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  1. Article: Adaptive Gaussian Markov random field spatiotemporal models for infectious disease mapping and forecasting.

    MacNab, Ying C

    Spatial statistics

    2023  Volume 53, Page(s) 100726

    Abstract: Recent disease mapping literature presents adaptively parameterized spatiotemporal (ST) autoregressive (AR) or conditional autoregressive (CAR) models for Bayesian prediction of COVID-19 infection risks. These models were motivated to capture complex ... ...

    Abstract Recent disease mapping literature presents adaptively parameterized spatiotemporal (ST) autoregressive (AR) or conditional autoregressive (CAR) models for Bayesian prediction of COVID-19 infection risks. These models were motivated to capture complex spatiotemporal dynamics and heterogeneities of infection risks. In the present paper, we synthesize, generalize, and unify the ST AR and CAR model constructions for models augmented by adaptive Gaussian Markov random fields, with an emphasis on disease forecasting. A general convolution construction is presented, with illustrative models motivated to (i) characterize local risk dependencies and influences over both spatial and temporal dimensions, (ii) model risk heterogeneities and discontinuities, and (iii) predict and forecast areal-level disease risks and occurrences. The broadened constructions allow rich options of intuitive parameterization for disease mapping and spatial regression. Illustrative parameterizations are presented for Bayesian hierarchical models of Poisson, zero-inflated Poisson, and Bernoulli data models, respectively. They are also discussed in the context of quantifying time-varying or time-invariant effects of (omitted) covariates, with application to prediction and forecasting areal-level COVID-19 infection occurrences and probabilities of zero-infection. The model constructions presented herein have much wider scope in offering a flexible framework for modelling complex spatiotemporal data and for estimation, learning, and forecasting purposes.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-21
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2211-6753
    ISSN 2211-6753
    DOI 10.1016/j.spasta.2023.100726
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: Bayesian disease mapping: Past, present, and future.

    MacNab, Ying C

    Spatial statistics

    2022  Volume 50, Page(s) 100593

    Abstract: On the occasion of the Spatial Statistics' 10th Anniversary, I reflect on the past and present of Bayesian disease mapping and look into its future. I focus on some key developments of models, and on recent evolution of multivariate and adaptive Gaussian ...

    Abstract On the occasion of the Spatial Statistics' 10th Anniversary, I reflect on the past and present of Bayesian disease mapping and look into its future. I focus on some key developments of models, and on recent evolution of multivariate and adaptive Gaussian Markov random fields and their impact and importance in disease mapping. I reflect on Bayesian disease mapping as a subject of spatial statistics that has advanced to date, and continues to grow, in scope and complexity alongside increasing needs of analytic tools for contemporary health science research, such as spatial epidemiology, population and public health, and medicine. I illustrate (potential) utility and impact of some of the disease mapping models and methods for analysing and monitoring communicable disease such as the COVID-19 infection risks during an ongoing pandemic.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-19
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2211-6753
    ISSN 2211-6753
    DOI 10.1016/j.spasta.2022.100593
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Revisiting Gaussian Markov random fields and Bayesian disease mapping.

    MacNab, Ying C

    Statistical methods in medical research

    2022  Volume 32, Issue 1, Page(s) 207–225

    Abstract: We revisit several conditionally formulated Gaussian Markov random fields, known as the intrinsic conditional autoregressive model, the proper conditional autoregressive model, and the Leroux et al. conditional autoregressive model, as well as ... ...

    Abstract We revisit several conditionally formulated Gaussian Markov random fields, known as the intrinsic conditional autoregressive model, the proper conditional autoregressive model, and the Leroux et al. conditional autoregressive model, as well as convolution models such as the well known Besag, York and Mollie model, its (adaptive) re-parameterization, and its scaled alternatives, for their roles of modelling underlying spatial risks in Bayesian disease mapping. Analytic and simulation studies, with graphic visualizations, and disease mapping case studies, present insights and critique on these models for their nature and capacities in characterizing spatial dependencies, local influences, and spatial covariance and correlation functions, and in facilitating stabilized and efficient posterior risk prediction and inference. It is illustrated that these models are Gaussian (Markov) random fields of different spatial dependence, local influence, and (covariance) correlation functions and can play different and complementary roles in Bayesian disease mapping applications.
    MeSH term(s) Bayes Theorem ; Computer Simulation ; Normal Distribution ; Spatial Analysis ; Models, Statistical
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-11-01
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1136948-6
    ISSN 1477-0334 ; 0962-2802
    ISSN (online) 1477-0334
    ISSN 0962-2802
    DOI 10.1177/09622802221129040
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Bayesian estimation of multivariate Gaussian Markov random fields with constraint.

    MacNab, Ying C

    Statistics in medicine

    2020  Volume 39, Issue 30, Page(s) 4767–4788

    Abstract: This article concerns with conditionally formulated multivariate Gaussian Markov random fields (MGMRF) for modeling multivariate local dependencies with unknown dependence parameters subject to positivity constraint. In the context of Bayesian ... ...

    Abstract This article concerns with conditionally formulated multivariate Gaussian Markov random fields (MGMRF) for modeling multivariate local dependencies with unknown dependence parameters subject to positivity constraint. In the context of Bayesian hierarchical modeling of lattice data in general and Bayesian disease mapping in particular, analytic and simulation studies provide new insights into various approaches to posterior estimation of dependence parameters under "hard" or "soft" positivity constraint, including the well-known strictly diagonal dominance criterion and options of hierarchical priors. Hierarchical centering is examined as a means to gain computational efficiency in Bayesian estimation of multivariate generalized linear mixed effects models in the presence of spatial confounding and weakly identified model parameters. Simulated data on irregular or regular lattice, and three datasets from the multivariate and spatiotemporal disease mapping literature, are used for illustration. The present investigation also sheds light on the use of deviance information criterion for model comparison, choice, and interpretation in the context of posterior risk predictions judged by borrowing-information and bias-precision tradeoff. The article concludes with a summary discussion and directions of future work. Potential applications of MGMRF in spatial information fusion and image analysis are briefly mentioned.
    MeSH term(s) Bayes Theorem ; Computer Simulation ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Models, Statistical ; Normal Distribution
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-09-16
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 843037-8
    ISSN 1097-0258 ; 0277-6715
    ISSN (online) 1097-0258
    ISSN 0277-6715
    DOI 10.1002/sim.8752
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Item response theory analysis of the Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep-16 (DBAS-16) scale in a university student sample.

    Castillo, Louise I R / Hadjistavropoulos, Thomas / Tan, L Odell / MacNab, Ying C

    PloS one

    2023  Volume 18, Issue 2, Page(s) e0281364

    Abstract: Unhelpful beliefs about sleep have been shown to exacerbate distress associated with sleep-related difficulties. University students are particularly vulnerable to experiencing sleep-related problems. The Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep- ... ...

    Abstract Unhelpful beliefs about sleep have been shown to exacerbate distress associated with sleep-related difficulties. University students are particularly vulnerable to experiencing sleep-related problems. The Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep-16 (DBAS-16) scale is a widely used instrument that assesses for sleep-disruptive cognitions. Although psychometric support for the DBAS-16 is available, Item Response Theory (IRT) analysis is needed to examine its properties at the item level. Psychometric investigation in non-clinical samples can help identify people who may be at risk for developing sleep problems. We examined the DBAS-16 using IRT on a sample of 759 university students. Our results identified items and subscales that adequately/inadequately differentiated between students who held unhelpful beliefs about sleep and those who did not. The DBAS-16 is a valuable instrument to assess unhelpful beliefs about sleep. We outline recommendations to improve the discriminatory ability of the instrument. Future investigations should establish cross-validation with a clinical sample.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Universities ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Sleep/physiology ; Attitude ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders ; Students
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-02-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2267670-3
    ISSN 1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    ISSN 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0281364
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Linear models of coregionalization for multivariate lattice data: Order-dependent and order-free cMCARs.

    MacNab, Ying C

    Statistical methods in medical research

    2016  Volume 25, Issue 4, Page(s) 1118–1144

    Abstract: This paper concerns with multivariate conditional autoregressive models defined by linear combination of independent or correlated underlying spatial processes. Known as linear models of coregionalization, the method offers a systematic and unified ... ...

    Abstract This paper concerns with multivariate conditional autoregressive models defined by linear combination of independent or correlated underlying spatial processes. Known as linear models of coregionalization, the method offers a systematic and unified approach for formulating multivariate extensions to a broad range of univariate conditional autoregressive models. The resulting multivariate spatial models represent classes of coregionalized multivariate conditional autoregressive models that enable flexible modelling of multivariate spatial interactions, yielding coregionalization models with symmetric or asymmetric cross-covariances of different spatial variation and smoothness. In the context of multivariate disease mapping, for example, they facilitate borrowing strength both over space and cross variables, allowing for more flexible multivariate spatial smoothing. Specifically, we present a broadened coregionalization framework to include order-dependent, order-free, and order-robust multivariate models; a new class of order-free coregionalized multivariate conditional autoregressives is introduced. We tackle computational challenges and present solutions that are integral for Bayesian analysis of these models. We also discuss two ways of computing deviance information criterion for comparison among competing hierarchical models with or without unidentifiable prior parameters. The models and related methodology are developed in the broad context of modelling multivariate data on spatial lattice and illustrated in the context of multivariate disease mapping. The coregionalization framework and related methods also present a general approach for building spatially structured cross-covariance functions for multivariate geostatistics.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-08
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1136948-6
    ISSN 1477-0334 ; 0962-2802
    ISSN (online) 1477-0334
    ISSN 0962-2802
    DOI 10.1177/0962280216660419
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Linear models of coregionalization for multivariate lattice data: a general framework for coregionalized multivariate CAR models.

    MacNab, Ying C

    Statistics in medicine

    2016  Volume 35, Issue 21, Page(s) 3827–3850

    Abstract: We present a general coregionalization framework for developing coregionalized multivariate Gaussian conditional autoregressive (cMCAR) models for Bayesian analysis of multivariate lattice data in general and multivariate disease mapping data in ... ...

    Abstract We present a general coregionalization framework for developing coregionalized multivariate Gaussian conditional autoregressive (cMCAR) models for Bayesian analysis of multivariate lattice data in general and multivariate disease mapping data in particular. This framework is inclusive of cMCARs that facilitate flexible modelling of spatially structured symmetric or asymmetric cross-variable local interactions, allowing a wide range of separable or non-separable covariance structures, and symmetric or asymmetric cross-covariances, to be modelled. We present a brief overview of established univariate Gaussian conditional autoregressive (CAR) models for univariate lattice data and develop coregionalized multivariate extensions. Classes of cMCARs are presented by formulating precision structures. The resulting conditional properties of the multivariate spatial models are established, which cast new light on cMCARs with richly structured covariances and cross-covariances of different spatial ranges. The related methods are illustrated via an in-depth Bayesian analysis of a Minnesota county-level cancer data set. We also bring a new dimension to the traditional enterprize of Bayesian disease mapping: estimating and mapping covariances and cross-covariances of the underlying disease risks. Maps of covariances and cross-covariances bring to light spatial characterizations of the cMCARs and inform on spatial risk associations between areas and diseases. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-09-20
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 843037-8
    ISSN 1097-0258 ; 0277-6715
    ISSN (online) 1097-0258
    ISSN 0277-6715
    DOI 10.1002/sim.6955
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Correction.

    MacNab, Ying C

    Statistics in medicine

    2014  

    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-07-28
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 843037-8
    ISSN 1097-0258 ; 0277-6715
    ISSN (online) 1097-0258
    ISSN 0277-6715
    DOI 10.1002/sim.6278
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: On identification in Bayesian disease mapping and ecological-spatial regression models.

    MacNab, Ying C

    Statistical methods in medical research

    2014  Volume 23, Issue 2, Page(s) 134–155

    Abstract: We discuss identification of structural characteristics of the underlying relative risks ensemble for posterior relative risks inference within Bayesian generalized linear mixed model framework for small-area disease mapping and ecological-spatial ... ...

    Abstract We discuss identification of structural characteristics of the underlying relative risks ensemble for posterior relative risks inference within Bayesian generalized linear mixed model framework for small-area disease mapping and ecological-spatial regression. We revisit conditionally specified and locally characterized Gaussian Markov random field risks ensemble priors in univariate disease mapping and communicate insight into Gaussian Markov random field variance-covariance characteristics for representing disease risks variability and spatial risks interactions and for structural identification with respect to risks ensemble prior choices. Illustrative examples of identification in Bayesian disease mapping and ecological-spatial regression models are presented for Bayesian hierarchical generalized linear mixed Poisson models and zero-inflated Poisson models.
    MeSH term(s) Bayes Theorem ; Biostatistics ; Disease/etiology ; Epidemiologic Methods ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Models, Statistical ; Poisson Distribution ; Risk
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-04
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1136948-6
    ISSN 1477-0334 ; 0962-2802
    ISSN (online) 1477-0334
    ISSN 0962-2802
    DOI 10.1177/0962280212447152
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article: Bayesian multivariate disease mapping and ecological regression with errors in covariates: Bayesian estimation of DALYs and 'preventable' DALYs.

    Macnab, Ying C

    Statistics in medicine

    2009  Volume 28, Issue 9, Page(s) 1369–1385

    Abstract: This paper presents Bayesian multivariate disease mapping and ecological regression models that take into account errors in covariates. Bayesian hierarchical formulations of multivariate disease models and covariate measurement models, with related ... ...

    Abstract This paper presents Bayesian multivariate disease mapping and ecological regression models that take into account errors in covariates. Bayesian hierarchical formulations of multivariate disease models and covariate measurement models, with related methods of estimation and inference, are developed as an integral part of a Bayesian disability adjusted life years (DALYs) methodology for the analysis of multivariate disease or injury data and associated ecological risk factors and for small area DALYs estimation, inference, and mapping. The methodology facilitates the estimation of multivariate small area disease and injury rates and associated risk effects, evaluation of DALYs and 'preventable' DALYs, and identification of regions to which disease or injury prevention resources may be directed to reduce DALYs. The methodology interfaces and intersects the Bayesian disease mapping methodology and the global burden of disease framework such that the impact of disease, injury, and risk factors on population health may be evaluated to inform community health, health needs, and priority considerations for disease and injury prevention. A burden of injury study on road traffic accidents in local health areas in British Columbia, Canada, is presented as an illustrative example.
    MeSH term(s) Accidents, Traffic/statistics & numerical data ; Bayes Theorem ; Biometry ; British Columbia ; Disability Evaluation ; Disease ; Humans ; Models, Statistical ; Multivariate Analysis ; Public Health/statistics & numerical data ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years ; Regression Analysis
    Language English
    Publishing date 2009-04-30
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 843037-8
    ISSN 1097-0258 ; 0277-6715
    ISSN (online) 1097-0258
    ISSN 0277-6715
    DOI 10.1002/sim.3547
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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