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Article ; Online: Leading the Charge on Digital Regulation: The More, the Better, or Policy Bubble?

Codagnone, Cristiano / Weigl, Linda

Digital society : ethics, socio-legal and governance of digital technology

2023 Volume 2, Issue 1, Page(s) 4

Abstract: For about a decade, the concept of 'digital sovereignty' has been prominent in the European policy discourse. In the quest for digital sovereignty, the European Union has adopted a constitutional approach to protect fundamental rights and democratic ... ...

Abstract	For about a decade, the concept of 'digital sovereignty' has been prominent in the European policy discourse. In the quest for digital sovereignty, the European Union has adopted a constitutional approach to protect fundamental rights and democratic values, and to ensure fair and competitive digital markets. Thus, 'digital constitutionalism' emerged as a twin discourse. A corollary of these discourses is a third phenomenon resulting from a regulatory externalisation of European law beyond the bloc's borders, the so-called 'Brussels Effect'. The dynamics arising from Europe's digital policy and regulatory activism imply increasing legal complexities. This paper argues that this phenomenon in policy-making is a case of a positive 'policy bubble' characterised by an oversupply of policies and legislative acts. The phenomenon can be explained by the amplification of values in the framing of digital policy issues. To unpack the policy frames and values at stake, this paper provides an overview of the digital policy landscape, followed by a critical assessment to showcase the practical implications of positive policy bubbles.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-17
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2731-4669
ISSN (online)	2731-4669
DOI	10.1007/s44206-023-00033-7
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: The impact of labour market shocks on mental health: evidence from the Covid-19 first wave.

Bogliacino, Francesco / Codagnone, Cristiano / Folkvord, Frans / Lupiáñez-Villanueva, Francisco

Economia politica (Bologna, Italy)

2023 , Page(s) 1–32

Abstract: In this study, we estimate the effect of a negative labour market shock on individuals' levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. We use a dataset collected during the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic, on a representative sample of citizens from ... ...

Abstract	In this study, we estimate the effect of a negative labour market shock on individuals' levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. We use a dataset collected during the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic, on a representative sample of citizens from Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom, interviewed on three occasions. We measure stress, anxiety and depression and labour shocks using validated scales. Our research design is a standard difference-in-differences model: we leverage the differential timing of shocks to identify the impact on mental health. In our estimations, a negative labour shock increases the measure of stress, anxiety, and depression by 16% of a standard deviation computed from the baseline.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-26
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2509755-6
ISSN	1973-820X ; 1120-2890
ISSN (online)	1973-820X
ISSN	1120-2890
DOI	10.1007/s40888-023-00304-z
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Negative shocks predict change in cognitive function and preferences: assessing the negative affect and stress hypothesis.

Bogliacino, Francesco / Codagnone, Cristiano / Montealegre, Felipe / Folkvord, Frans / Gómez, Camilo / Charris, Rafael / Liva, Giovanni / Lupiáñez-Villanueva, Francisco / Veltri, Giuseppe A

Scientific reports

2021 Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 3546

Abstract: In the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic, households throughout the world have to cope with negative shocks. Previous research has shown that negative shocks impair cognitive function and change risk, time and social preferences. In this study, we ...

Abstract	In the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic, households throughout the world have to cope with negative shocks. Previous research has shown that negative shocks impair cognitive function and change risk, time and social preferences. In this study, we analyze the results of a longitudinal multi-country survey conducted in Italy (N = 1652), Spain (N = 1660) and the United Kingdom (N = 1578). We measure cognitive function using the Cognitive Reflection Test and preferences traits (risk, time and social preferences) using an experimentally validated set of questions to assess the differences between people exposed to a shock compared to the rest of the sample. We measure four possible types of shocks: labor market shock, health shock, occurrence of stressful events, and mental health shock. Additionally, we randomly assign participants to groups with either a recall of negative events (more specifically, a mild reinforcement of stress or of fear/anxiety), or to a control group (to recall neutral or joyful memories), in order to assess whether or not stress and negative emotions drive a change in preferences. Results show that people affected by shocks performed worse in terms of cognitive functioning, are more risk loving, and are more prone to punish others (negative reciprocity). Data do not support the hypotheses that the result is driven by stress or by negative emotions.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/psychology ; Choice Behavior ; Cognition ; Emotions ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Risk-Taking ; Social Behavior ; Stress, Psychological/epidemiology ; Stress, Psychological/psychology
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-021-83089-0
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Article: Restarting "Normal" Life after Covid-19 and the Lockdown: Evidence from Spain, the United Kingdom, and Italy.

Codagnone, Cristiano / Bogliacino, Francesco / Gómez, Camilo / Folkvord, Frans / Liva, Giovanni / Charris, Rafael / Montealegre, Felipe / Lupiañez Villanueva, Francisco / Veltri, Giuseppe A

Social indicators research

2021 Volume 158, Issue 1, Page(s) 241–265

Abstract: In this article, we examine the expectations of the economic outlook, fear of the future, and behavioural change during the first Covid-19 wave, for three European countries (Spain, the United Kingdom, and Italy) that have been severely hit. We use a ... ...

Abstract	In this article, we examine the expectations of the economic outlook, fear of the future, and behavioural change during the first Covid-19 wave, for three European countries (Spain, the United Kingdom, and Italy) that have been severely hit. We use a novel dataset that we collected to monitor the three countries during the crisis. As outcome variables, we used expectations (e.g., economic outlook, labour market situation, recovery), fear (e.g., scenario of new outburst, economic depression, restriction to individual rights and freedom), and behavioural change across the following dimensions: savings, cultural consumption, social capital, and risky behaviour. We provide descriptive evidence that is representative of the population of interest, and we estimate the impact of exposure to shock occurred during the crisis on the same outcome variables, using matching techniques. Our main findings are the following: we detected systematically negative expectations regarding the future and the recovery, majoritarian fears of an economic depression, a new outbreak, and a permanent restriction on freedom, a reduction in saving and in social capital. Exposure to shocks decreased expected job prospects, increased withdrawal from accumulated savings, and reduced contacts with the network relevant to job advancement, whereas it had inconclusive effects over fears. Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11205-021-02697-5.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2018687-3
ISSN	1573-0921 ; 0303-8300
ISSN (online)	1573-0921
ISSN	0303-8300
DOI	10.1007/s11205-021-02697-5
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Article ; Online: Negative shocks predict change in cognitive function and preferences

Francesco Bogliacino / Cristiano Codagnone / Felipe Montealegre / Frans Folkvord / Camilo Gómez / Rafael Charris / Giovanni Liva / Francisco Lupiáñez-Villanueva / Giuseppe A. Veltri

Scientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-

assessing the negative affect and stress hypothesis

2021 Volume 10

Abstract: Abstract In the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic, households throughout the world have to cope with negative shocks. Previous research has shown that negative shocks impair cognitive function and change risk, time and social preferences. In this ... ...

Abstract	Abstract In the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic, households throughout the world have to cope with negative shocks. Previous research has shown that negative shocks impair cognitive function and change risk, time and social preferences. In this study, we analyze the results of a longitudinal multi-country survey conducted in Italy (N = 1652), Spain (N = 1660) and the United Kingdom (N = 1578). We measure cognitive function using the Cognitive Reflection Test and preferences traits (risk, time and social preferences) using an experimentally validated set of questions to assess the differences between people exposed to a shock compared to the rest of the sample. We measure four possible types of shocks: labor market shock, health shock, occurrence of stressful events, and mental health shock. Additionally, we randomly assign participants to groups with either a recall of negative events (more specifically, a mild reinforcement of stress or of fear/anxiety), or to a control group (to recall neutral or joyful memories), in order to assess whether or not stress and negative emotions drive a change in preferences. Results show that people affected by shocks performed worse in terms of cognitive functioning, are more risk loving, and are more prone to punish others (negative reciprocity). Data do not support the hypotheses that the result is driven by stress or by negative emotions.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	150
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Assessing concerns for the economic consequence of the COVID-19 response and mental health problems associated with economic vulnerability and negative economic shock in Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom.

Codagnone, Cristiano / Bogliacino, Francesco / Gómez, Camilo / Charris, Rafael / Montealegre, Felipe / Liva, Giovanni / Lupiáñez-Villanueva, Francisco / Folkvord, Frans / Veltri, Giuseppe A

PloS one

2020 Volume 15, Issue 10, Page(s) e0240876

Abstract: Many different countries have been under lockdown or extreme social distancing measures to control the spread of COVID-19. The potentially far-reaching side effects of these measures have not yet been fully understood. In this study we analyse the ... ...

Abstract	Many different countries have been under lockdown or extreme social distancing measures to control the spread of COVID-19. The potentially far-reaching side effects of these measures have not yet been fully understood. In this study we analyse the results of a multi-country survey conducted in Italy (N = 3,504), Spain (N = 3,524) and the United Kingdom (N = 3,523), with two separate analyses. In the first analysis, we examine the elicitation of citizens' concerns over the downplaying of the economic consequences of the lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic. We control for Social Desirability Bias through a list experiment included in the survey. In the second analysis, we examine the data from the same survey to predict the level of stress, anxiety and depression associated with being economically vulnerable and having been affected by a negative economic shock. To accomplish this, we have used a prediction algorithm based on machine learning techniques. To quantify the size of this affected population, we compare its magnitude with the number of people affected by COVID-19 using measures of susceptibility, vulnerability and behavioural change collected in the same questionnaire. We find that the concern for the economy and for "the way out" of the lockdown is diffuse and there is evidence of minor underreporting. Additionally, we estimate that around 42.8% of the populations in the three countries are at high risk of stress, anxiety, and depression, based on their level of economic vulnerability and their exposure to a negative economic shock.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Anxiety/epidemiology ; Anxiety/etiology ; Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Communicable Disease Control/economics ; Communicable Disease Control/methods ; Coronavirus Infections/economics ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Coronavirus Infections/psychology ; Depression/epidemiology ; Depression/etiology ; Economic Recession ; Female ; Humans ; Italy/epidemiology ; Male ; Mental Disorders/economics ; Mental Disorders/etiology ; Middle Aged ; Pandemics/economics ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Pneumonia, Viral/economics ; Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology ; Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control ; Pneumonia, Viral/psychology ; Principal Component Analysis ; Quarantine/economics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Spain/epidemiology ; Stress, Psychological/epidemiology ; Stress, Psychological/etiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; United Kingdom/epidemiology ; Young Adult
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0240876
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Assessing concerns for the economic consequence of the COVID-19 response and mental health problems associated with economic vulnerability and negative economic shock in Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom

Codagnone, Cristiano Bogliacino Francesco Gómez Camilo Charris Rafael Montealegre Felipe Liva Giovanni Lupiáñez-Villanueva Francisco Folkvord Frans Veltri Giuseppe A.

PLoS One

Abstract: Many different countries have been under lockdown or extreme social distancing measures to control the spread of COVID-19 The potentially far-reaching side effects of these measures have not yet been fully understood In this study we analyse the results ... ...

Abstract	Many different countries have been under lockdown or extreme social distancing measures to control the spread of COVID-19 The potentially far-reaching side effects of these measures have not yet been fully understood In this study we analyse the results of a multi-country survey conducted in Italy (N = 3,504), Spain (N = 3,524) and the United Kingdom (N = 3,523), with two separate analyses In the first analysis, we examine the elicitation of citizens’ concerns over the downplaying of the economic consequences of the lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic We control for Social Desirability Bias through a list experiment included in the survey In the second analysis, we examine the data from the same survey to predict the level of stress, anxiety and depression associated with being economically vulnerable and having been affected by a negative economic shock To accomplish this, we have used a prediction algorithm based on machine learning techniques To quantify the size of this affected population, we compare its magnitude with the number of people affected by COVID-19 using measures of susceptibility, vulnerability and behavioural change collected in the same questionnaire We find that the concern for the economy and for “the way out” of the lockdown is diffuse and there is evidence of minor underreporting Additionally, we estimate that around 42 8% of the populations in the three countries are at high risk of stress, anxiety, and depression, based on their level of economic vulnerability and their exposure to a negative economic shock
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #892381
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: Does a 'protective' message reduce the impact of an advergame promoting unhealthy foods to children? An experimental study in Spain and The Netherlands.

Folkvord, Frans / Lupiáñez-Villanueva, Francisco / Codagnone, Cristiano / Bogliacino, Francesco / Veltri, Giuseppe / Gaskell, George

Appetite

2017 Volume 112, Page(s) 117–123

Abstract: The weight of evidence points to the advertising of food affecting food consumption, especially among children. Such advertising often promotes unhealthy foods. Current policy deliberations focus on developing effective 'protective' messages to increase ... ...

Abstract	The weight of evidence points to the advertising of food affecting food consumption, especially among children. Such advertising often promotes unhealthy foods. Current policy deliberations focus on developing effective 'protective' messages to increase advertising literacy and consequent scepticism about advertising targeting children. This study examined whether incorporating a 'protective' message in an advergame promoting energy-dense snacks would reduce children's snack intake. A randomized between-subject design was conducted in the Netherlands (N = 215) and Spain (N = 382) with an advergame promoting either energy-dense snacks or nonfood products. The results showed that playing an advergame promoting energy-dense snacks increased caloric intake in both countries, irrespective of whether the 'protective' message was present or not. These results point to the limitations of 'protective' messages and advertising literacy and provide policy makers with a rationale for extending the current prohibition of food advertising to young children in the terrestrial media to online environments.
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-05-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1095-8304
ISSN (online)	1095-8304
DOI	10.1016/j.appet.2017.01.026
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Article ; Online: Assessing concerns for the economic consequence of the COVID-19 response and mental health problems associated with economic vulnerability and negative economic shock in Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom.

Cristiano Codagnone / Francesco Bogliacino / Camilo Gómez / Rafael Charris / Felipe Montealegre / Giovanni Liva / Francisco Lupiáñez-Villanueva / Frans Folkvord / Giuseppe A Veltri

PLoS ONE, Vol 15, Iss 10, p e

2020 Volume 0240876

Abstract	Many different countries have been under lockdown or extreme social distancing measures to control the spread of COVID-19. The potentially far-reaching side effects of these measures have not yet been fully understood. In this study we analyse the results of a multi-country survey conducted in Italy (N = 3,504), Spain (N = 3,524) and the United Kingdom (N = 3,523), with two separate analyses. In the first analysis, we examine the elicitation of citizens' concerns over the downplaying of the economic consequences of the lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic. We control for Social Desirability Bias through a list experiment included in the survey. In the second analysis, we examine the data from the same survey to predict the level of stress, anxiety and depression associated with being economically vulnerable and having been affected by a negative economic shock. To accomplish this, we have used a prediction algorithm based on machine learning techniques. To quantify the size of this affected population, we compare its magnitude with the number of people affected by COVID-19 using measures of susceptibility, vulnerability and behavioural change collected in the same questionnaire. We find that the concern for the economy and for "the way out" of the lockdown is diffuse and there is evidence of minor underreporting. Additionally, we estimate that around 42.8% of the populations in the three countries are at high risk of stress, anxiety, and depression, based on their level of economic vulnerability and their exposure to a negative economic shock.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	338
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Patient use of email for health care communication purposes across 14 European countries: an analysis of users according to demographic and health-related factors.

Newhouse, Nikki / Lupiáñez-Villanueva, Francisco / Codagnone, Cristiano / Atherton, Helen

Journal of medical Internet research

2015 Volume 17, Issue 3, Page(s) e58

Abstract: Background: The use of the Internet for health purposes is growing steadily, yet the use of asynchronous communication tools for health care purposes remains undeveloped. The introduction of email as a method of communication in health care has the ... ...

Abstract	Background: The use of the Internet for health purposes is growing steadily, yet the use of asynchronous communication tools for health care purposes remains undeveloped. The introduction of email as a method of communication in health care has the potential to impact on both patients and health care professionals. Objective: This study aims to describe the characteristics of people who have sent or received an email to or from their doctor, nurse, or health care organization, by country and in relation to demographics, health care resource use, and health status factors. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of data (N=14,000) collected from the online Citizens and Information Communication Technology for Health survey, a project undertaken in 2011 by the Institute for Prospective Technology Studies of the European Commission's Joint Research Centre. The survey was developed to understand and characterize European citizens' use of information communication technologies for health. Descriptive and statistical analyses of association were used to interpret the data. Results: Denmark reported the highest level of emails sent/received (507/1000, 50.70%). The lowest level reported was by participants in France (187/1000, 18.70%). Men used email communication for health care more than women, as did respondents in the 16-24 age group and those educated to tertiary level or still within the education system. As self-reported health state worsens, the proportion of people reporting having sent or received an email within the context of health care increases. Email use, poor health, multimorbidity, and number of visits to a physician are positively correlated. Conclusions: The use of email communication within the context of European health care is extremely varied. The relationship between high email use, poor health, doctor visits, and multimorbidity is especially pertinent: provision of asynchronous communication for such groups is favored by policymakers. Low reported email use by country may not necessarily reflect low interest in using email for health care: local health policies and technical infrastructures may be significant factors in the delay in implementation of alternative forms of routine health communication.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Communication ; Data Collection ; Delivery of Health Care ; Electronic Mail/utilization ; Europe ; Female ; Health Status ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Self Report ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-03-06
Publishing country	Canada
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2028830-X
ISSN	1438-8871 ; 1439-4456
ISSN (online)	1438-8871
ISSN	1439-4456
DOI	10.2196/jmir.3700
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