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Article ; Online: Extracellular buffer choice influences acid-base responses and gastrointestinal symptoms.

Peacock, J / Sparks, S A / Middlebrook, I / Hilton, N P / Tinnion, D / Leach, N / Saunders, B / McNaughton, L R

2021 Volume 29, Issue 6, Page(s) 505–516

Abstract: To compare the bicarbonate kinetics and gastrointestinal (GI) symptom responses between an equal dose of sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate using delayed-release capsules. Thirteen active males (age 20.5 ± 2.1 y, height 1.8 ± 0.1 m and body mass [BM] ... ...

Abstract	To compare the bicarbonate kinetics and gastrointestinal (GI) symptom responses between an equal dose of sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate using delayed-release capsules. Thirteen active males (age 20.5 ± 2.1 y, height 1.8 ± 0.1 m and body mass [BM] 76.5 ± 9.6 kg) consumed either 0.3 g
MeSH term(s)	Bicarbonates/blood ; Capsules ; Cross-Over Studies ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Double-Blind Method ; Gastrointestinal Tract/drug effects ; Gastrointestinal Tract/metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Male ; Sodium Bicarbonate/administration & dosage ; Sodium Citrate/administration & dosage ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Bicarbonates ; Capsules ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Sodium Citrate (1Q73Q2JULR) ; Sodium Bicarbonate (8MDF5V39QO)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial
ZDB-ID	2116093-4
ISSN	1543-8635 ; 1543-8627
ISSN (online)	1543-8635
ISSN	1543-8627
DOI	10.1080/15438627.2021.1896517
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Article ; Online: Seroprevalence of Brucella spp. and Rift Valley fever virus among slaughterhouse workers in Isiolo County, northern Kenya.

Nyamota, Richard / Maina, Josphat / Akoko, James / Nthiwa, Daniel / Mwatondo, Athman / Muturi, Mathew / Wambua, Lillian / Middlebrook, Earl A / Bartlow, Andrew W / Fair, Jeanne M / Bett, Bernard

PLoS neglected tropical diseases

2023 Volume 17, Issue 10, Page(s) e0011677

Abstract: Brucella spp. and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) are classified as priority zoonotic agents in Kenya, based on their public health and socioeconomic impact on the country. Data on the pathogen-specific and co-exposure levels is scarce due to limited ... ...

Abstract	Brucella spp. and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) are classified as priority zoonotic agents in Kenya, based on their public health and socioeconomic impact on the country. Data on the pathogen-specific and co-exposure levels is scarce due to limited active surveillance. This study investigated seroprevalence and co-exposure of Brucella spp. and RVFV and associated risk factors among slaughterhouse workers in Isiolo County, northern Kenya. A cross-sectional serosurvey was done in all 19 slaughterhouses in Isiolo County, enrolling 378 participants into the study. The overall seroprevalences for Brucella spp. and RVFV were 40.2% (95% CI: 35.2-45.4) and 18.3% (95% CI: 14.5-22.5), respectively while 10.3% (95% CI 7.4%-13.8%) of individuals were positive for antibodies against both Brucella spp. and RVFV. Virus neutralisation tests (VNT) confirmed anti-RVFV antibodies in 85% of ELISA-positive samples. Our seroprevalence results were comparable to community-level seroprevalences previously reported in the area. Since most of the study participants were not from livestock-keeping households, our findings attribute most of the detected infections to occupational exposure. The high exposure levels indicate slaughterhouse workers are the most at-risk population and there is need for infection, prevention, and control programs among this high-risk group. This is the first VNT confirmation of virus-neutralising antibodies among slaughterhouse workers in Isiolo County and corroborates reports of the area being a high-risk RVFV area as occasioned by previously reported outbreaks. This necessitates sensitization campaigns to enhance awareness of the risks involved and appropriate mitigation measures.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Rift Valley fever virus ; Rift Valley Fever ; Abattoirs ; Brucella ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Kenya/epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Antibodies, Viral
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2429704-5
ISSN	1935-2735 ; 1935-2735
ISSN (online)	1935-2735
ISSN	1935-2735
DOI	10.1371/journal.pntd.0011677
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Article ; Online: Characterization of water-soluble brown carbon chromophores from wildfire plumes in the western USA using size-exclusion chromatography

L. Azzarello / R. A. Washenfelder / M. A. Robinson / A. Franchin / C. C. Womack / C. D. Holmes / S. S. Brown / A. Middlebrook / T. Newberger / C. Sweeney / C. J. Young

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol 23, Pp 15643-

2023 Volume 15654

Abstract: Wildfires are an important source of carbonaceous aerosol in the atmosphere. Organic aerosol that absorbs light in the ultraviolet to visible spectral range is referred to as brown carbon (BrC), and its impact on Earth's radiative budget has not been ... ...

Abstract	Wildfires are an important source of carbonaceous aerosol in the atmosphere. Organic aerosol that absorbs light in the ultraviolet to visible spectral range is referred to as brown carbon (BrC), and its impact on Earth's radiative budget has not been well characterized. We collected water-soluble brown carbon using a particle-into-liquid sampler (PILS) on board a Twin Otter aircraft during the Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality (FIREX-AQ) campaign. Samples were collected downwind of wildfires in the western United States from August to September 2019. We applied size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) with ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy to characterize the molecular size distribution of BrC chromophores. The wildfire plumes had transport ages of 0 to 5 h, and the absorption was dominated by chromophores with molecular weights <500 Da. With BrC normalized to a conserved biomass burning tracer, carbon monoxide, a consistent decrease in BrC absorption with plume age was not observed during FIREX-AQ. These findings are consistent with the variable trends in BrC absorption with plume age reported in recent studies. While BrC absorption trends were broadly consistent between the offline SEC analysis and the online PILS measurements, the absolute values of absorption and their spectral dependence differed. We investigate plausible explanations for the discrepancies observed between the online and offline analyses. This included solvent effects, pH, and sample storage. We suspect that sample storage impacted the absorption intensity of the offline measurements without impacting the molecular weight distribution of BrC chromophores.
Keywords	Physics ; QC1-999 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Copernicus Publications
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Midlatitude Ozone Depletion and Air Quality Impacts from Industrial Halogen Emissions in the Great Salt Lake Basin.

Environmental science & technology

2023 Volume 57, Issue 5, Page(s) 1870–1881

Abstract: We report aircraft observations of extreme levels of HCl and the dihalogens ... ...

Abstract	We report aircraft observations of extreme levels of HCl and the dihalogens Cl
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollutants/analysis ; Halogens ; Ozone/analysis ; Bromine ; Lakes ; Ozone Depletion ; Air Pollution/analysis ; Particulate Matter/analysis ; Oxidants
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants ; Halogens ; Ozone (66H7ZZK23N) ; Bromine (SBV4XY874G) ; Particulate Matter ; Oxidants
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ISSN	1520-5851
ISSN (online)	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/acs.est.2c05376
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Article ; Online: Mapping brucellosis risk in Kenya and its implications for control strategies in sub-Saharan Africa.

Akoko, James M / Mwatondo, Athman / Muturi, Mathew / Wambua, Lillian / Abkallo, Hussein M / Nyamota, Richard / Bosire, Caroline / Oloo, Stephen / Limbaso, Konongoi S / Gakuya, Francis / Nthiwa, Daniel / Bartlow, Andrew / Middlebrook, Earl / Fair, Jeanne / Ogutu, Joseph O / Gachohi, John / Njenga, Kariuki / Bett, Bernard

Scientific reports

2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 20192

Abstract: In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), effective brucellosis control is limited, in part, by the lack of long-term commitments by governments to control the disease and the absence of reliable national human and livestock population-based data to inform policies. ... ...

Abstract	In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), effective brucellosis control is limited, in part, by the lack of long-term commitments by governments to control the disease and the absence of reliable national human and livestock population-based data to inform policies. Therefore, we conducted a study to establish the national prevalence and develop a risk map for Brucella spp. in cattle to contribute to plans to eliminate the disease in Kenya by the year 2040. We randomly generated 268 geolocations and distributed them across Kenya, proportionate to the area of each of the five agroecological zones and the associated cattle population. Cattle herds closest to each selected geolocation were identified for sampling. Up to 25 cattle were sampled per geolocation and a semi-structured questionnaire was administered to their owners. We tested 6,593 cattle samples for Brucella immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies using an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We assessed potential risk factors and performed spatial analyses and prevalence mapping using approximate Bayesian inference implemented via the integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA) method. The national Brucella spp. prevalence was 6.8% (95% CI: 6.2-7.4%). Exposure levels varied significantly between agro-ecological zones, with a high of 8.5% in the very arid zone with the lowest agricultural potential relative to a low of 0.0% in the agro-alpine zone with the highest agricultural potential. Additionally, seroprevalence increased with herd size, and the odds of seropositivity were significantly higher for females and adult animals than for males or calves. Similarly, animals with a history of abortion, or with multiple reproductive syndromes had higher seropositivity than those without. At the herd level, the risk of Brucella spp. transmission was higher in larger herds, and herds with a history of reproductive problems such as abortion, giving birth to weak calves, or having swollen testes. Geographic localities with high Brucella seroprevalence occurred in northern, eastern, and southern regions of Kenya all primarily characterized by semi-arid or arid agro-ecological zones dominated by livestock pastoralism interspersed with vast areas with mixed livestock-wildlife systems. The large spatial extent of our survey provides compelling evidence for the widespread geographical distribution of brucellosis risk across Kenya in a manner easily understandable for policymakers. Our findings can provide a basis for risk-stratified pilot studies aiming to investigate the cost-effectiveness and efficacy of singular and combined preventive intervention strategies that seek to inform Kenya's Brucellosis Control Policy.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cattle ; Female ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Animal Husbandry ; Antibodies, Bacterial ; Bayes Theorem ; Brucella ; Brucellosis/epidemiology ; Brucellosis/veterinary ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Kenya/epidemiology ; Livestock ; Risk Factors ; Seroepidemiologic Studies
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Bacterial
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-023-47628-1
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Article ; Online: Evidence of co-exposure with Brucella spp, Coxiella burnetii, and Rift Valley fever virus among various species of wildlife in Kenya.

Gakuya, Francis / Akoko, James / Wambua, Lillian / Nyamota, Richard / Ronoh, Bernard / Lekolool, Isaac / Mwatondo, Athman / Muturi, Mathew / Ouma, Collins / Nthiwa, Daniel / Middlebrook, Earl / Fair, Jeanne / Gachohi, John / Njenga, Kariuki / Bett, Bernard

PLoS neglected tropical diseases

2022 Volume 16, Issue 8, Page(s) e0010596

Abstract: Background: Co-infection, especially with pathogens of dissimilar genetic makeup, may result in a more devastating impact on the host. Investigations on co-infection with neglected zoonotic pathogens in wildlife are necessary to inform appropriate ... ...

Abstract	Background: Co-infection, especially with pathogens of dissimilar genetic makeup, may result in a more devastating impact on the host. Investigations on co-infection with neglected zoonotic pathogens in wildlife are necessary to inform appropriate prevention and control strategies to reduce disease burden in wildlife and the potential transmission of these pathogens between wildlife, livestock and humans. This study assessed co-exposure of various Kenyan wildflife species with Brucella spp, Coxiella burnetii and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV). Methodology: A total of 363 sera from 16 different wildlife species, most of them (92.6%) herbivores, were analysed by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for IgG antibodies against Brucella spp, C. burnetii and RVFV. Further, 280 of these were tested by PCR to identify Brucella species. Results: Of the 16 wildlife species tested, 15 (93.8%) were seropositive for at least one of the pathogens. Mean seropositivities were 18.9% (95% CI: 15.0-23.3) for RVFV, 13.7% (95% CI: 10.3-17.7) for Brucella spp and 9.1% (95% CI: 6.3-12.5) for C. burnetii. Buffaloes (n = 269) had higher seropositivity for Brucella spp. (17.1%, 95% CI: 13.0-21.7%) and RVFV (23.4%, 95% CI: 18.6-28.6%), while giraffes (n = 36) had the highest seropositivity for C. burnetii (44.4%, 95% CI: 27.9-61.9%). Importantly, 23 of the 93 (24.7%) animals positive for at least one pathogen were co-exposed, with 25.4% (18/71) of the positive buffaloes positive for brucellosis and RVFV. On molecular analysis, Brucella DNA was detected in 46 (19.5%, CI: 14.9-24.7) samples, with 4 (8.6%, 95% CI: 2.2-15.8) being identified as B. melitensis. The Fisher's Exact test indicated that seropositivity varied significantly within the different animal families, with Brucella (p = 0.013), C. burnetii (p = <0.001) and RVFV (p = 0.007). Location was also significantly associated (p = <0.001) with Brucella spp. and C. burnetii seropositivities. Conclusion: Of ~20% of Kenyan wildlife that are seropositive for Brucella spp, C. burnetii and RVFV, almost 25% indicate co-infections with the three pathogens, particularly with Brucella spp and RVFV.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Brucella/genetics ; Buffaloes ; Coinfection/epidemiology ; Coinfection/veterinary ; Coxiella burnetii/genetics ; Humans ; Kenya/epidemiology ; Rift Valley Fever ; Rift Valley fever virus/genetics ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Zoonoses
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2429704-5
ISSN	1935-2735 ; 1935-2735
ISSN (online)	1935-2735
ISSN	1935-2735
DOI	10.1371/journal.pntd.0010596
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Article ; Online: Seroprevalence of Brucella spp. and Rift Valley fever virus among slaughterhouse workers in Isiolo County, northern Kenya

Nyamota, Richard / Maina, J. / Akoko, James M. / Nthiwa, D. / Mwatondo, Athman / Muturi, Mathew / Wambua, Lillian / Middlebrook, E.A. / Bartlow, A.W. / Fair, J.M. / Bett, Bernard K.

PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

2023

Abstract	Brucella spp. and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) are classified as priority zoonotic agents in Kenya, based on their public health and socioeconomic impact on the country. Data on the pathogen-specific and co-exposure levels is scarce due to limited active surveillance. This study investigated seroprevalence and co-exposure of Brucella spp. and RVFV and associated risk factors among slaughterhouse workers in Isiolo County, northern Kenya. A cross-sectional serosurvey was done in all 19 slaughterhouses in Isiolo County, enrolling 378 participants into the study. The overall seroprevalences for Brucella spp. and RVFV were 40.2% (95% CI: 35.2–45.4) and 18.3% (95% CI: 14.5–22.5), respectively while 10.3% (95% CI 7.4%-13.8%) of individuals were positive for antibodies against both Brucella spp. and RVFV. Virus neutralisation tests (VNT) confirmed anti-RVFV antibodies in 85% of ELISA-positive samples. Our seroprevalence results were comparable to community-level seroprevalences previously reported in the area. Since most of the study participants were not from livestock-keeping households, our findings attribute most of the detected infections to occupational exposure. The high exposure levels indicate slaughterhouse workers are the most at-risk population and there is need for infection, prevention, and control programs among this high-risk group. This is the first VNT confirmation of virus-neutralising antibodies among slaughterhouse workers in Isiolo County and corroborates reports of the area being a high-risk RVFV area as occasioned by previously reported outbreaks. This necessitates sensitization campaigns to enhance awareness of the risks involved and appropriate mitigation measures.
Keywords	brucellosis ; rift valley fever ; zoonoses ; health
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-06T10:03:10Z
Publishing country	fr
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Tunable Surface and Matrix Chemistries in Optically Printed (0-3) Piezoelectric Nanocomposites.

Kim, Kanguk / Middlebrook, James L / Chen, Jeffrey E / Zhu, Wei / Chen, Shaochen / Sirbuly, Donald J

ACS applied materials & interfaces

2016 Volume 8, Issue 49, Page(s) 33394–33398

Abstract: In this work, the impacts of varying surface modification, matrix parameters, and fabrication conditions on the performance of optically printed (0-3) piezoelectric polymer nanocomposites are examined. For example, we find that a 75% reduction in ... ...

Abstract	In this work, the impacts of varying surface modification, matrix parameters, and fabrication conditions on the performance of optically printed (0-3) piezoelectric polymer nanocomposites are examined. For example, we find that a 75% reduction in nanoparticle edge-length boosted the piezoelectric coefficient (d
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-12-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1944-8252
ISSN (online)	1944-8252
DOI	10.1021/acsami.6b12086
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Article ; Online: Anthropogenic uranium signatures in turtles, tortoises, and sea turtles from nuclear sites.

PNAS nexus

2023 Volume 2, Issue 8, Page(s) pgad241

Abstract: Chelonians (turtles, tortoises, and sea turtles) grow scute keratin in sequential layers over time. Once formed, scute keratin acts as an inert reservoir of environmental information. For chelonians inhabiting areas with legacy or modern nuclear ... ...

Abstract	Chelonians (turtles, tortoises, and sea turtles) grow scute keratin in sequential layers over time. Once formed, scute keratin acts as an inert reservoir of environmental information. For chelonians inhabiting areas with legacy or modern nuclear activities, their scute has the potential to act as a time-stamped record of radionuclide contamination in the environment. Here, we measure bulk (i.e. homogenized scute) and sequential samples of chelonian scute from the Republic of the Marshall Islands and throughout the United States of America, including at the Barry M. Goldwater Air Force Range, southwestern Utah, the Savannah River Site, and the Oak Ridge Reservation. We identify legacy uranium (
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2752-6542
ISSN (online)	2752-6542
DOI	10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad241
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Article ; Online: Evidence of co-exposure with Brucella spp, Coxiella burnetii, and Rift Valley fever virus among various species of wildlife in Kenya

Gakuya, F. / Akoko, James M. / Wambua, Lillian / Nyamota, Richard / Ronoh, B. / Lekolool, I. / Mwatondo, Athman / Muturi, Mathew / Ouma, C. / Nthiwa, D. / Middlebrook, E. / Fair, J. / Gachohi, J. / Njenga, K. / Bett, Bernard K.

PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

2022

Abstract: Background Co-infection, especially with pathogens of dissimilar genetic makeup, may result in a more devastating impact on the host. Investigations on co-infection with neglected zoonotic pathogens in wildlife are necessary to inform appropriate ... ...

Abstract	Background Co-infection, especially with pathogens of dissimilar genetic makeup, may result in a more devastating impact on the host. Investigations on co-infection with neglected zoonotic pathogens in wildlife are necessary to inform appropriate prevention and control strategies to reduce disease burden in wildlife and the potential transmission of these pathogens between wildlife, livestock and humans. This study assessed co-exposure of various Kenyan wildflife species with Brucella spp, Coxiella burnetii and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV). Methodology A total of 363 sera from 16 different wildlife species, most of them (92.6%) herbivores, were analysed by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for IgG antibodies against Brucella spp, C. burnetii and RVFV. Further, 280 of these were tested by PCR to identify Brucella species. Results Of the 16 wildlife species tested, 15 (93.8%) were seropositive for at least one of the pathogens. Mean seropositivities were 18.9% (95% CI: 15.0–23.3) for RVFV, 13.7% (95% CI: 10.3–17.7) for Brucella spp and 9.1% (95% CI: 6.3–12.5) for C. burnetii. Buffaloes (n = 269) had higher seropositivity for Brucella spp. (17.1%, 95% CI: 13.0–21.7%) and RVFV (23.4%, 95% CI: 18.6–28.6%), while giraffes (n = 36) had the highest seropositivity for C. burnetii (44.4%, 95% CI: 27.9–61.9%). Importantly, 23 of the 93 (24.7%) animals positive for at least one pathogen were co-exposed, with 25.4% (18/71) of the positive buffaloes positive for brucellosis and RVFV. On molecular analysis, Brucella DNA was detected in 46 (19.5%, CI: 14.9–24.7) samples, with 4 (8.6%, 95% CI: 2.2–15.8) being identified as B. melitensis. The Fisher’s Exact test indicated that seropositivity varied significantly within the different animal families, with Brucella (p = 0.013), C. burnetii (p = <0.001) and RVFV (p = 0.007). Location was also significantly associated (p = <0.001) with Brucella spp. and C. burnetii seropositivities. Conclusion Of ~20% of Kenyan wildlife that are seropositive for Brucella spp, C. ...
Keywords	wildlife ; zoonoses ; brucella ; coxiella burnetii ; rift valley fever virus ; animal diseases
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-09T08:47:32Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science
Publishing country	fr
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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