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Article ; Online: Response to 'Tacrolimus pharmacokinetics after kidney transplantation--Influence of changes in haematocrit and steroid dose'.

Vanhove, Thomas / de Jonge, Hylke / de Loor, Henriëtte / Verbeke, Kristin / Kuypers, Dirk R J

British journal of clinical pharmacology

2015 Volume 80, Issue 6, Page(s) 1473–1474

MeSH term(s)	Calcineurin Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics ; Cyclosporine/pharmacokinetics ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A/metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney Transplantation ; Male ; Tacrolimus/pharmacokinetics
Chemical Substances	Calcineurin Inhibitors ; Cyclosporine (83HN0GTJ6D) ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A (EC 1.14.14.1) ; Tacrolimus (WM0HAQ4WNM)
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-09-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Letter ; Comment
ZDB-ID	188974-6
ISSN	1365-2125 ; 0306-5251 ; 0264-3774
ISSN (online)	1365-2125
ISSN	0306-5251 ; 0264-3774
DOI	10.1111/bcp.12728
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Article: Aristolochic acid: the common culprit of Chinese herbs nephropathy and Balkan endemic nephropathy.

de Jonge, Hylke / Vanrenterghem, Yves

Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association

2008 Volume 23, Issue 1, Page(s) 39–41

MeSH term(s)	Aristolochic Acids/adverse effects ; Balkan Nephropathy/chemically induced ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/adverse effects ; Humans ; Kidney Diseases/chemically induced
Chemical Substances	Aristolochic Acids ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal
Language	English
Publishing date	2008-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	90594-x
ISSN	1460-2385 ; 0931-0509
ISSN (online)	1460-2385
ISSN	0931-0509
DOI	10.1093/ndt/gfm667
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Zs.A 2198: Show issues			Location: Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand) bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG) ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
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Article ; Online: Relationship between In Vivo CYP3A4 Activity, CYP3A5 Genotype, and Systemic Tacrolimus Metabolite/Parent Drug Ratio in Renal Transplant Recipients and Healthy Volunteers.

Vanhove, Thomas / de Jonge, Hylke / de Loor, Henriëtte / Oorts, Marlies / de Hoon, Jan / Pohanka, Anton / Annaert, Pieter / Kuypers, Dirk R J

Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals

2018 Volume 46, Issue 11, Page(s) 1507–1513

Abstract: CYP3A5 genotype is a major determinant of tacrolimus clearance, and has been shown to affect systemic tacrolimus metabolite/parent ratios in healthy volunteers, which may have implications for efficacy and toxicity. In a cohort of 50 renal transplant ... ...

Abstract	CYP3A5 genotype is a major determinant of tacrolimus clearance, and has been shown to affect systemic tacrolimus metabolite/parent ratios in healthy volunteers, which may have implications for efficacy and toxicity. In a cohort of 50 renal transplant recipients who underwent quantification of CYP3A4 activity using the oral midazolam drug probe, we confirmed that CYP3A5 genotype is the single most important determinant of tacrolimus metabolite/parent ratio [CYP3A5 expressors displayed 2.7- and 2-fold higher relative exposure to 13-desmethyltacrolimus (DMT) and 31-DMT, respectively;
MeSH term(s)	ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cohort Studies ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A/genetics ; Female ; Genotype ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents/metabolism ; Kidney/metabolism ; Kidney Transplantation/methods ; Male ; Midazolam/metabolism ; Middle Aged ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics ; Tacrolimus/metabolism
Chemical Substances	ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; CYP3A5 protein, human (EC 1.14.14.1) ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A (EC 1.14.14.1) ; CYP3A4 protein, human (EC 1.14.14.55) ; Midazolam (R60L0SM5BC) ; Tacrolimus (WM0HAQ4WNM)
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-08-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	186795-7
ISSN	1521-009X ; 0090-9556
ISSN (online)	1521-009X
ISSN	0090-9556
DOI	10.1124/dmd.118.081935
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Article ; Online: The once-daily formulation of tacrolimus: a step forward in kidney transplantation?

Hougardy, Jean-Michel / de Jonge, Hylke / Kuypers, Dirk / Abramowicz, Daniel

Transplantation

2012 Volume 93, Issue 3, Page(s) 241–243

Abstract: Nonadherence is a critical issue in transplantation. Recently, Astellas designed a once-daily-extended release formulation of tacrolimus (Tac). Despite initial reports showing bioequivalence of Tac once-daily (Advagraf) with the original formulation ... ...

Abstract	Nonadherence is a critical issue in transplantation. Recently, Astellas designed a once-daily-extended release formulation of tacrolimus (Tac). Despite initial reports showing bioequivalence of Tac once-daily (Advagraf) with the original formulation requiring twice-daily intake (Tac twice-daily, Prograf), several groups have now shown a sustained decrease in Tac exposure upon conversion from Prograf to Advagraf. Here, we discuss the possible reasons for this observation and how it could affect the expected benefits of Advagraf, and we comment on the fact that a similar lack of bioequivalence might prevail with generic immunosuppressive drugs.
MeSH term(s)	Area Under Curve ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Drug Administration Schedule ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage ; Kidney Transplantation ; Medication Adherence ; Tacrolimus/administration & dosage ; Tacrolimus/blood
Chemical Substances	Immunosuppressive Agents ; Tacrolimus (WM0HAQ4WNM)
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-02-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	208424-7
ISSN	1534-6080 ; 0041-1337
ISSN (online)	1534-6080
ISSN	0041-1337
DOI	10.1097/TP.0b013e31823aa56e
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Zs.A 488: Show issues			Location: Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand) bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG) ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
Zs.MO 509: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Progressive decline in tacrolimus clearance after renal transplantation is partially explained by decreasing CYP3A4 activity and increasing haematocrit.

de Jonge, Hylke / Vanhove, Thomas / de Loor, Henriëtte / Verbeke, Kristin / Kuypers, Dirk R J

British journal of clinical pharmacology

2015 Volume 80, Issue 3, Page(s) 548–559

Abstract: Aims: The long-term disposition of tacrolimus following kidney transplantation is characterized by a gradual decrease in dose requirements and increase in dose-corrected exposure. This phenomenon has been attributed to a progressive decline in ... ...

Abstract	Aims: The long-term disposition of tacrolimus following kidney transplantation is characterized by a gradual decrease in dose requirements and increase in dose-corrected exposure. This phenomenon has been attributed to a progressive decline in cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) activity, although this has never been demonstrated in vivo. Methods: Sixty-five tacrolimus- and 10 cyclosporine-treated renal transplant recipients underwent pharmacokinetic testing at day 7 and months 1, 3, 6 and 12 after transplantation, including 8-h area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) for tacrolimus or cyclosporine and assessment of CYP3A4 activity using oral and intravenous midazolam (MDZ) drug probes. Results: Tacrolimus clearance decreased gradually throughout the entire first year but only in CYP3A53/3 homozygous recipients (25.6 ± 11.1 l h(-1) at day 7; 17 ± 9.1 l h(-1) at month 12; P < 0.001). In mixed model analysis, decreasing CYP3A4 activity, measured by apparent oral MDZ clearance (924 ± 443 ml min(-1) at day 7 vs. 730 ± 344 ml min(-1) at month 1; P < 0.001), explained 55.4% of the decline in tacrolimus clearance in the first month. CYP3A4 activity decreased by 18.9 ml min(-1) for every milligram of methylprednisolone dose tapering within the first month; beyond this point it remained stable. A gradual rise in haematocrit throughout the entire first year explained 31.7% of the decrease in tacrolimus clearance in the first month and 23.6% of the decrease between months 1 and 12. Cyclosporine clearance did not change over time. Conclusions: The maturation of tacrolimus disposition in the first year after renal transplantation observed in CYP3A53/3 homozygous patients can partly be explained by a (steroid tapering-related) decline in CYP3A4 activity and a progressive increase in haematocrit.
MeSH term(s)	Area Under Curve ; Calcineurin Inhibitors/administration & dosage ; Calcineurin Inhibitors/blood ; Calcineurin Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics ; Calcineurin Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Cyclosporine/administration & dosage ; Cyclosporine/blood ; Cyclosporine/pharmacokinetics ; Cyclosporine/therapeutic use ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A/genetics ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A/metabolism ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Graft Rejection/prevention & control ; Hematocrit ; Humans ; Kidney Transplantation ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Metabolic Clearance Rate ; Midazolam/pharmacokinetics ; Middle Aged ; Tacrolimus/administration & dosage ; Tacrolimus/blood ; Tacrolimus/pharmacokinetics ; Tacrolimus/therapeutic use
Chemical Substances	Calcineurin Inhibitors ; Cyclosporine (83HN0GTJ6D) ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A (EC 1.14.14.1) ; CYP3A4 protein, human (EC 1.14.14.55) ; Midazolam (R60L0SM5BC) ; Tacrolimus (WM0HAQ4WNM)
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-08-03
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	188974-6
ISSN	1365-2125 ; 0306-5251 ; 0264-3774
ISSN (online)	1365-2125
ISSN	0306-5251 ; 0264-3774
DOI	10.1111/bcp.12703
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Article: Rhodococcus equi Sepsis in a Renal Transplant Recipient: A Case Study.

Macken, Eline / de Jonge, Hylke / Van Caesbroeck, Daniël / Verhaegen, Jan / Van Kerkhoven, Dana / Van Wijngaerden, Eric / Kuypers, Dirk

Transplantation direct

2015 Volume 1, Issue 3, Page(s) e11

Abstract: Rhodococcus equi is an unusual cause of infection in humans, but has emerged as an opportunistic pathogen among immunocompromised patients. Primary pulmonary involvement is the most common clinical presentation, although the spectrum of disease is broad. ...

Abstract	Rhodococcus equi is an unusual cause of infection in humans, but has emerged as an opportunistic pathogen among immunocompromised patients. Primary pulmonary involvement is the most common clinical presentation, although the spectrum of disease is broad. Diagnosing R. equi infections remains challenging, both from clinical and microbiological view, and no standard treatment has been established. In this report, we present a detailed case of a 57-year-old male renal transplant recipient who developed R. equi bacteremia with a concomitant Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. We describe the clinical features of R. equi infections, highlight the importance of an early diagnosis, and briefly review treatment options for this rare infection.
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-04-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Case Reports
ISSN	2373-8731
ISSN	2373-8731
DOI	10.1097/TXD.0000000000000519
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Article ; Online: Comparative performance of oral midazolam clearance and plasma 4β-hydroxycholesterol to explain interindividual variability in tacrolimus clearance.

Vanhove, Thomas / de Jonge, Hylke / de Loor, Henriëtte / Annaert, Pieter / Diczfalusy, Ulf / Kuypers, Dirk R J

British journal of clinical pharmacology

2016 Volume 82, Issue 6, Page(s) 1539–1549

Abstract: Aims: We compared the CYP3A4 metrics weight-corrected midazolam apparent oral clearance (MDZ Cl/F/W) and plasma 4β-hydroxycholesterol/cholesterol (4β-OHC/C) as they relate to tacrolimus (TAC) Cl/F/W in renal transplant recipients.: Methods: For a ... ...

Abstract	Aims: We compared the CYP3A4 metrics weight-corrected midazolam apparent oral clearance (MDZ Cl/F/W) and plasma 4β-hydroxycholesterol/cholesterol (4β-OHC/C) as they relate to tacrolimus (TAC) Cl/F/W in renal transplant recipients. Methods: For a cohort of 147 patients, 8 h area under the curve (AUC) values for TAC and oral MDZ were calculated besides measurement of 4β-OHC/C. A subgroup of 70 patients additionally underwent intravenous erythromycin breath test (EBT) and were administered the intravenous MDZ probe. All patients were genotyped for common polymorphisms in CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and P450 oxidoreductase, among others. Results: MDZ Cl/F/W, 4β-OHC/C/W, EBT and TAC Cl/F/W were all moderately correlated (r = 0.262-0.505). Neither MDZ Cl/F/W nor 4β-OHC/C/W explained variability in TAC Cl/F/W in CYP3A5 expressors (n = 29). For CYP3A5 non-expressors (n = 118), factors explaining variability in TAC Cl/F/W in a MDZ-based model were MDZ Cl/F/W (R Conclusions: A MDZ-based model explained more variability in TAC clearance in CYP3A5 non-expressors. However, 4β-OHC/C/W was superior in a model in which no genotype information was available, likely because 4β-OHC/C/W was influenced by the CYP3A4*1b polymorphism.
MeSH term(s)	Administration, Oral ; Cohort Studies ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A/genetics ; Female ; Genotype ; Humans ; Hydroxycholesterols/blood ; Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage ; Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacokinetics ; Injections, Intravenous ; Kidney Transplantation ; Male ; Metabolic Clearance Rate/genetics ; Midazolam/administration & dosage ; Midazolam/pharmacokinetics ; Middle Aged ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Tacrolimus/administration & dosage ; Tacrolimus/pharmacokinetics
Chemical Substances	Hydroxycholesterols ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; cholest-5-ene-3,4-diol (17320-10-4) ; CYP3A5 protein, human (EC 1.14.14.1) ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A (EC 1.14.14.1) ; CYP3A4 protein, human (EC 1.14.14.55) ; Midazolam (R60L0SM5BC) ; Tacrolimus (WM0HAQ4WNM)
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-09-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	188974-6
ISSN	1365-2125 ; 0306-5251 ; 0264-3774
ISSN (online)	1365-2125
ISSN	0306-5251 ; 0264-3774
DOI	10.1111/bcp.13083
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Article ; Online: Combined effects of CYP3A51, POR28, and CYP3A4*22 single nucleotide polymorphisms on early concentration-controlled tacrolimus exposure in de-novo renal recipients.

Kuypers, Dirk R J / de Loor, Henriette / Naesens, Maarten / Coopmans, Tamara / de Jonge, Hylke

Pharmacogenetics and genomics

2014 Volume 24, Issue 12, Page(s) 597–606

Abstract: Aim: In a cohort of 298 de-novo renal recipients treated with a standard tacrolimus loading dose ... based tacrolimus dosing in de-novo renal recipients. ...

Abstract	Aim: In a cohort of 298 de-novo renal recipients treated with a standard tacrolimus loading dose of 0.2 mg/kg, the combined effects of the CYP3A51, POR28, and CYP3A422 genotypes on early tacrolimus exposure (C0), dose requirements, and achievement of the therapeutic target, C0, were examined. The incidence of clinical events (e.g. acute rejection, diabetes mellitus) was compared between genotypes. Results:* Fast metabolizers (CYP3A51/POR28T carriers) had two-fold to three-fold higher tacrolimus dose requirements compared with slow metabolizers (CYP3A53/3/CYP3A422 carriers) and needed significantly more time to achieve the target tacrolimus C0 of a minimum 10 ng/ml (3.3±1.7 vs. 1.34±0.75 days; P<0.0001). No differences in acute rejection incidence and time to first rejection were observed. Slow metabolizers more frequently had tacrolimus C0 above the target range early after transplantation (70 vs. 13% on day 3); however, this did not translate into a higher incidence of post-transplantation diabetes mellitus or graft dysfunction. Multivariate analyses identified the CYP3A51/POR28/CYP3A422 genotype combination as the single strongest determinant of tacrolimus dose requirements throughout the first year, explaining between 24-40% of its variability, whereas recipient age, hematocrit, and delayed graft function were additional nongenetic determinants of tacrolimus dose. Conclusion: Combining the CYP3A51, POR28 and CYP3A4*22 genotypes allows partial differentiation of early tacrolimus dose requirements and the time to reach therapeutic target concentrations after transplantation, but without obvious clinical implications. Larger prospective studies need to address the clinical relevance of early combined genotype-based tacrolimus dosing in de-novo renal recipients.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Aged ; Cohort Studies ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A/genetics ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics ; Female ; Graft Rejection/drug therapy ; Graft Rejection/etiology ; Humans ; Kidney Transplantation ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Risk Factors ; Tacrolimus/administration & dosage ; Tacrolimus/pharmacokinetics
Chemical Substances	POR protein, human ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System (9035-51-2) ; CYP3A5 protein, human (EC 1.14.14.1) ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A (EC 1.14.14.1) ; CYP3A4 protein, human (EC 1.14.14.55) ; Tacrolimus (WM0HAQ4WNM)
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-11-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2175826-8
ISSN	1744-6880 ; 0960-314X ; 1744-6872
ISSN (online)	1744-6880
ISSN	0960-314X ; 1744-6872
DOI	10.1097/FPC.0000000000000095
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Zs.A 3660: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Impact of CYP3A5 genotype on tacrolimus versus midazolam clearance in renal transplant recipients: new insights in CYP3A5-mediated drug metabolism.

de Jonge, Hylke / de Loor, Henriette / Verbeke, Krisitin / Vanrenterghem, Yves / Kuypers, Dirk R J

Pharmacogenomics

2013 Volume 14, Issue 12, Page(s) 1467–1480

Abstract: Background & aim: In vitro studies have identified both midazolam and tacrolimus as dual CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 substrates. In vivo; however, the CYP3A5 genotype has a marked impact on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics, whereas it seems not to affect midazolam ... ...

Abstract	Background & aim: In vitro studies have identified both midazolam and tacrolimus as dual CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 substrates. In vivo; however, the CYP3A5 genotype has a marked impact on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics, whereas it seems not to affect midazolam pharmacokinetics. The aim of the current study was to explore this paradigm in a relevant clinical setting. Patients & methods: A case-control study in 80 tacrolimus-treated renal transplant recipients comparing systemic and apparent oral midazolam clearance and tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in CYP3A5 expressers (CYP3A51 allele carriers) and CYP3A5 nonexpressers (CYP3A53/3) was performed. Results:* CYP3A5 expressers display an approximately 2.4-fold higher tacrolimus clearance as compared with CYP3A5 nonexpressers, whereas there are no differences in systemic and apparent oral midazolam clearance. Conclusion: These data confirm that in vivo CYP3A5 plays an important role in tacrolimus metabolism, while its contribution to midazolam metabolism in a relevant study population is limited. Furthermore, these data suggest that midazolam is to be considered as a phenotypic probe for in vivo CYP3A4 activity rather than combined CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 activity.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Case-Control Studies ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A/biosynthesis ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A/genetics ; Gene Expression ; Genetic Association Studies ; Humans ; Inactivation, Metabolic/genetics ; Kidney Transplantation ; Midazolam/administration & dosage ; Midazolam/adverse effects ; Middle Aged ; Tacrolimus/administration & dosage ; Tacrolimus/adverse effects
Chemical Substances	CYP3A5 protein, human (EC 1.14.14.1) ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A (EC 1.14.14.1) ; CYP3A4 protein, human (EC 1.14.14.55) ; Midazolam (R60L0SM5BC) ; Tacrolimus (WM0HAQ4WNM)
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-09-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2019513-8
ISSN	1744-8042 ; 1462-2416
ISSN (online)	1744-8042
ISSN	1462-2416
DOI	10.2217/pgs.13.133
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Zs.A 5247: Show issues

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Article ; Online: New insights into the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the calcineurin inhibitors and mycophenolic acid: possible consequences for therapeutic drug monitoring in solid organ transplantation.

de Jonge, Hylke / Naesens, Maarten / Kuypers, Dirk R J

Therapeutic drug monitoring

2009 Volume 31, Issue 4, Page(s) 416–435

Abstract: Although therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of immunosuppressive drugs has been an integral part of routine clinical practice in solid organ transplantation for many years, ongoing research in the field of immunosuppressive drug metabolism, ... ...

Abstract	Although therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of immunosuppressive drugs has been an integral part of routine clinical practice in solid organ transplantation for many years, ongoing research in the field of immunosuppressive drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, pharmacogenetics, pharmacodynamics, and clinical TDM keeps yielding new insights that might have future clinical implications. In this review, the authors will highlight some of these new insights for the calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) cyclosporine and tacrolimus and the antimetabolite mycophenolic acid (MPA) and will discuss the possible consequences. For CNIs, important relevant lessons for TDM can be learned from the results of 2 recently published large CNI minimization trials. Furthermore, because acute rejection and drug-related adverse events do occur despite routine application of CNI TDM, alternative approaches to better predict the dose-concentration-response relationship in the individual patient are being explored. Monitoring of CNI concentrations in lymphocytes and other tissues, determination of CNI metabolites, and CNI pharmacogenetics and pharmacodynamics are in their infancy but have the potential to become useful additions to conventional CNI TDM. Although MPA is usually administered at a fixed dose, there is a rationale for MPA TDM, and this is substantiated by the increasing knowledge of the many nongenetic and genetic factors contributing to the interindividual and intraindividual variability in MPA pharmacokinetics. However, recent, large, randomized clinical trials investigating the clinical utility of MPA TDM have reported conflicting data. Therefore, alternative pharmacokinetic (ie, MPA free fraction and metabolites) and pharmacodynamic approaches to better predict drug efficacy and toxicity are being explored. Finally, for MPA and tacrolimus, novel formulations have become available. For MPA, the differences in pharmacokinetic behavior between the old and the novel formulation will have implications for TDM, whereas for tacrolimus, this probably will not to be the case.
MeSH term(s)	Calcineurin/pharmacology ; Calcineurin Inhibitors ; Drug Monitoring ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Graft Rejection/metabolism ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacokinetics ; Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology ; Mycophenolic Acid/pharmacokinetics ; Mycophenolic Acid/pharmacology ; Organ Transplantation/physiology ; Tacrolimus/pharmacokinetics ; Transplantation, Homologous/methods ; Transplantation, Homologous/pathology
Chemical Substances	Calcineurin Inhibitors ; Enzyme Inhibitors ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; Calcineurin (EC 3.1.3.16) ; Mycophenolic Acid (HU9DX48N0T) ; Tacrolimus (WM0HAQ4WNM)
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	424443-6
ISSN	1536-3694 ; 0163-4356
ISSN (online)	1536-3694
ISSN	0163-4356
DOI	10.1097/FTD.0b013e3181aa36cd
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