modelling confirm that similar total (including BMR) and locomotor metabolic costs would have applied to BHBK walking by AL-288-1. We explore some of the ecological consequences of our findings.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Animals ; Anthropology, Physical ; Body Temperature/physiology ; Body Weight/physiology ; Child ; Energy Metabolism/physiology ; Female ; Gait/physiology ; Hip/anatomy & histology ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology ; Hominidae/physiology ; Humans ; Knee/anatomy & histology ; Lactates/blood ; Male ; Oxygen Consumption/physiology ; Pulmonary Gas Exchange/physiology ; Walking/physiology
Chemical Substances	Lactates
Language	English
Publishing date	2005-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	120141-4
ISSN	1095-8606 ; 0047-2484
ISSN (online)	1095-8606
ISSN	0047-2484
DOI	10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.10.001
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Article: Using sensitivity analysis to validate the predictions of a biomechanical model of bite forces.

Sellers, William Irvin / Crompton, Robin Huw

Annals of anatomy = Anatomischer Anzeiger : official organ of the Anatomische Gesellschaft

2004 Volume 186, Issue 1, Page(s) 89–95

Abstract: Biomechanical modelling has become a very popular technique for investigating functional anatomy. Modern computer simulation packages make producing such models straightforward and it is tempting to take the results produced at face value. However the ... ...

Abstract	Biomechanical modelling has become a very popular technique for investigating functional anatomy. Modern computer simulation packages make producing such models straightforward and it is tempting to take the results produced at face value. However the predictions of a simulation are only valid when both the model and the input parameters are accurate and little work has been done to verify this. In this paper a model of the human jaw is produced and a sensitivity analysis is performed to validate the results. The model is built using the ADAMS multibody dynamic simulation package incorporating the major occlusive muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoids) as well as a highly mobile temporomandibular joint. This model is used to predict the peak three-dimensional bite forces at each teeth location, joint reaction forces, and the contributions made by each individual muscle. The results for occlusive bite-force (1080N at M1) match those previously published suggesting the model is valid. The sensitivity analysis was performed by sampling the input parameters from likely ranges and running the simulation many times rather than using single, best estimate values. This analysis shows that the magnitudes of the peak retractive forces on the lower teeth were highly sensitive to the chosen origin (and hence fibre direction) of the temporalis and masseter muscles as well as the laxity of the TMJ. Peak protrusive force was also sensitive to the masseter origin. These result shows that the model is insufficiently complex to estimate these values reliably although the much lower sensitivity values obtained for the bite forces in the other directions and also for the joint reaction forces suggest that these predictions are sound. Without the sensitivity analysis it would not have been possible to identify these weaknesses which strongly supports the use of sensitivity analysis as a validation technique for biomechanical modelling.
MeSH term(s)	Anatomy/methods ; Biomechanical Phenomena/methods ; Bite Force ; Facial Muscles/anatomy & histology ; Facial Muscles/physiology ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Stress, Mechanical ; Temporomandibular Joint/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2004-02
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1106738-x
ISSN	1618-0402 ; 0940-9602
ISSN (online)	1618-0402
ISSN	0940-9602
DOI	10.1016/S0940-9602(04)80132-8
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Article: Evolutionary Robotic Approaches in Primate Gait Analysis

Sellers, William Irvin / Pataky, Todd C / Caravaggi, Paolo / Crompton, Robin Huw

International journal of primatology. 2010 Apr., v. 31, no. 2

2010

Abstract: Understanding how primates move is particularly challenging because many of the experimentation techniques that would normally be available are unsuitable for ethical and conservation reasons. We therefore need to develop techniques that can maximize the ...

Abstract	Understanding how primates move is particularly challenging because many of the experimentation techniques that would normally be available are unsuitable for ethical and conservation reasons. We therefore need to develop techniques that can maximize the data available from minimally intrusive experimentation. One approach for achieving this is to use evolutionary robotic techniques to build a musculoskeletal simulation and generate movement patterns that optimize some global parameter such as economy or performance, or to match existing kinematic data. If the simulation has a sufficiently high biofidelity and can match experimentally measured performance criteria then we can use it to predict aspects of locomotor mechanics that would otherwise be impossible to measure. This approach is particularly valuable when studying fossil primates because it can be based entirely on morphology and can generate movements spontaneously. A major question in human evolution is the origin of bipedal running and the role of elastic energy storage. By using an evolutionary robotics model of humanoid running we can show that elastic storage is required for efficient, high-performance running. Elasticity allows both energy recovery to minimize total energy cost and also power amplification to allow high performance. The most important elastic energy store on the human hind limb is the Achilles tendon: a feature that is at best weakly expressed among the African great apes. By running simulations both with and without this structure we can demonstrate its importance, and we suggest that identification of the presence or otherwise of this tendon—perhaps by calcaneal morphology or Sharpey's fibers—is essential for identifying when and where in the fossil record human style running originated.
Keywords	locomotion
Language	English
Dates of publication	2010-04
Size	p. 321-338.
Publisher	Springer US
Publishing place	Boston
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2016016-1
ISSN	1573-8604 ; 0164-0291
ISSN (online)	1573-8604
ISSN	0164-0291
DOI	10.1007/s10764-010-9396-4
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Vertical Clinging and Leaping Revisited: Locomotion and Habitat Use in the Western Tarsier, Tarsius bancanus Explored Via Loglinear Modeling

Crompton, Robin Huw / Blanchard, Mary L / Coward, Sam / Alexander, R. McNeill / Thorpe, Susannah K

International journal of primatology. 2010 Dec., v. 31, no. 6

2010

Abstract: Napier and Walker's (1967) locomotor category of vertical clinging and leaping (VC&L) is one of the most familiar in primatology, and tarsiers are probably the most morphologically specialized of its membership. However, the link between vertical ... ...

Abstract	Napier and Walker's (1967) locomotor category of vertical clinging and leaping (VC&L) is one of the most familiar in primatology, and tarsiers are probably the most morphologically specialized of its membership. However, the link between vertical clinging and leaping remains unelucidated. We attempt to do so by reanalysis of Crompton's 1985 and 1986 field observations of locomotion and habitat use in Tarsius bancanus, using loglinear modeling. Loglinear modeling is better suited to the categorical variables used in many field studies than more traditional statistics, such as ANOVA, developed for continuous variables. We show that climbing, as well as leaping, is one of the predominant forms of locomotion, and that all other things being equal, tarsiers tend to take off from, and land on, similar sized supports, which suggests that the following findings are not likely to be a result of substrate availability alone. Small body size lead to a prediction that tarsiers should leap down but climb up: this was not sustained: rather leaps tend to be level, and climbing accounts for more height loss than randomly expected. However, a prediction that to avoid energy loss to the substrate, the tarsiers should show a preference for large diameter supports for takeoff when leaping longer distances was supported, although tarsiers do not avoid moderately compliant supports. The prediction from ballistic principles that the longest leaps should start from high-angled supports was only weakly sustained, but low-angled supports tend to be strongly associated with short leaps, suggesting that such supports do not facilitate 45° takeoff trajectories. However, tarsiers displayed a preference for landing on medium-sized supports when leaping long distances, suggesting a preference for balancing the need for stability with minimizing musculoskeletal shock.
Keywords	diet ; ecology ; locomotion ; predation
Language	English
Dates of publication	2010-12
Size	p. 958-979.
Publisher	Springer US
Publishing place	Boston
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2016016-1
ISSN	1573-8604 ; 0164-0291
ISSN (online)	1573-8604
ISSN	0164-0291
DOI	10.1007/s10764-010-9420-8
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