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Article ; Online: Animal health is often ignored, but indispensable to the human right to health.

Hartnack, Sonja

International journal for equity in health

2022 Volume 21, Issue 1, Page(s) 3

Abstract: Although preventable by vaccines, approximately 60'000 humans die due to canine transmitted rabies annually, mostly in Africa and Asia. The aim of this paper is to advocate for including animal health aspects into considerations of human health and human ...

Abstract	Although preventable by vaccines, approximately 60'000 humans die due to canine transmitted rabies annually, mostly in Africa and Asia. The aim of this paper is to advocate for including animal health aspects into considerations of human health and human rights, and for equitable access to rabies vaccination for both animals and humans. An infringement of human - in particular of children's - right to health will be illustrated with the case of rabies and poor dog management in Uganda.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Dog Diseases/prevention & control ; Dogs ; Humans ; Rabies/prevention & control ; Rabies/veterinary ; Rabies Vaccines ; Right to Health ; Uganda ; Vaccination
Chemical Substances	Rabies Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Letter
ZDB-ID	2092056-8
ISSN	1475-9276 ; 1475-9276
ISSN (online)	1475-9276
ISSN	1475-9276
DOI	10.1186/s12939-021-01613-0
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Article ; Online: Animal health is often ignored, but indispensable to the human right to health

Sonja Hartnack

International Journal for Equity in Health, Vol 21, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2022 Volume 3

Abstract: Abstract Although preventable by vaccines, approximately 60′000 humans die due to canine transmitted rabies annually, mostly in Africa and Asia. The aim of this paper is to advocate for including animal health aspects into considerations of human health ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Although preventable by vaccines, approximately 60′000 humans die due to canine transmitted rabies annually, mostly in Africa and Asia. The aim of this paper is to advocate for including animal health aspects into considerations of human health and human rights, and for equitable access to rabies vaccination for both animals and humans. An infringement of human - in particular of children’s - right to health will be illustrated with the case of rabies and poor dog management in Uganda.
Keywords	One health ; Rabies ; Dogs ; Mass vaccination ; Responsible dog ownership ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Moral distress measurement in animal care workers: a systematic review.

Baysal, Yigit / Goy, Nastassja / Hartnack, Sonja / Guseva Canu, Irina

BMJ open

2024 Volume 14, Issue 4, Page(s) e082235

Abstract: Objectives: The mental health of veterinary and other animal health professionals is significantly impacted by the psychological stressors they encounter, such as euthanasia, witnessing animal suffering and moral distress. Moral distress, initially ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: The mental health of veterinary and other animal health professionals is significantly impacted by the psychological stressors they encounter, such as euthanasia, witnessing animal suffering and moral distress. Moral distress, initially identified in nursing, arises when individuals are aware of the right action but are hindered by institutional constraints. We aimed to review existing research on moral distress scales among animal care workers by focusing on the identification and psychometric validity of its measurement. Design: Two-step systematic review. First, we identified all moral distress scales used in animal care research in the eligible original studies. Second, we evaluated their psychometric validity, emphasising content validity, which is a critical aspect of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). This evaluation adhered to the Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN). The results were reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Data sources: PubMed, EMBASE and PsycINFO to search for eligible studies published between January 1984 and April 2023. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: We included original (primary) studies that (1) were conducted in animal care workers; (2) describing either the development of a moral distress scale, or validation of a moral distress scale in its original or modified version, to assess at least one of the psychometric properties mentioned in COSMIN guidelines. Data extraction and synthesis: Two independent reviewers used standardised methods to search, screen and code included studies. We considered the following information relevant for extraction: study reference, name and reference of the moral distress scale used, psychometric properties assessed and methods and results of their assessments. The collected information was then summarised in a narrative synthesis. Results: The review identified only one PROM specifically adapted for veterinary contexts: the Measure of Moral Distress for Animal Professionals (MMD-AP), derived from the Measure of Moral Distress for Healthcare Professionals (MMD-HP). Both MMD-HP and MMD-AP were evaluated for the quality of development and content validity. The development quality of both measures was deemed doubtful. According to COSMIN, MMD-HP's content validity was rated as sufficient, whereas MMD-AP's was inconsistent. However, the evidence quality for both PROMs was rated low. Conclusion: This is the first systematic review focused on moral distress measurement in animal care workers. It shows that moral distress is rarely measured using standardised and evidence-based methods and that such methods should be developed and validated in the context of animal care. Prospero registration number: CRD42023422259.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Animals ; Health Personnel/psychology ; Mental Health ; Consensus ; Stress, Psychological ; Morals ; Psychometrics ; Reproducibility of Results ; Patient Reported Outcome Measures
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-19
Publishing country	England
Document type	Systematic Review ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2599832-8
ISSN	2044-6055 ; 2044-6055
ISSN (online)	2044-6055
ISSN	2044-6055
DOI	10.1136/bmjopen-2023-082235
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Article ; Online: Zusammenhänge zwischen metabolischen Profilen und 4 Bestandsbetreuung-Scores bei Milchkühen: Statistische Analyse anhand eines additiven Bayesian Netzwerkes.

Hässig, Michael / Hanimann, Annina / Lewis, Frazer / Hartnack, Sonja

Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere

2023 Volume 51, Issue 2, Page(s) 77–83

Abstract: Objective: The aim of the present study was to describe the relationship between the biochemical variables used in metabolic profiles and various scores commonly used in herd health management of dairy cows. The Bayesian network was used to determine ... ...

Title translation	Relationship between metabolic profiles in herd health and 4 scoring systems used in dairy herd health programs: Statistical analysis with an additive Bayesian network.
Abstract	Objective: The aim of the present study was to describe the relationship between the biochemical variables used in metabolic profiles and various scores commonly used in herd health management of dairy cows. The Bayesian network was used to determine the relationship between metabolic blood profiles and the scores for body condition (BC), rumen fill (RF), faecal consistency (FC) and undigested fraction (UF) on a herd basis. Materials and methods: In each of 10 dairy herds, blood was collected from a minimum of ten lactating cows for biochemical analysis and generation of metabolic profiles. This yielded a total of 106 blood samples. The biochemical results in the metabolic profiles were stratified by days in milk and compared with the scores of BC, RF, FC and UF using an additive Bayesian network. Results: The blood glucose concentration directly affected the FC score. The was an effect of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) on free fatty acids (FFS). An additional effect of BHB on the concentration of urea was detected. The concentration of urea affected the concentration of phosphorus and GOT activity. Urea concentration also affected the blood concentrations of calcium and subsequently magnesium. Rumen fill had an effect on BC score and liver enzyme activity. Glutathione peroxidase, which is used to assess the levels of selenium in cattle, had no significant relationship with the other variables and was therefore isolated in the model. Conclusion: The use of a multidimensional model, which in this study was an additive Bayesian network, showed the relationships between the biochemical variables in the metabolic profiles and the scoring systems commonly used for the management of dairy cow herds. The relationships between the biochemical variables and the four scoring systems can be used to manage dairy herds more effectively. Clinical relevance: The biochemical variables used in metabolic profiles were correlated with health scoring systems commonly used in dairy herds. The latter can be carried out more rapidly and at a lower cost than metabolic profiles. In dairy cows with metabolic diseases or fertility disorders, scoring systems do not replace detailed evaluations that include metabolic profiles.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Cattle ; Animals ; Lactation ; Bayes Theorem ; Dairying/methods ; Milk/chemistry ; Cattle Diseases ; Urea/analysis ; Metabolome ; 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid/analysis
Chemical Substances	Urea (8W8T17847W) ; 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid (TZP1275679)
Language	German
Publishing date	2023-05-25
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	English Abstract ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2178387-1
ISSN	2567-5834 ; 1434-1220
ISSN (online)	2567-5834
ISSN	1434-1220
DOI	10.1055/a-2061-9990
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Article: Teaching: confidence, prediction and tolerance intervals in scientific practice: a tutorial on binary variables.

Hartnack, Sonja / Roos, Malgorzata

Emerging themes in epidemiology

2021 Volume 18, Issue 1, Page(s) 17

Abstract: Background: One of the emerging themes in epidemiology is the use of interval estimates. Currently, three interval estimates for confidence (CI), prediction (PI), and tolerance (TI) are at a researcher's disposal and are accessible within the open ... ...

Abstract	Background: One of the emerging themes in epidemiology is the use of interval estimates. Currently, three interval estimates for confidence (CI), prediction (PI), and tolerance (TI) are at a researcher's disposal and are accessible within the open access framework in R. These three types of statistical intervals serve different purposes. Confidence intervals are designed to describe a parameter with some uncertainty due to sampling errors. Prediction intervals aim to predict future observation(s), including some uncertainty present in the actual and future samples. Tolerance intervals are constructed to capture a specified proportion of a population with a defined confidence. It is well known that interval estimates support a greater knowledge gain than point estimates. Thus, a good understanding and the use of CI, PI, and TI underlie good statistical practice. While CIs are taught in introductory statistical classes, PIs and TIs are less familiar. Results: In this paper, we provide a concise tutorial on two-sided CI, PI and TI for binary variables. This hands-on tutorial is based on our teaching materials. It contains an overview of the meaning and applicability from both a classical and a Bayesian perspective. Based on a worked-out example from veterinary medicine, we provide guidance and code that can be directly applied in R. Conclusions: This tutorial can be used by others for teaching, either in a class or for self-instruction of students and senior researchers.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2164388-X
ISSN	1742-7622
ISSN	1742-7622
DOI	10.1186/s12982-021-00108-1
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Article ; Online: "What If It Was Your Dog?" Resource Shortages and Decision-Making in Veterinary Medicine-A Vignette Study with German Veterinary Students.

Persson, Kirsten / Gerdts, Wiebke-Rebekka / Hartnack, Sonja / Kunzmann, Peter

Veterinary sciences

2023 Volume 10, Issue 2

Abstract: The here presented vignette study was part of a survey on ethical judgement skills among advanced veterinary students at the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation. The vignette describes a fictitious dilemma in veterinary practice due to ...

Abstract	The here presented vignette study was part of a survey on ethical judgement skills among advanced veterinary students at the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation. The vignette describes a fictitious dilemma in veterinary practice due to medication supply shortages. First, the students should make an ethically justified decision: who of the two patients in the waiting room gets the last dosage of a medication. Important factors were the animal patients' characteristics (age, state of health, life expectancy), the patient owners' wellbeing, and context-related criteria. Second, the students were asked for decisional changes if one of the patients was their own dog. They reacted in four different ways: (1) for a professional, this should not make a difference; (2) most likely being "egoistic" and preferring their own dog; (3) giving the medication to the other dog; and (4) avoiding a decision. Finally, the students judged a list of possible solutions to the dilemma on a 9-point scale. They preferred patient-related criteria to patient-owner-related criteria in this task. In the overall results, it became obvious that no "gold standard" or guidelines for situations of medication shortages exist, yet, which presents an important subject for future research and veterinary ethics teaching.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-17
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2768971-2
ISSN	2306-7381 ; 2306-7381
ISSN (online)	2306-7381
ISSN	2306-7381
DOI	10.3390/vetsci10020161
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Article: Alternative Paradigms in Animal Health Decisions: A Framework for Treating Animals Not Only as Commodities.

Liz Paola, Noguera Z / Torgerson, Paul R / Hartnack, Sonja

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

2022 Volume 12, Issue 14

Abstract: Zoonoses are diseases transmitted from (vertebrate) animals to humans in the environment. The control and prevention of these diseases require an appropriate way to measure health value for prudent and well-balanced decisions in public health, production ...

Abstract	Zoonoses are diseases transmitted from (vertebrate) animals to humans in the environment. The control and prevention of these diseases require an appropriate way to measure health value for prudent and well-balanced decisions in public health, production costs, and market values. Currently, the impact of diseases and animal disease control measures are typically assessed in monetary values, thus lacking consideration of other values such as emotional, societal, ecological, among others. Therefore, a framework is proposed that aims to explore, understand, and open up a conversation about the non-monetary value of animals through environmental and normative ethics. This method might help us complement the existing metrics in health, which are currently DALY and zDALY, adding more comprehensive values for animal and human health to the "One Health" approach. As an example of this framework application, participants can choose what they are willing to give in exchange for curing an animal in hypothetical scenarios selecting a human health condition to suffer, the amount of money, and lifetime as a tradeoff. Considering animals beyond their monetary value in public health decisions might contribute to a more rigorous assessment of the burden of zoonotic diseases, among other health decisions. This study is structured as follows: after a brief introduction of zoonoses, animal health, and health metrics, briefly, different environmental health perspectives are presented. Based on this, a framework for animal health decisions is proposed. This framework introduces the "anthropozoocentric interface" based on anthropocentrism and zoocentrism perspectives.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-20
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2606558-7
ISSN	2076-2615
ISSN	2076-2615
DOI	10.3390/ani12141845
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Article ; Online: Diagnostic value of two-dimensional echocardiographic measurements of the pulmonary artery diameter and the pulmonary artery distensibility index to detect pulmonary hypertension in horses

Ferraro, Alessio / Hartnack, Sonja / Schwarzwald, Colin C.

Journal of Veterinary Cardiology. 2023 Aug. 04,

2023

Abstract: Echocardiographic diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in horses is usually based on Doppler interrogation of tricuspid (TR) or pulmonic regurgitation (PR). This study aimed at investigating two-dimensional echocardiographic (2DE) variables, ... ...

Abstract	Echocardiographic diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in horses is usually based on Doppler interrogation of tricuspid (TR) or pulmonic regurgitation (PR). This study aimed at investigating two-dimensional echocardiographic (2DE) variables, including pulmonary artery diameter (PAD) and pulmonary artery distensibility index (PADI), to diagnose PH. 41 healthy horses, 82 horses with TR or PR and normal intracardiac pressure gradients, and 35 horses with TR or PR velocities indicating PH. The 2DE variables were compared between groups, cut-offs for diagnosis of PH were determined and conditional inference trees served to identify the variable best predicting PH in absence of TR or PR. Horses with PH had larger end-diastolic short-axis PAD (PADₑd₋ₛₓ) (5.8 ± 1.0 cm; mean ± SD) and smaller PADI[/PADₚₛ] (15.4 ± 7.7 %) than healthy horses (5.0 ± 0.6 cm, P<0.0001; 20.5 ± 4.4 %, P<0.001) and horses with TR or PR but no PH (5.3 ± 0.6 cm, P=0.003; 18.8 ± 4.2 %, P=0.005). PADₑd₋ₛₓ predicted PH with sensitivity (Se)=36% and specificity (Sp)=94% (cut-off 6.0 cm, AUC=0.668, P=0.002), while PADI[/PADₚₛ] predicted PH with Se=43% and Sp=92% (cut-off 13.7%, AUC=0.662, P=0.004). In the absence of TR, PADₑd₋ₛₓ and end-diastolic long-axis aortic diameter-to-PADₑd₋ₛₓ ratio (AoDₑd₋ₗₓ/PADₑd₋ₛₓ), were most suitable to diagnose PH. PADₑd₋ₛₓ and PADI were moderately specific but not very sensitive to diagnose PH. Nonetheless, they may be used as complementary indices suggesting PH in the absence of TR or PR.
Keywords	disease diagnosis ; echocardiography ; hypertension ; pulmonary artery ; Cardiac ultrasound ; pulmonary artery pressures ; diagnostic test ; sensitivity ; specificity
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-0804
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Pre-press version
ZDB-ID	2198278-8
ISSN	1875-0834 ; 1760-2734
ISSN (online)	1875-0834
ISSN	1760-2734
DOI	10.1016/j.jvc.2023.08.001
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: [No title information]

Hässig, Michael / Hanimann, Annina / Lewis, Frazer / Hartnack, Sonja

Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe G: Großtiere / Nutztiere

2023 Volume 51, Issue 02, Page(s) 77–83

Abstract: Gegenstand und Ziel: Die vorliegende Arbeit hatte das Ziel, mit Hilfe eines Bayesian Netzwerkes den Zusammenhang zwischen metabolischen Profilen und verschiedenen, in der Bestandsbetreuung von Milchkühen ...

Abstract	Gegenstand und Ziel: Die vorliegende Arbeit hatte das Ziel, mit Hilfe eines Bayesian Netzwerkes den Zusammenhang zwischen metabolischen Profilen und verschiedenen, in der Bestandsbetreuung von Milchkühen üblicherweise gebrauchten Scores zu objektivieren. Es wurde untersucht, ob zwischen den metabolischen Blutprofilen und dem Body Condition Score (BCS), dem Rumen Filling Score (RFS), dem Faeces Condition Score (FCS) und dem Undigested Fraction Score (UFS) auf Herdenbasis ein Zusammenhang besteht und ob die Bestandsscores das metabolische Profil zu ersetzen vermögen. Material und Methoden: Mittels blutchemischer Untersuchungen wurden von jeweils mindestens 10 Milchkühen aus 10 Betrieben, insgesamt 106 Proben, ein metabolisches Profil in den verschiedenen Leistungssphasen erstellt. Diese wurden oben angeführten Scores bei denselben Kühen gegenübergestellt. Aus den Daten wurde ein additives Bayesian Netzwerk erstellt. Ergebnisse: Im additiven Bayesian Netzwerk war ersichtlich, dass die Glukosekonzentration im Blut direkt auf die Kotkonsistenz (FCS) einwirkte. Es bestand eine Einwirkung des β-Hydroxybutyrat (BHB) auf die freien Fettsäuren (FFS). Der Harnstoff beeinflusste Phosphor im Blut wie auch die Glutamat-Oxalacetat-Transaminase (GOT). Der Harnstoff beeinflusste auch Kalzium im Blut und dieses dann Magnesium im Blut. Ein Zusammenhang des RFS mit dem BCS und einer erhöhten Leberaktivität wurde festgestellt. Die Glutathionperoxidase (GSH-Px), welche als Parameter für die Selenversorgung des Rindes herangezogen wird, hatte keinen signifikanten Zusammenhang mit den anderen gemessenen Parametern. Die GSH-Px und UFS standen isoliert im Modell. Schlussfolgerung: Durch die Anwendung eines multidimensionalen Modells, speziell eines additiven Bayesian Netzwerks, konnten Zusammenhänge zwischen Parametern von metabolischen Profilen und 4 Scoring-Systemen der Bestandsbetreuung von Milchkühen offengelegt werden. Mit diesen Zusammenhängen können die untersuchten 4 Scoring-Systeme effektiver in der Bestandsbetreuung eingesetzt werden. Klinische Relevanz: Es bestehen Zusammenhänge zwischen metabolischen Profilen und Gesundheitsscores. Letztere sind schneller verfügbar und kostengünstiger. Bei Milchkühen mit metabolischen Erkrankungen oder Fruchtbarkeitsstörungen ersetzt das Scoring eine detaillierte Auswertung mittels metabolischer Profile nicht.
Keywords	Bestandsmedizin ; Scoring ; blutchemische Profile ; Milchvieh ; herd health ; scoring ; biochemical profiles ; dairy cattle
Language	German
Publishing date	2023-04-01
Publisher	Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Publishing place	Stuttgart ; New York
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2178387-1
ISSN	2567-5834 ; 1434-1220
ISSN (online)	2567-5834
ISSN	1434-1220
DOI	10.1055/a-2061-9990
Database	Thieme publisher's database

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Article ; Online: Addressing misclassification bias in vaccine effectiveness studies with an application to Covid-19.

Eusebi, Paolo / Speybroeck, Niko / Hartnack, Sonja / Stærk-Østergaard, Jacob / Denwood, Matthew J / Kostoulas, Polychronis

BMC medical research methodology

2023 Volume 23, Issue 1, Page(s) 55

Abstract: Safe and effective vaccines are crucial for the control of Covid-19 and to protect individuals at higher risk of severe disease. The test-negative design is a popular option for evaluating the effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccines. However, the findings ... ...

Abstract	Safe and effective vaccines are crucial for the control of Covid-19 and to protect individuals at higher risk of severe disease. The test-negative design is a popular option for evaluating the effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccines. However, the findings could be biased by several factors, including imperfect sensitivity and/or specificity of the test used for diagnosing the SARS-Cov-2 infection. We propose a simple Bayesian modeling approach for estimating vaccine effectiveness that is robust even when the diagnostic test is imperfect. We use simulation studies to demonstrate the robustness of our method to misclassification bias and illustrate the utility of our approach using real-world examples.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Bayes Theorem ; Vaccine Efficacy ; SARS-CoV-2
Chemical Substances	COVID-19 Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-27
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2041362-2
ISSN	1471-2288 ; 1471-2288
ISSN (online)	1471-2288
ISSN	1471-2288
DOI	10.1186/s12874-023-01853-4
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