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Article ; Online: Why COVID-19 Transmission Is More Efficient and Aggressive Than Viral Transmission in Previous Coronavirus Epidemics?

Elrashdy, Fatma / Redwan, Elrashdy M / Uversky, Vladimir N

2020 Volume 10, Issue 9

Abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is causing a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The worldwide transmission of COVID-19 from human to human is spreading like wildfire, affecting almost every country in the world. ...

Abstract	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is causing a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The worldwide transmission of COVID-19 from human to human is spreading like wildfire, affecting almost every country in the world. In the past 100 years, the globe did not face a microbial pandemic similar in scale to COVID-19. Taken together, both previous outbreaks of other members of the coronavirus family (severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) and middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV)) did not produce even 1% of the global harm already inflicted by COVID-19. There are also four other CoVs capable of infecting humans (HCoVs), which circulate continuously in the human population, but their phenotypes are generally mild, and these HCoVs received relatively little attention. These dramatic differences between infection with HCoVs, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 raise many questions, such as: Why is COVID-19 transmitted so quickly? Is it due to some specific features of the viral structure? Are there some specific human (host) factors? Are there some environmental factors? The aim of this review is to collect and concisely summarize the possible and logical answers to these questions.
MeSH term(s)	Age Factors ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 ; Animals ; Betacoronavirus/genetics ; Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus/pathogenicity ; Coronavirus Infections/complications ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/transmission ; Coronavirus Infections/veterinary ; Coronavirus Infections/virology ; Cytokine Release Syndrome/etiology ; Cytokine Release Syndrome/physiopathology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Disease Reservoirs/virology ; Female ; Global Health ; Host Specificity ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Male ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/pathogenicity ; Organ Specificity ; Pandemics ; Peptide Hydrolases/physiology ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/physiology ; Pneumonia, Viral/complications ; Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology ; Pneumonia, Viral/transmission ; Pneumonia, Viral/virology ; Receptors, Virus/physiology ; Risk Factors ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/pathogenicity ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/epidemiology ; Viral Proteins/physiology ; Viral Tropism ; Virulence ; Virus Internalization
Chemical Substances	Receptors, Virus ; Viral Proteins ; Peptide Hydrolases (EC 3.4.-) ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A (EC 3.4.15.1) ; ACE2 protein, human (EC 3.4.17.23) ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (EC 3.4.17.23)
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-11
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Comparative Study ; Editorial ; Review
ZDB-ID	2701262-1
ISSN	2218-273X ; 2218-273X
ISSN (online)	2218-273X
ISSN	2218-273X
DOI	10.3390/biom10091312
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Intrinsic disorder perspective of an interplay between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and SARS-CoV-2.

Elrashdy, Fatma / Redwan, Elrashdy M / Uversky, Vladimir N

Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases

2020 Volume 85, Page(s) 104510

Abstract: The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 walks the planet causing the rapid spread of the CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19) that has especially deleterious consequences for the patients with underlying cardiovascular diseases ( ... ...

Abstract	The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 walks the planet causing the rapid spread of the CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19) that has especially deleterious consequences for the patients with underlying cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Entry of the SARS-CoV-2 into the host cell involves interaction of the virus (via the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of its spike glycoprotein) with the membrane-bound form of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) followed by the virus-ACE2 complex internalization by the cell. Since ACE2 is expressed in various tissues, such as brain, gut, heart, kidney, and lung, and since these organs represent obvious targets for the SARS-CoV-2 infection, therapeutic approaches were developed to either inhibit ACE2 or reduce its expression as a means of prevention of the virus entry into the corresponding host cells. The problem here is that in addition to be a receptor for the SARS-CoV-2 entry into the host cells, ACE2 acts as a key component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) aimed at the generation of a cascade of vasoactive peptides coordinating several physiological processes. In RAAS, ACE2 degrades angiotensin II, which is a multifunctional CVD-promoting peptide hormone and converts it to a heptapeptide angiotensin-(1-7) acting as the angiotensin II antagonist. As protein multifunctionality is commonly associated with the presence of flexible or disordered regions, we analyze here the intrinsic disorder predisposition of major players related to the SARS-CoV-2 - RAAS axis. We show that all considered proteins contain intrinsically disordered regions that might have specific functions. Since intrinsic disorder might play a role in the functionality of query proteins and be related to the COVID-19 pathogenesis, this work represents an important disorder-based outlook of an interplay between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and SARS-CoV-2. It also suggests that consideration of the intrinsic disorder phenomenon should be added to the modern arsenal of means for drug development.
MeSH term(s)	Angiotensin II/metabolism ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/chemistry ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Binding/drug effects ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Unfolding ; Renin-Angiotensin System ; SARS-CoV-2/physiology ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/antagonists & inhibitors ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism ; Virus Internalization
Chemical Substances	Antiviral Agents ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; spike protein, SARS-CoV-2 ; Angiotensin II (11128-99-7) ; ACE2 protein, human (EC 3.4.17.23) ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (EC 3.4.17.23)
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-08-24
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2037068-4
ISSN	1567-7257 ; 1567-1348
ISSN (online)	1567-7257
ISSN	1567-1348
DOI	10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104510
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Article ; Online: Blood filtering system for COVID-19 management: novel modality of the cytokine storm therapeutics.

Chavda, Vivek P / Raval, Nidhi / Sheta, Soham / Vora, Lalitkumar K / Elrashdy, Fatma / Redwan, Elrashdy M / Uversky, Vladimir N / Ertas, Yavuz Nuri

Frontiers in immunology

2023 Volume 14, Page(s) 1064459

Abstract: The newly emerged coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is virulent, contagious, and has rapidly gained many mutations, which makes it highly infectious and swiftly transmissible around the world. SARS-CoV-2 infects people of all ages and targets all body organs and ... ...

Abstract	The newly emerged coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is virulent, contagious, and has rapidly gained many mutations, which makes it highly infectious and swiftly transmissible around the world. SARS-CoV-2 infects people of all ages and targets all body organs and their cellular compartments, starting from the respiratory system, where it shows many deleterious effects, to other tissues and organs. Systemic infection can lead to severe cases that require intensive intervention. Multiple approaches were elaborated, approved, and successfully used in the intervention of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. These approaches range from the utilization of single and/or mixed medications to specialized supportive devices. For critically ill COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, both extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and hemadsorption are utilized in combination or individually to support and release the etiological factors responsible for the "cytokine storm" underlying this condition. The current report discusses hemadsorption devices that can be used as part of supportive treatment for the COVID-19-associated cytokine storm.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19/therapy ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ; Cytokines
Chemical Substances	Cytokines
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-21
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2606827-8
ISSN	1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
ISSN (online)	1664-3224
ISSN	1664-3224
DOI	10.3389/fimmu.2023.1064459
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Intrinsic disorder perspective of an interplay between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and SARS-CoV-2

Elrashdy, Fatma / Redwan, Elrashdy M / Uversky, Vladimir N

Infection, genetics, and evolution. 2020 Nov., v. 85

2020

Abstract	The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 walks the planet causing the rapid spread of the CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19) that has especially deleterious consequences for the patients with underlying cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Entry of the SARS-CoV-2 into the host cell involves interaction of the virus (via the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of its spike glycoprotein) with the membrane-bound form of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) followed by the virus-ACE2 complex internalization by the cell. Since ACE2 is expressed in various tissues, such as brain, gut, heart, kidney, and lung, and since these organs represent obvious targets for the SARS-CoV-2 infection, therapeutic approaches were developed to either inhibit ACE2 or reduce its expression as a means of prevention of the virus entry into the corresponding host cells. The problem here is that in addition to be a receptor for the SARS-CoV-2 entry into the host cells, ACE2 acts as a key component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) aimed at the generation of a cascade of vasoactive peptides coordinating several physiological processes. In RAAS, ACE2 degrades angiotensin II, which is a multifunctional CVD-promoting peptide hormone and converts it to a heptapeptide angiotensin-(1–7) acting as the angiotensin II antagonist. As protein multifunctionality is commonly associated with the presence of flexible or disordered regions, we analyze here the intrinsic disorder predisposition of major players related to the SARS-CoV-2 – RAAS axis. We show that all considered proteins contain intrinsically disordered regions that might have specific functions. Since intrinsic disorder might play a role in the functionality of query proteins and be related to the COVID-19 pathogenesis, this work represents an important disorder-based outlook of an interplay between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and SARS-CoV-2. It also suggests that consideration of the intrinsic disorder phenomenon should be added to the modern arsenal of means for drug development.
Keywords	COVID-19 infection ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; antagonists ; brain ; digestive system ; drug development ; evolution ; genetics ; glycoproteins ; heart ; infection ; kidneys ; lungs ; pathogenesis ; peptidyl-dipeptidase A ; therapeutics ; viruses
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-11
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	2037068-4
ISSN	1567-1348
ISSN	1567-1348
DOI	10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104510
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Why COVID-19 Transmission Is More Efficient and Aggressive Than Viral Transmission in Previous Coronavirus Epidemics?

Fatma Elrashdy / Elrashdy M. Redwan / Vladimir N. Uversky

Biomolecules, Vol 10, Iss 1312, p

2020 Volume 1312

Abstract	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is causing a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The worldwide transmission of COVID-19 from human to human is spreading like wildfire, affecting almost every country in the world. In the past 100 years, the globe did not face a microbial pandemic similar in scale to COVID-19. Taken together, both previous outbreaks of other members of the coronavirus family (severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) and middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV)) did not produce even 1% of the global harm already inflicted by COVID-19. There are also four other CoVs capable of infecting humans (HCoVs), which circulate continuously in the human population, but their phenotypes are generally mild, and these HCoVs received relatively little attention. These dramatic differences between infection with HCoVs, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 raise many questions, such as: Why is COVID-19 transmitted so quickly? Is it due to some specific features of the viral structure? Are there some specific human (host) factors? Are there some environmental factors? The aim of this review is to collect and concisely summarize the possible and logical answers to these questions.
Keywords	severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; coronavirus disease 2019 ; COVID-19 ; viral infection ; virus-host interaction ; Microbiology ; QR1-502 ; covid19
Subject code	572
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Household pets and SARS-CoV2 transmissibility in the light of the ACE2 intrinsic disorder status.

Uversky, Vladimir N / Elrashdy, Fatma / Aljadawi, Abdullah / Redwan, Elrashdy M

Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics

2020 Volume 40, Issue 3, Page(s) 1441–1444

MeSH term(s)	Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 ; Animals ; COVID-19/transmission ; Humans ; Pets ; SARS-CoV-2
Chemical Substances	ACE2 protein, human (EC 3.4.17.23) ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (EC 3.4.17.23)
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Letter
ZDB-ID	49157-3
ISSN	1538-0254 ; 0739-1102
ISSN (online)	1538-0254
ISSN	0739-1102
DOI	10.1080/07391102.2020.1821784
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Article ; Online: On the potential role of exosomes in the COVID-19 reinfection/reactivation opportunity.

Elrashdy, Fatma / Aljaddawi, Abdullah A / Redwan, Elrashdy M / Uversky, Vladimir N

Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics

2020 Volume 39, Issue 15, Page(s) 5831–5842

Abstract: We propose here that one of the potential mechanisms for the relapse of the COVID-19 infection could be a cellular transport pathway associated with the release of the SARS-CoV-2-loaded exosomes and other extracellular vesicles. It is possible that this " ...

Abstract	We propose here that one of the potential mechanisms for the relapse of the COVID-19 infection could be a cellular transport pathway associated with the release of the SARS-CoV-2-loaded exosomes and other extracellular vesicles. It is possible that this "Trojan horse" strategy represents possible explanation for the re-appearance of the viral RNA in the recovered COVID-19 patients 7-14 day post discharge, suggesting that viral material was hidden within such exosomes or extracellular vesicles during this "silence" time period and then started to re-spread again.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
MeSH term(s)	Aftercare ; COVID-19 ; Exosomes ; Humans ; Patient Discharge ; Reinfection ; SARS-CoV-2
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	49157-3
ISSN	1538-0254 ; 0739-1102
ISSN (online)	1538-0254
ISSN	0739-1102
DOI	10.1080/07391102.2020.1790426
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Article: Natural resources to control COVID-19: could lactoferrin amend SARS-CoV-2 infectivity?

Mattar, Ehab H / Elrashdy, Fatma / Almehdar, Hussein A / Uversky, Vladimir N / Redwan, Elrashdy M

PeerJ

2021 Volume 9, Page(s) e11303

Abstract: The world population is still facing the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Such a challenge requires complicated tools to control, namely vaccines, effective cures, and complementary agents. Here we present one candidate for the role of an effective ... ...

Abstract	The world population is still facing the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Such a challenge requires complicated tools to control, namely vaccines, effective cures, and complementary agents. Here we present one candidate for the role of an effective cure and/or complementary agent: lactoferrin. It is the cross-talking mediator between many organs/cellular systems in the body. It serves as a physiological, immunological, and anti-microbial barrier, and acts as a regulator molecule. Furthermore, lactoferrin has receptors on most tissues cells, and is a rich source for bioactive peptides, particularly in the digestive system. In the past months, in vitro and in vivo evidence has accumulated regarding lactoferrin's ability to control SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in different indicated scenarios. Also, lactoferrin or whey milk (of human or other mammal's origin) is a cheap, easily available, and safe agent, the use of which can produce promising results. Pharmaceutical and/or food supplementary formulas of lactoferrin could be particularly effective in controlling the gastrointestinal COVID-19-associated symptoms and could limit the fecal-oral viral infection transmission, through mechanisms that mimic that of norovirus infection control by lactoferrin via induction of intestinal innate immunity. This natural avenue may be effective not only in symptomatic patients, but could also be more helpful in asymptomatic patients as a main or adjuvant treatment.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2703241-3
ISSN	2167-8359
ISSN	2167-8359
DOI	10.7717/peerj.11303
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Article ; Online: Intrinsic disorder perspective of an interplay between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and SARS-CoV-2

Elrashdy, Fatma / Redwan, Elrashdy M. / Uversky, Vladimir N.

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

2020 Volume 85, Page(s) 104510

Keywords	Microbiology (medical) ; Genetics ; Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ; Molecular Biology ; Microbiology ; Infectious Diseases ; covid19
Language	English
Publisher	Elsevier BV
Publishing country	us
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2037068-4
ISSN	1567-1348
ISSN	1567-1348
DOI	10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104510
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Natural resources to control COVID-19

Ehab H. Mattar / Fatma Elrashdy / Hussein A. Almehdar / Vladimir N. Uversky / Elrashdy M. Redwan

PeerJ, Vol 9, p e

could lactoferrin amend SARS-CoV-2 infectivity?

2021 Volume 11303

Abstract	The world population is still facing the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Such a challenge requires complicated tools to control, namely vaccines, effective cures, and complementary agents. Here we present one candidate for the role of an effective cure and/or complementary agent: lactoferrin. It is the cross-talking mediator between many organs/cellular systems in the body. It serves as a physiological, immunological, and anti-microbial barrier, and acts as a regulator molecule. Furthermore, lactoferrin has receptors on most tissues cells, and is a rich source for bioactive peptides, particularly in the digestive system. In the past months, in vitro and in vivo evidence has accumulated regarding lactoferrin’s ability to control SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in different indicated scenarios. Also, lactoferrin or whey milk (of human or other mammal’s origin) is a cheap, easily available, and safe agent, the use of which can produce promising results. Pharmaceutical and/or food supplementary formulas of lactoferrin could be particularly effective in controlling the gastrointestinal COVID-19-associated symptoms and could limit the fecal-oral viral infection transmission, through mechanisms that mimic that of norovirus infection control by lactoferrin via induction of intestinal innate immunity. This natural avenue may be effective not only in symptomatic patients, but could also be more helpful in asymptomatic patients as a main or adjuvant treatment.
Keywords	Lactoferrin ; COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Multifunctional protein ; Medicine ; R
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	PeerJ Inc.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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