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Article ; Online: The Association between Altitude and Waist-Height Ratio in Peruvian Adults: A Cross-Sectional Data Analysis of a Population-Based Survey.

Hernández-Vásquez, Akram / Azañedo, Diego

International journal of environmental research and public health

2022 Volume 19, Issue 18

Abstract: To evaluate the association between altitude and cardiometabolic risk calculated with the weight-height ratio (WHtR) in the Peruvian adult population via the cross-sectional data analysis of the Peruvian Demographic and Health Survey 2021. A total of 26, ... ...

Abstract	To evaluate the association between altitude and cardiometabolic risk calculated with the weight-height ratio (WHtR) in the Peruvian adult population via the cross-sectional data analysis of the Peruvian Demographic and Health Survey 2021. A total of 26,117 adults from 18 to 64 years of age were included in the analysis. The dependent variable was cardiometabolic risk, defined as "Yes" if the WHtR was ≥0.5 and "No" if the WHtR was <0.5. Exposure was altitude of residence categorized as: <1500 meters above sea level (masl); 1500 to 2499 masl; 2500 to 3499 masl; and ≥3500 masl. Crude and adjusted Poisson regression models were used to calculate prevalence ratios (PR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The mean WHtR in the population was 0.59 (standard deviation: 0.08), and 87.6% (95% CI: 86.9-88.2) were classified as at risk. After adjusting for sex, age, education level, well-being index, and area of residence, living at altitudes between 2500 and 3499 masl (aPR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.96-1.00) and ≥3500 masl (aPR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.93-0.97) were associated with lower cardiometabolic risk in comparison with living at <1500 masl. An inverse association was identified between living at a higher altitude and the proportion of cardiometabolic risk in the Peruvian adult population. However, at least 8 out of 10 people were identified as at risk in all categories of altitude.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Altitude ; Body Mass Index ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Data Analysis ; Humans ; Peru/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Waist Circumference ; Waist-Height Ratio
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-13
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2175195-X
ISSN	1660-4601 ; 1661-7827
ISSN (online)	1660-4601
ISSN	1661-7827
DOI	10.3390/ijerph191811494
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Article ; Online: Oral Health Service Use in Older Peruvians Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Azañedo, Diego / Visconti-Lopez, Fabriccio J / Hernández-Vásquez, Akram

International dental journal

2024

Abstract: Objectives: The aim of this work was to analyse inequalities in oral health services utilisation (OHSU) in older Peruvian adults through comparative analysis of the years 2019 and 2021.: Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of data from the ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: The aim of this work was to analyse inequalities in oral health services utilisation (OHSU) in older Peruvian adults through comparative analysis of the years 2019 and 2021. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of data from the 2019 and 2021 Demographic and Health Survey (ENDES). The outcome variable was OHSU by older Peruvian adults in the past year. We used Poisson generalised linear models adjusted for age and sex to assess changes in OHSU by sociodemographic characteristics. The Erreygers concentration index was used to describe the socioeconomic inequalities in OHSU. The contribution of each variable to inequalities was estimated by a decomposition analysis. Results: In 2021, OHSU probability amongst older Peruvian adults decreased by 37% compared to 2019. The decline was greatest in those aged 80 or older (51%), the lowest wealth quintile (47%), those with functional limitations (53%), and those whose native language is Quechua or other indigenous languages (47%). Surprisingly, we observed a reduction in OHSU inequalities (difference: -0.1074; P = .003) during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly amongst rural residents (difference: -0.0771; P = .030), the lowest wealth quintile (difference: -0.0764; P = .020), and those with functional limitations (difference: -0.3665; P < .001). Poverty accounted for 73% of the inequality in 2021. Conclusions: The probability of OHSU has significantly decreased likely due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Paradoxically, we observed a reduction in OHSU inequalities during the pandemic, despite the known socioeconomic impact. However, further research is required to gain deeper understanding of this phenomenon.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	218262-2
ISSN	1875-595X ; 0020-6539
ISSN (online)	1875-595X
ISSN	0020-6539
DOI	10.1016/j.identj.2023.12.003
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Article ; Online: Non-vaccination Against COVID-19 Among Venezuelan Refugees and Migrants Adults in Peru: A Cross-sectional Study, 2022.

Hernández-Vásquez, Akram / Vargas-Fernández, Rodrigo

Journal of preventive medicine and public health = Yebang Uihakhoe chi

2023 Volume 56, Issue 5, Page(s) 397–406

Abstract: Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine factors associated with non-vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among the Venezuelan immigrant population residing in Peru.: Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine factors associated with non-vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among the Venezuelan immigrant population residing in Peru. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using data obtained from the Second Survey of the Venezuelan Population Residing in Peru in 2022. The dependent variable was vaccination status against COVID-19. The independent variables included socio-demographic, economic, and migratory characteristics of the included population. Crude and adjusted generalized linear Poisson-family models were used to calculate prevalence ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: A total of 7739 Venezuelan migrants aged 18 years or older were included. The proportion of non-vaccination against COVID-19 was 5.7%. Regarding associated factors, unemployment (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR], 1.31; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.65) was linked to an increased likelihood of not being vaccinated against COVID-19. In contrast, women (aPR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.61 to 0.95), possessing a migration permit (aPR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.54), and having health insurance (aPR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.27 to 0.81) were associated with a decreased likelihood of being unvaccinated. Conclusions: The primary governmental and non-governmental institutions responsible for supporting and protecting the Venezuelan migrant and refugee population should improve vaccination access by issuing migration permits and providing health insurance.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Female ; Transients and Migrants ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Refugees ; Peru/epidemiology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-17
Publishing country	Korea (South)
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2620879-9
ISSN	2233-4521 ; 2233-4521
ISSN (online)	2233-4521
ISSN	2233-4521
DOI	10.3961/jpmph.23.078
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Article ; Online: Migration Status and Utilization of Healthcare Services Among Venezuelan Immigrants in Peru.

Hernández-Vásquez, Akram / Bendezu-Quispe, Guido / Azañedo, Diego

Journal of community health

2023 Volume 48, Issue 6, Page(s) 1031–1037

Abstract: Background: In general, migrants in illegal situations encounter a greater barrier to accessing medical care because of their migration status due to not having the required documentation to be able to obtain insurance in the receiving country.: ... ...

Abstract	Background: In general, migrants in illegal situations encounter a greater barrier to accessing medical care because of their migration status due to not having the required documentation to be able to obtain insurance in the receiving country. Objective: To evaluate the association between migration status and the use of health services in the Venezuelan population residing in Peru. Methods: Data from the second Survey Directed to the Venezuelan Population Residing in Peru (ENPOVE) of 2022 were analyzed. The dependent variable was use of health services in the last month. The exposure variable was migration status (legal/illegal). Generalized linear models of the Poisson family with link log function were used to obtain crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR), for potential confounding variables. Additionally, we evaluated the association of interest, stratified by gender. Findings: Data from 1569 migrants were analyzed. Participants with illegal migration status represented 32.4% (men: 24.3%; women: 36.7%); likewise, 58.1% did not use health services. Illegal migration status was associated with lower health care use (aPR: 0.75; 95%CI: 0.61-0.92). Likewise, after stratifying by sex, the association was maintained only in male migrants (aPR: 0.53; 95%CI: 0.39-0.82) but not in women (aPR: 0.84; 95%CI: 0.67-1.05). Conclusion: 58.1% of Venezuelan migrants in Peru did not seek medical attention despite having health problems. Having an illegal immigration status leads to a lower probability of using these services, especially in men.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Humans ; Male ; Emigrants and Immigrants ; Health Services ; Health Services Accessibility ; Peru ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Transients and Migrants
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-29
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	426631-6
ISSN	1573-3610 ; 0094-5145
ISSN (online)	1573-3610
ISSN	0094-5145
DOI	10.1007/s10900-023-01276-8
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Article ; Online: Measuring Socioeconomic Inequalities in HIV Testing During Antenatal Care: A Peruvian National Survey.

Hernández-Vásquez, Akram / Vargas-Fernández, Rodrigo

Journal of community health

2023 Volume 49, Issue 1, Page(s) 117–126

Abstract: Although several Latin American countries have 70% antenatal care coverage, the proportion of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing of Peruvian pregnant women and the socioeconomic inequalities of this preventive measure are unknown. This study ... ...

Abstract	Although several Latin American countries have 70% antenatal care coverage, the proportion of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing of Peruvian pregnant women and the socioeconomic inequalities of this preventive measure are unknown. This study aimed to determine socioeconomic inequalities and quantify the contribution of contextual and compositional factors on HIV testing during prenatal care in Peru. A cross-sectional study of the 2021 Demographic and Family Health Survey data was conducted. The outcome variable was HIV testing of pregnant women during prenatal care. An analysis of inequalities was performed including the determination of concentration curves and a decomposition analysis of concentration indices. Of a total of 17521 women aged 15 to 49 years, 91.4% had been tested for HIV during prenatal care. The concentration curves showed that prenatal HIV testing was concentrated among richer women, while the decomposition analysis determined that the main contributors to inequality were having a higher education, residing in an urban area, and in the highlands, belonging to the wealthy quintile, and being exposed to television and newspapers. Strategies focused on improving access, promotion and restructuring of prevention of mother-to-child transmission measures should be prioritized.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Pregnancy ; Humans ; Prenatal Care ; Peru ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control ; HIV ; HIV Infections/diagnosis ; HIV Infections/prevention & control
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-09
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	426631-6
ISSN	1573-3610 ; 0094-5145
ISSN (online)	1573-3610
ISSN	0094-5145
DOI	10.1007/s10900-023-01268-8
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Article ; Online: The urgency of ensuring equitable and improved access to oral health care during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic: The case of Peru.

Hernández-Vásquez, Akram / Azañedo, Diego

Journal of research in health sciences

2021 Volume 21, Issue 3, Page(s) e00528

Abstract: ...

Abstract	.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19 ; Delivery of Health Care ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Peru/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-28
Publishing country	Iran
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2575001-X
ISSN	2228-7809 ; 2228-7809
ISSN (online)	2228-7809
ISSN	2228-7809
DOI	10.34172/jrhs.2021.60
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Article ; Online: Socioeconomic inequalities in the use of medical consultation services in Peru, 2019.

Díaz-Ruiz, Renato / Vargas-Fernández, Rodrigo / Rojas-Roque, Carlos / Hernández-Vásquez, Akram

International journal for equity in health

2024 Volume 23, Issue 1, Page(s) 10

Abstract: Background: Socioeconomic inequalities in the population influence access to health services and constitute a challenge for health systems, especially in low- and middle-income countries. In Peru, an increase in the use of medical services has been ... ...

Abstract	Background: Socioeconomic inequalities in the population influence access to health services and constitute a challenge for health systems, especially in low- and middle-income countries. In Peru, an increase in the use of medical services has been estimated; however, the study of inequalities in the use of medical services is limited. Therefore, the objective of this research was to analyze and decompose socioeconomic inequalities in the use of medical consultation services in Peru. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted using data from the National Household Survey 2019. The outcome variable was the use of a consultation attended by a physician in the last 4 weeks in persons who presented symptom or discomfort, illness, relapse of chronic disease and/or accident. Concentration curves and Erreygers concentration indices were used to determine socioeconomic inequalities, and a generalized linear regression model was used for the decomposition analysis of inequalities. Results: A total of 52,715 persons were included in the study. The frequency of medical consultation was 25.4% (95% confidence interval: 24.8 - 26.1%). In the inequality analysis, it was found that the use of medical consultations was concentrated among the wealthiest individuals. The main contributing factors were having another type of health insurance (social health insurance [EsSalud], private health insurance, health provider, the Armed Forces, and the Police), residing in an urban area, belonging to the richest wealth quintile, having a chronic disease, and residing in the highlands of Peru. Conclusions: Based on our findings, government institutions seeking to achieve equitable access to health services should consider the main factors contributing to this inequality in the formulation of strategies to lessen the negative impact of inadequate disease control in the population.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Peru ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Family Characteristics ; Health Services Accessibility ; Chronic Disease ; Socioeconomic Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2092056-8
ISSN	1475-9276 ; 1475-9276
ISSN (online)	1475-9276
ISSN	1475-9276
DOI	10.1186/s12939-024-02099-2
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Article ; Online: Socioeconomic and Demographic Factors Associated with the Influence of the Food Traffic Light Labeling on the Decision of the Adult Population of Ecuador to Purchase Processed Foods, 2018.

Bobbio Gonzáles, Paolo Alfredo / Azañedo, Diego / Hernández-Vásquez, Akram

Nutrients

2023 Volume 15, Issue 4

Abstract: To determine the socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with the influence of the nutritional traffic light (NTL) on the decision to purchase processed foods using information from the National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT) 2018 of ... ...

Abstract	To determine the socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with the influence of the nutritional traffic light (NTL) on the decision to purchase processed foods using information from the National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT) 2018 of Ecuador, a cross-sectional and analytical study based on a secondary analysis of the information from the ENSANUT 2018 was performed. We collected data from 25,932 participants 18 years of age or older who knew or had seen the NTL, and for whom complete information on the variables of interest for the study was available. The "Influence of the NTL on the purchase decision of processed foods" was the outcome variable of the study. Generalized linear models of the Poisson family, with log link, were used to assess the association between socioeconomic factors and outcome, using crude (PR) and adjusted (aPR) prevalence ratios, with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and a
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Humans ; Adult ; Female ; Adolescent ; Food, Processed ; Ecuador ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Demography
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-09
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2518386-2
ISSN	2072-6643 ; 2072-6643
ISSN (online)	2072-6643
ISSN	2072-6643
DOI	10.3390/nu15040885
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Article: Geographic and Socioeconomic Determinants of Full Coverage COVID-19 Vaccination in Peru: Findings from a National Population-Based Study.

Hernández-Vásquez, Akram / Vargas-Fernández, Rodrigo / Rojas-Roque, Carlos

Vaccines

2023 Volume 11, Issue 7

Abstract: Despite the fact that vaccination coverage against COVID-19 has made great progress in Peru, there is still a quarter of the population that has not been fully vaccinated. This study aims to determine the factors associated with complete vaccination in ... ...

Abstract	Despite the fact that vaccination coverage against COVID-19 has made great progress in Peru, there is still a quarter of the population that has not been fully vaccinated. This study aims to determine the factors associated with complete vaccination in Peruvian adults. An analysis of the National Household Survey 2022 in Peru was performed. Prevalence ratios with their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated to assess the factors associated with vaccination with three or more doses of the COVID-19 vaccine. A total of 58,471 participants were included in the study and 75.8% of the surveyed population were found to have received full vaccination. Significant differences in complete coverage were observed according to sex, age, educational level, ethnicity, poverty status, and geographic location. In the adjusted analysis, individuals aged 60 years or older, those with higher educational attainment, the non-poor, and those living in urban areas were more likely to be fully vaccinated. Native individuals and people who live in households without media are less likely to be fully covered. These results highlight the importance of considering demographic and socioeconomic factors when analyzing COVID-19 vaccination coverage. Additional strategies are needed to address vaccination gaps and ensure better vaccination coverage.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-03
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2703319-3
ISSN	2076-393X
ISSN	2076-393X
DOI	10.3390/vaccines11071195
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Article ; Online: Altitude and Its Association with Low Birth Weight among Children of 151,873 Peruvian Women: A Pooled Analysis of a Nationally Representative Survey.

Hernández-Vásquez, Akram / Bartra Reátegui, Alicia / Vargas-Fernández, Rodrigo

International journal of environmental research and public health

2023 Volume 20, Issue 2

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the altitude of residence and the low birth weight (LBW) of the children of pregnant Peruvian women using a nationally representative database. An analysis of individual-level data from the ... ...

Abstract	The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the altitude of residence and the low birth weight (LBW) of the children of pregnant Peruvian women using a nationally representative database. An analysis of individual-level data from the last 13 years (from 2009 to 2021) of the Demographic and Family Health Survey was performed. The outcome variable was LBW, defined as birth weight less than 2500 g, while the independent variable was the altitude of residence in meters above sea level (masl). To estimate the association between the two variables, the crude and adjusted generalized linear model of the Poisson family with a log link was used along with crude and adjusted prevalence ratios, which were estimated with their respective 95% confidence interval. A total of 151,873 women aged 15-49 years were included between 2009 and 2021. The pooled proportion of LBW was 7.0%. As the main finding, the children of mothers residing at an altitude from 2500 to 3499 masl and ≥3500 masl had a higher probability of LBW. It was found that the children of mothers residing at an altitude above 2500 masl were more likely to have LBW. Our results will help to strengthen the cultural practice of maternal health care and increase its coverage in women residing in high-altitude regions.
MeSH term(s)	Infant, Newborn ; Pregnancy ; Humans ; Female ; Child ; Altitude ; Peru/epidemiology ; Infant, Low Birth Weight ; Birth Weight ; Mothers
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-12
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Meta-Analysis ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2175195-X
ISSN	1660-4601 ; 1661-7827
ISSN (online)	1660-4601
ISSN	1661-7827
DOI	10.3390/ijerph20021411
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