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  1. Article ; Online: College leadership decisions and experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic: an elite interview study.

    Dutta, Tapati / Agley, Jon

    Journal of American college health : J of ACH

    2024  , Page(s) 1–11

    Abstract: Objective: This study at a US Native American-serving Nontribal Institution (NASNTI) deeply analyzed collegiate leadership's responses and experiences during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic.: Participants: Elite interviews were conducted ... ...

    Abstract Objective: This study at a US Native American-serving Nontribal Institution (NASNTI) deeply analyzed collegiate leadership's responses and experiences during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic.
    Participants: Elite interviews were conducted between April and June 2021 with the college president, provost, dean of student engagement, human resources director, and chief of police. Interviewees were purposively selected due to their positions of authority.
    Methods: Each one-hour interview used a semi-structured guide for standardization and was conducted either virtually or in-person while following COVID-19 protocols. The general inductive method was used to identify nodes and categories within the transcripts.
    Results: Six nodes (conceptual domains) and 18 categories were identified. Though there was variability in interviewee emphasis, the respondents described the motivations, drivers, and sentiment behind their decision-making in a transparent way.
    Conclusions: NASNTI leadership reported being able to navigate the pandemic by emphasizing transparency and engaging students, while working alongside the community.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-18
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 604907-2
    ISSN 1940-3208 ; 0744-8481
    ISSN (online) 1940-3208
    ISSN 0744-8481
    DOI 10.1080/07448481.2024.2328139
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Correction: Implementation Documentation and Process Assessment of the PharmNet Intervention: Observational Report.

    Eldridge, Lori Ann / Meyerson, Beth E / Agley, Jon

    JMIR formative research

    2024  Volume 8, Page(s) e59427

    Abstract: This corrects the article DOI: 10.2196/54077.]. ...

    Abstract [This corrects the article DOI: 10.2196/54077.].
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-11
    Publishing country Canada
    Document type Published Erratum
    ISSN 2561-326X
    ISSN (online) 2561-326X
    DOI 10.2196/59427
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Assessing changes in US public trust in science amid the COVID-19 pandemic.

    Agley, Jon

    Public health

    2020  Volume 183, Page(s) 122–125

    Abstract: Objectives: The emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and subsequent pandemic has led to the most substantive large-scale, open, and public social discussion of epidemiology and science in recent history. In the United States (US), ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: The emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and subsequent pandemic has led to the most substantive large-scale, open, and public social discussion of epidemiology and science in recent history. In the United States (US), extensive debate has ensued as to the risk posed by the disease, whether the health system is prepared to manage a high volume of critical cases, whether any number of public health responses are necessary and appropriate, and the appropriate ways to prevent, manage, and treat the pandemic. I hypothesized that the interplay between scientists, policymakers, and the public in an open forum was associated with increased overall public trust in science and scientists, but that this was moderated by political orientation and/or religious commitment. In the context of a public health emergency, it is important to understand the degree to which science and scientists are trusted to produce information that can provide reassurance and also can explain the details of a highly complex event such as a viral pandemic while providing actionable recommendations.
    Study design: The study design was analytic cross-sectional.
    Methods: Data were obtained on March 17-18, 2020, from a sample of 242 US-based Amazon Mechanical Turk users. Respondents completed a 49-question survey consisting of key sociodemographic variables, political affiliation, religious commitment, and two iterations of the Trust in Science and Scientist Inventory (one for March 2020, and one for December 2019 using retrospective recall). Changes in mean level of trust and interaction with political affiliation and/or religious commitment were assessed using mixed ANOVA via the general linear model.
    Results: On a scale from 1 (low trust) to 5 (high trust), the mean level of trust in science and scientists was static; 3.82 in December 2019 and 3.81 in March 2020. Conservative political orientation and high religious commitment were associated with significantly less overall trust in science; the interaction effect suggested that liberal trust in science decreased slightly from December 2019 to March 2020, whereas conservative trust increased slightly.
    Conclusions: Counter to my expectations, the overall level of trust in science remained static after the first several months of COVID-19 in the US, although there is some evidence that political orientation was associated with magnitude and directionality of change in trust. Continued examination of these trends is important for understanding public response to epidemiologic recommendations.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology ; Public Opinion ; Science ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Trust ; United States/epidemiology
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-05-13
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 427333-3
    ISSN 1476-5616 ; 0033-3506
    ISSN (online) 1476-5616
    ISSN 0033-3506
    DOI 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.004
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Implementation Documentation and Process Assessment of the PharmNet Intervention: Observational Report.

    Eldridge, Lori Ann / Meyerson, Beth E / Agley, Jon

    JMIR formative research

    2024  Volume 8, Page(s) e54077

    Abstract: Background: The number of overdose deaths in the United States involving opioids continues to exceed 100,000 per year. This has precipitated ongoing declarations of a public health emergency. Harm reduction approaches, such as promoting awareness of, ... ...

    Abstract Background: The number of overdose deaths in the United States involving opioids continues to exceed 100,000 per year. This has precipitated ongoing declarations of a public health emergency. Harm reduction approaches, such as promoting awareness of, ensuring access to, and fostering willingness to use naloxone to reverse opioid overdose, are a key component of a larger national strategy to address the crisis. In addition, overdose reversal with naloxone directly and immediately saves lives. Because of pharmacies' ubiquity and pharmacists' extensive clinical training, community pharmacies are well-positioned, in principle, to facilitate naloxone access and education.
    Objective: In 2022, a single-site pilot study of PharmNet, a community pharmacy intervention incorporating naloxone distribution, awareness building, and referral, showed promising outcomes for both naloxone and resource distribution in the community. As a next step, this study was intended to be a pilot randomized controlled trial of PharmNet in 7 pharmacies. However, due to circumstances outside of the study team's control, data collection was unable to be fully completed as planned. In keeping with open research standards, we transparently report all available data from the study and discuss trial barriers and processes. We do so both to provide insights that may inform similar studies and to avoid the "file-drawer" (publication bias) problem, which can skew the aggregated scholarly literature through nonpublication of registered trial results or selective publication of findings affirming authors' hypotheses.
    Methods: This paper reports an in-depth implementation study assessment, provides the available observational data, and discusses implementation considerations for similar studies in independent (eg, nonchain) community pharmacies.
    Results: Retrospective assessment of study outcomes and fidelity data provided for robust discussion around how resource differences in independent community pharmacies (vs well-resourced chain pharmacies), as well as high demands on staff, can affect intervention implementation, even when leadership is highly supportive.
    Conclusions: Community pharmacies, particularly independent community pharmacies, may require more support than anticipated to be successful when implementing a new intervention into practice, even if it might affect estimates of real-world effectiveness. Further implementation science research is needed specific to independent community pharmacies. All study elements are outlined in the International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/42373. Although this paper reports results associated with that registration, results and conclusions should not be given the weight assigned to findings from a preregistered study.
    International registered report identifier (irrid): RR2-10.2196/42373.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-18
    Publishing country Canada
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2561-326X
    ISSN (online) 2561-326X
    DOI 10.2196/54077
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Assessing changes in US public trust in science amid the COVID-19 pandemic

    Agley, Jon

    Public Health

    2020  Volume 183, Page(s) 122–125

    Keywords Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ; General Medicine ; covid19
    Language English
    Publisher Elsevier BV
    Publishing country us
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 427333-3
    ISSN 1476-5616 ; 0033-3506
    ISSN (online) 1476-5616
    ISSN 0033-3506
    DOI 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.004
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  6. Article ; Online: Adverse Childhood Experience-Related Conditions and Substance Use in Adolescents: A Secondary Analysis of Cross-Sectional Survey Data.

    Jayawardene, Wasantha / Lohrmann, David / Agley, Jon / Jun, Mikyoung / Gassman, Ruth

    The Journal of school health

    2024  Volume 94, Issue 5, Page(s) 385–394

    Abstract: Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) cluster within children. In addition to standardized ACE measures, there exist "ACE-related" measures that are either directly or indirectly related to the standardized ACE constructs. This study aimed to ...

    Abstract Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) cluster within children. In addition to standardized ACE measures, there exist "ACE-related" measures that are either directly or indirectly related to the standardized ACE constructs. This study aimed to identify ACE-related latent classes of adolescents and describe past-month substance use in each class by sex and race/ethnicity.
    Methods: Data from the 2018 Indiana Youth Survey (N = 70,703), which is a repeated self-administered, cross-sectional survey, were used. Latent class analysis was conducted using ACE-related family (parent incarceration, insulting/yelling within family, inability to discuss personal problems) and school (hate being in school, feeling unsafe, inability to talk to teachers one-on-one) items. Dependent variable combined past 30-day use-frequency of 17 substances. Two-way analysis of variances examined ACE by sex and race/ethnicity interaction.
    Results: Four ACE-related classes emerged: "Family-Only" (11.2%), "School-Only" (16.5%), "Family-School" (8.0%), and "No-ACE" (64.3%). Substance use was highest in "Family-School" (mean = 0.67); lowest in "No-ACE" (mean = 0.21). Significant race/ethnicity (F = 27.06; p < .0001), ACE * sex interaction (F = 12.13; p < .0001) and ACE * race/ethnicity interaction (F = 4.57; p < .0001) effects emerged. Within each ACE-related class, substance use was lowest for Asians and highest for Hispanics.
    Conclusions: Adverse childhood experience-related items cluster within children across school and family environments and clustering differs by race/ethnicity, but not by sex. Incorporating ACE-related items into school surveys enhances the ability to implement interventions that target relationships between ACEs and substance use.
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Humans ; Adolescent ; Adverse Childhood Experiences ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Ethnicity ; Hispanic or Latino ; Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-28
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 952835-0
    ISSN 1746-1561 ; 0022-4391
    ISSN (online) 1746-1561
    ISSN 0022-4391
    DOI 10.1111/josh.13429
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article: Assessing changes in US public trust in science amid the COVID-19 pandemic

    Agley, Jon

    Public Health

    Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and subsequent pandemic has led to the most substantive large-scale, open, and public social discussion of epidemiology and science in recent history. In the United States (US), ... ...

    Abstract OBJECTIVES: The emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and subsequent pandemic has led to the most substantive large-scale, open, and public social discussion of epidemiology and science in recent history. In the United States (US), extensive debate has ensued as to the risk posed by the disease, whether the health system is prepared to manage a high volume of critical cases, whether any number of public health responses are necessary and appropriate, and the appropriate ways to prevent, manage, and treat the pandemic. I hypothesized that the interplay between scientists, policymakers, and the public in an open forum was associated with increased overall public trust in science and scientists, but that this was moderated by political orientation and/or religious commitment. In the context of a public health emergency, it is important to understand the degree to which science and scientists are trusted to produce information that can provide reassurance and also can explain the details of a highly complex event such as a viral pandemic while providing actionable recommendations. STUDY DESIGN: The study design was analytic cross-sectional. METHODS: Data were obtained on March 17-18, 2020, from a sample of 242 US-based Amazon Mechanical Turk users. Respondents completed a 49-question survey consisting of key sociodemographic variables, political affiliation, religious commitment, and two iterations of the Trust in Science and Scientist Inventory (one for March 2020, and one for December 2019 using retrospective recall). Changes in mean level of trust and interaction with political affiliation and/or religious commitment were assessed using mixed ANOVA via the general linear model. RESULTS: On a scale from 1 (low trust) to 5 (high trust), the mean level of trust in science and scientists was static; 3.82 in December 2019 and 3.81 in March 2020. Conservative political orientation and high religious commitment were associated with significantly less overall trust in science; the interaction effect suggested that liberal trust in science decreased slightly from December 2019 to March 2020, whereas conservative trust increased slightly. CONCLUSIONS: Counter to my expectations, the overall level of trust in science remained static after the first several months of COVID-19 in the US, although there is some evidence that political orientation was associated with magnitude and directionality of change in trust. Continued examination of these trends is important for understanding public response to epidemiologic recommendations.
    Keywords covid19
    Publisher WHO
    Document type Article
    Note WHO #Covidence: #245806
    Database COVID19

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  8. Article ; Online: Misinformation about COVID-19: evidence for differential latent profiles and a strong association with trust in science.

    Agley, Jon / Xiao, Yunyu

    BMC public health

    2021  Volume 21, Issue 1, Page(s) 89

    Abstract: Background: The global spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been mirrored by diffusion of misinformation and conspiracy theories about its origins (such as 5G cellular networks) and the motivations of preventive measures like vaccination, ... ...

    Abstract Background: The global spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been mirrored by diffusion of misinformation and conspiracy theories about its origins (such as 5G cellular networks) and the motivations of preventive measures like vaccination, social distancing, and face masks (for example, as a political ploy). These beliefs have resulted in substantive, negative real-world outcomes but remain largely unstudied.
    Methods: This was a cross-sectional, online survey (n=660). Participants were asked about the believability of five selected COVID-19 narratives, their political orientation, their religious commitment, and their trust in science (a 21-item scale), along with sociodemographic items. Data were assessed descriptively, then latent profile analysis was used to identify subgroups with similar believability profiles. Bivariate (ANOVA) analyses were run, then multivariable, multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with membership in specific COVID-19 narrative believability profiles.
    Results: For the full sample, believability of the narratives varied, from a low of 1.94 (SD=1.72) for the 5G narrative to a high of 5.56 (SD=1.64) for the zoonotic (scientific consensus) narrative. Four distinct belief profiles emerged, with the preponderance (70%) of the sample falling into Profile 1, which believed the scientifically accepted narrative (zoonotic origin) but not the misinformed or conspiratorial narratives. Other profiles did not disbelieve the zoonotic explanation, but rather believed additional misinformation to varying degrees. Controlling for sociodemographics, political orientation and religious commitment were marginally, and typically non-significantly, associated with COVID-19 belief profile membership. However, trust in science was a strong, significant predictor of profile membership, with lower trust being substantively associated with belonging to Profiles 2 through 4.
    Conclusions: Belief in misinformation or conspiratorial narratives may not be mutually exclusive from belief in the narrative reflecting scientific consensus; that is, profiles were distinguished not by belief in the zoonotic narrative, but rather by concomitant belief or disbelief in additional narratives. Additional, renewed dissemination of scientifically accepted narratives may not attenuate belief in misinformation. However, prophylaxis of COVID-19 misinformation might be achieved by taking concrete steps to improve trust in science and scientists, such as building understanding of the scientific process and supporting open science initiatives.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Attitude to Health ; COVID-19 ; Communicable Disease Control ; Communication ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Freedom ; Humans ; Internet ; Latent Class Analysis ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Masks ; Multivariate Analysis ; Physical Distancing ; Politics ; Religion ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Science ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Trust ; United States ; Vaccination ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-07
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1471-2458
    ISSN (online) 1471-2458
    DOI 10.1186/s12889-020-10103-x
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Using Normative Language When Describing Scientific Findings: Randomized Controlled Trial of Effects on Trust and Credibility.

    Agley, Jon / Xiao, Yunyu / Thompson, Esi E / Golzarri-Arroyo, Lilian

    Journal of medical Internet research

    2023  Volume 25, Page(s) e45482

    Abstract: Background: Scientists often make cognitive claims (eg, the results of their work) and normative claims (eg, what should be done based on those results). Yet, these types of statements contain very different information and implications. This randomized ...

    Abstract Background: Scientists often make cognitive claims (eg, the results of their work) and normative claims (eg, what should be done based on those results). Yet, these types of statements contain very different information and implications. This randomized controlled trial sought to characterize the granular effects of using normative language in science communication.
    Objective: Our study examined whether viewing a social media post containing scientific claims about face masks for COVID-19 using both normative and cognitive language (intervention arm) would reduce perceptions of trust and credibility in science and scientists compared with an identical post using only cognitive language (control arm). We also examined whether effects were mediated by political orientation.
    Methods: This was a 2-arm, parallel group, randomized controlled trial. We aimed to recruit 1500 US adults (age 18+) from the Prolific platform who were representative of the US population census by cross sections of age, race/ethnicity, and gender. Participants were randomly assigned to view 1 of 2 images of a social media post about face masks to prevent COVID-19. The control image described the results of a real study (cognitive language), and the intervention image was identical, but also included recommendations from the same study about what people should do based on the results (normative language). Primary outcomes were trust in science and scientists (21-item scale) and 4 individual items related to trust and credibility; 9 additional covariates (eg, sociodemographics, political orientation) were measured and included in analyses.
    Results: From September 4, 2022, to September 6, 2022, 1526 individuals completed the study. For the sample as a whole (eg, without interaction terms), there was no evidence that a single exposure to normative language affected perceptions of trust or credibility in science or scientists. When including the interaction term (study arm × political orientation), there was some evidence of differential effects, such that individuals with liberal political orientation were more likely to trust scientific information from the social media post's author if the post included normative language, and political conservatives were more likely to trust scientific information from the post's author if the post included only cognitive language (β=0.05, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.10; P=.04).
    Conclusions: This study does not support the authors' original hypotheses that single exposures to normative language can reduce perceptions of trust or credibility in science or scientists for all people. However, the secondary preregistered analyses indicate the possibility that political orientation may differentially mediate the effect of normative and cognitive language from scientists on people's perceptions. We do not submit this paper as definitive evidence thereof but do believe that there is sufficient evidence to support additional research into this topic, which may have implications for effective scientific communication.
    Trial registration: OSF Registries osf.io/kb3yh; https://osf.io/kb3yh.
    International registered report identifier (irrid): RR2-10.2196/41747.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Humans ; Communication ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Language ; Trust ; Social Media ; Masks
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-30
    Publishing country Canada
    Document type Randomized Controlled Trial ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2028830-X
    ISSN 1438-8871 ; 1438-8871
    ISSN (online) 1438-8871
    ISSN 1438-8871
    DOI 10.2196/45482
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Pilot implementation of the PharmNet naloxone program in an independent pharmacy.

    Eldridge, Lori A / Meyerson, Beth E / Agley, Jon

    Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA

    2022  Volume 63, Issue 1, Page(s) 374–382.e12

    Abstract: Background: The U.S. overdose epidemic has continued to escalate with more than 100,000 deaths per year in the past several years, most of which involve opioids. Widespread availability of naloxone is part of a national solution to the crisis, and ... ...

    Abstract Background: The U.S. overdose epidemic has continued to escalate with more than 100,000 deaths per year in the past several years, most of which involve opioids. Widespread availability of naloxone is part of a national solution to the crisis, and community pharmacies are well-poised to facilitate such distribution and provide additional harm reduction services.
    Objectives: The primary objectives of this study were to (a) examine the usability of each of the separate intervention components prepared for PharmNet, (b) observe intervention fidelity through regularly scheduled site visits, and (c) explore the association between PharmNet implementation and the volume of naloxone sales and distribution in the pilot site.
    Practice description: Here, we describe a carefully designed and tailored pharmacy harm reduction intervention called PharmNet that is designed to maximize harm reduction impact while minimizing utilization of pharmacist resources. It is a pragmatic awareness, service provision, and referral program that was developed through careful, iterative feasibility studies with pharmacists.
    Practice innovation: PharmNet procedures include tools and steps to create awareness (e.g., yard signs and messaging for patients, reminder tools for pharmacists), facilitation of naloxone delivery from nonprofits, and provision of referral cards featuring local resources.
    Evaluation methods: Evaluation included direct data collection and randomly scheduled fidelity site visits.
    Results: The intervention was associated with an increase of 3.33 naloxone doses/mo being dispensed at cost (34.4% relative increase) and an overall increase of 9.33 naloxone doses/mo being dispensed via any mechanism (96.48% relative increase). Around 2.85 referral cards were issued to patients daily. Intervention fidelity was moderate, and the study provides valuable information for how to modify the study prior to a randomized trial.
    Conclusion: With modifications informed by this pilot study, the PharmNet intervention merits a randomized trial to determine whether it causes increased naloxone dispensing in independent community pharmacies.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Naloxone/therapeutic use ; Pharmacies ; Pilot Projects ; Pharmaceutical Services ; Drug Overdose/drug therapy ; Pharmacists ; Pharmacy ; Narcotic Antagonists/therapeutic use ; Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy ; Opioid-Related Disorders/complications
    Chemical Substances Naloxone (36B82AMQ7N) ; Narcotic Antagonists
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-09-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2118585-2
    ISSN 1544-3450 ; 1544-3191 ; 1086-5802
    ISSN (online) 1544-3450
    ISSN 1544-3191 ; 1086-5802
    DOI 10.1016/j.japh.2022.09.004
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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