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Article ; Online: Big Five personality traits and COVID-19 precautionary behaviors among older adults in Europe.

Airaksinen, Jaakko / Komulainen, Kaisla / Jokela, Markus / Gluschkoff, Kia

Aging and health research

2021 Volume 1, Issue 4, Page(s) 100038

Abstract: Objectives: Taking precautions against COVID-19 is important among older adults who have a greater risk for severe illness if infected. We examined whether Big Five personality traits are associated with COVID-19 precautionary behaviors among older ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: Taking precautions against COVID-19 is important among older adults who have a greater risk for severe illness if infected. We examined whether Big Five personality traits are associated with COVID-19 precautionary behaviors among older adults in Europe. Method: We used data from the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe ( Results: Personality traits were differentially associated with precautionary behaviors, with higher openness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism showing the most consistent associations. The pattern of associations between personality traits and precautionary behaviors varied depending on the specific behavior. The associations were relatively weak in comparison to those between sociodemographic factors and precautionary behaviors. Conclusions: Among older adults, taking COVID-19 precautionary behaviors was most consistently related to higher openness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism, suggesting that precautionary behaviors may be motivated by multiple psychological differences.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-20
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2667-0321
ISSN (online)	2667-0321
DOI	10.1016/j.ahr.2021.100038
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Article ; Online: Connectivity of depression symptoms before and after diagnosis of a chronic disease: A network analysis in the U.S. Health and Retirement Study.

Airaksinen, Jaakko / Gluschkoff, Kia / Kivimäki, Mika / Jokela, Markus

Journal of affective disorders

2020 Volume 266, Page(s) 230–234

Abstract: Background: Many chronic diseases increase the risk of depressive symptoms, but few studies have examined whether these diseases also affect the composition of symptoms a person is likely to experience. As the risk and progression of depression may vary ...

Abstract	Background: Many chronic diseases increase the risk of depressive symptoms, but few studies have examined whether these diseases also affect the composition of symptoms a person is likely to experience. As the risk and progression of depression may vary between chronic diseases, we used network analysis to examine how depression symptoms are connected before and after the diagnosis of diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and cancer. Methods: Participants (N = 7779) were from the longitudinal survey of the Health and Retirement Study. Participants were eligible if they had information on depression symptoms two and/or four years before and after the diagnosis of either diabetes, heart disease, cancer or stroke. We formed a control group with no chronic disease that was matched on age, sex and ethnic background to those with a disease. We constructed depression symptom networks and compared the overall connectivity of those networks, and depression symptom sum scores, for before and after the diagnosis of each disease. Results: Depression symptom sum scores increased with the diagnosis of each disease. The connectivity of depression symptoms remained unchanged for all the diseases, except for stroke, for which the connectivity decreased with the diagnosis. Limitations: Comorbidity with other chronic diseases was not controlled for as we focused on the onset of specific diseases. Conclusions: Our results suggest that although the mean level of depression symptoms increases after the diagnosis of chronic disease, with most chronic diseases, these changes are not reflected in the network structure of depression symptoms.
MeSH term(s)	Chronic Disease ; Comorbidity ; Depression/diagnosis ; Depression/epidemiology ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Retirement
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-29
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	135449-8
ISSN	1573-2517 ; 0165-0327
ISSN (online)	1573-2517
ISSN	0165-0327
DOI	10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.170
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Article ; Online: Prediction of violence or threat of violence among employees in social work, healthcare and education: the Finnish Public Sector cohort study.

Airaksinen, Jaakko / Pentti, Jaana / Seppälä, Piia / Virtanen, Marianna / Ropponen, Annina / Elovainio, Marko / Kivimäki, Mika / Ervasti, Jenni

BMJ open

2023 Volume 13, Issue 8, Page(s) e075489

Abstract: Objectives: To develop a risk prediction algorithm for identifying work units with increased risk of violence in the workplace.: Design: Prospective cohort study.: Setting: Public sector employees in Finland.: Participants: 18 540 nurses, ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: To develop a risk prediction algorithm for identifying work units with increased risk of violence in the workplace. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Public sector employees in Finland. Participants: 18 540 nurses, social and youth workers, and teachers from 4276 work units who completed a survey on work characteristics, including prevalence and frequency of workplace violence/threat of violence at baseline in 2018-2019 and at follow-up in 2020-2021. Those who reported daily or weekly exposure to violence or threat of violence daily at baseline were excluded. Exposures: Mean scores of responses to 87 survey items at baseline were calculated for each work unit, and those scores were then assigned to each employee within that work unit. The scores measured sociodemographic characteristics and work characteristics of the work unit. Primary outcome measure: Increase in workplace violence between baseline and follow-up (0=no increase, 1=increase). Results: A total of 7% (323/4487) of the registered nurses, 15% (457/3109) of the practical nurses, 5% of the social and youth workers (162/3442) and 5% of the teachers (360/7502) reported more frequent violence/threat of violence at follow-up than at baseline. The area under the curve values estimating the prediction accuracy of the prediction models were 0.72 for social and youth workers, 0.67 for nurses, and 0.63 for teachers. The risk prediction model for registered nurses included five work unit characteristics associated with more frequent violence at follow-up. The model for practical nurses included six characteristics, the model for social and youth workers seven characteristics and the model for teachers included four characteristics statistically significantly associated with higher likelihood of increased violence. Conclusions: The generated risk prediction models identified employees working in work units with high likelihood of future workplace violence with reasonable accuracy. These survey-based algorithms can be used to target interventions to prevent workplace violence.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Humans ; Finland/epidemiology ; Cohort Studies ; Prospective Studies ; Public Sector ; Workplace Violence ; Social Work ; Delivery of Health Care
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2599832-8
ISSN	2044-6055 ; 2044-6055
ISSN (online)	2044-6055
ISSN	2044-6055
DOI	10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075489
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Article ; Online: An Example of How Immortal Time Bias Can Reverse the Results of an Observational Study.

Airaksinen, Jaakko / Pentti, Jaana / Suominen, Sakari / Vahtera, Jussi / Kivimäki, Mika

Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)

2019 Volume 31, Issue 2, Page(s) e19–e20

MeSH term(s)	Bias ; Humans ; Observational Studies as Topic ; Time Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-09-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Letter
ZDB-ID	1053263-8
ISSN	1531-5487 ; 1044-3983
ISSN (online)	1531-5487
ISSN	1044-3983
DOI	10.1097/EDE.0000000000001103
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Article ; Online: Prediction of bullying at work: A data-driven analysis of the Finnish public sector cohort study.

Ervasti, Jenni / Pentti, Jaana / Seppälä, Piia / Ropponen, Annina / Virtanen, Marianna / Elovainio, Marko / Chandola, Tarani / Kivimäki, Mika / Airaksinen, Jaakko

Social science & medicine (1982)

2022 Volume 317, Page(s) 115590

Abstract: Aim: To determine the extent to which change in (i.e., start and end of) workplace bullying can be predicted by employee responses to standard workplace surveys.: Methods: Responses to an 87-item survey from 48,537 Finnish public sector employees at ... ...

Abstract	Aim: To determine the extent to which change in (i.e., start and end of) workplace bullying can be predicted by employee responses to standard workplace surveys. Methods: Responses to an 87-item survey from 48,537 Finnish public sector employees at T1 (2017-2018) and T2 (2019-2020) were analyzed with least-absolute-shrinkage-and-selection-operator (LASSO) regression. The predictors were modelled both at the individual- and the work unit level. Outcomes included both the start and the end of bullying. Predictive performance was evaluated with C-indices and density plots. Results: The model with best predictive ability predicted the start of bullying with individual-level predictors, had a C-index of 0.68 and included 25 variables, of which 6 remained in a more parsimonious model: discrimination at work unit, unreasonably high workload, threat that some work tasks will be terminated, working in a work unit where everyone did not feel they are understood and accepted, having a supervisor who was not highly trusted, and a shorter time in current position. Other models performed even worse, either from the point of view of predictive performance, or practical useability. Discussion: While many bivariate associations between socioeconomic characteristics, work characteristics, leadership, team climate, and job satisfaction were observed, reliable individualized detection of individuals at risk of becoming bullied at workplace was not successful. The predictive performance of the developed risk scores was suboptimal, and we do not recommend their use as an individual-level risk prediction tool. However, they might be useful tool to inform decision-making when planning the contents of interventions to prevent bullying at an organizational level.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Cohort Studies ; Public Sector ; Finland ; Workplace ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Bullying
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	4766-1
ISSN	1873-5347 ; 0037-7856 ; 0277-9536
ISSN (online)	1873-5347
ISSN	0037-7856 ; 0277-9536
DOI	10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115590
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Article ; Online: Predicting work disability among people with chronic conditions: a prospective cohort study.

Nyberg, Solja T / Airaksinen, Jaakko / Pentti, Jaana / Ervasti, Jenni / Jokela, Markus / Vahtera, Jussi / Virtanen, Marianna / Elovainio, Marko / Batty, G David / Kivimäki, Mika

Scientific reports

2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 6334

Abstract: Few risk prediction scores are available to identify people at increased risk of work disability, particularly for those with an existing morbidity. We examined the predictive performance of disability risk scores for employees with chronic disease. We ... ...

Abstract	Few risk prediction scores are available to identify people at increased risk of work disability, particularly for those with an existing morbidity. We examined the predictive performance of disability risk scores for employees with chronic disease. We used prospective data from 88,521 employed participants (mean age 43.1) in the Finnish Public Sector Study including people with chronic disorders: musculoskeletal disorder, depression, migraine, respiratory disease, hypertension, cancer, coronary heart disease, diabetes, comorbid depression and cardiometabolic disease. A total of 105 predictors were assessed at baseline. During a mean follow-up of 8.6 years, 6836 (7.7%) participants were granted a disability pension. C-statistics for the 8-item Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH) risk score, comprising age, self-rated health, number of sickness absences, socioeconomic position, number of chronic illnesses, sleep problems, BMI, and smoking at baseline, exceeded 0.72 for all disease groups and was 0.80 (95% CI 0.80-0.81) for participants with musculoskeletal disorders, 0.83 (0.82-0.84) for those with migraine, and 0.82 (0.81-0.83) for individuals with respiratory disease. Predictive performance was not significantly improved in models with re-estimated coefficients or a new set of predictors. These findings suggest that the 8-item FIOH work disability risk score may serve as a scalable screening tool in identifying individuals with increased risk for work disability.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Adult ; Prospective Studies ; Disabled Persons ; Risk Factors ; Comorbidity ; Migraine Disorders/epidemiology ; Finland/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-023-33120-3
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Article ; Online: Predicting long-term sickness absence with employee questionnaires and administrative records: a prospective cohort study of hospital employees.

Nyberg, Solja T / Elovainio, Marko / Pentti, Jaana / Frank, Philipp / Ervasti, Jenni / Härmä, Mikko / Koskinen, Aki / Peutere, Laura / Ropponen, Annina / Vahtera, Jussi / Virtanen, Marianna / Airaksinen, Jaakko / Batty, G David / Kivimäki, Mika

Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health

2023 Volume 49, Issue 8, Page(s) 610–620

Abstract: Objective: This study aimed to compare the utility of risk estimation derived from questionnaires and administrative records in predicting long-term sickness absence among shift workers.: Methods: This prospective cohort study comprised 3197 shift- ... ...

Abstract	Objective: This study aimed to compare the utility of risk estimation derived from questionnaires and administrative records in predicting long-term sickness absence among shift workers. Methods: This prospective cohort study comprised 3197 shift-working hospital employees (mean age 44.5 years, 88.0% women) who responded to a brief 8-item questionnaire on work disability risk factors and were linked to 28 variables on their working hour and workplace characteristics obtained from administrative registries at study baseline. The primary outcome was the first sickness absence lasting ≥90 days during a 4-year follow-up. Results: The C-index of 0.73 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.70-0.77] for a questionnaire-only based prediction model, 0.71 (95% CI 0.67-0.75) for an administrative records-only model, and 0.79 (95% CI 0.76-0.82) for a model combining variables from both data sources indicated good discriminatory ability. For a 5%-estimated risk as a threshold for positive test results, the detection rates were 76%, 74%, and 75% and the false positive rates were 40%, 45% and 34% for the three models. For a 20%-risk threshold, the corresponding detection rates were 14%, 8%, and 27% and the false positive rates were 2%, 2%, and 4%. To detect one true positive case with these models, the number of false positive cases accompanied varied between 7 and 10 using the 5%-estimated risk, and between 2 and 3 using the 20%-estimated risk cut-off. The pattern of results was similar using 30-day sickness absence as the outcome. Conclusions: The best predictive performance was reached with a model including both questionnaire responses and administrative records. Prediction was almost as accurate with models using only variables from one of these data sources. Further research is needed to examine the generalizability of these findings.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Female ; Adult ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Personnel, Hospital ; Workplace ; Sick Leave ; Absenteeism ; Hospitals
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-10
Publishing country	Finland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	191563-0
ISSN	1795-990X ; 0355-3140
ISSN (online)	1795-990X
ISSN	0355-3140
DOI	10.5271/sjweh.4124
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Article ; Online: Specific symptoms of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) in predicting persistence of psychological distress: Data from two prospective cohort studies.

Jokela, Markus / García-Velázquez, Regina / Komulainen, Kaisla / Savelieva, Kateryna / Airaksinen, Jaakko / Gluschkoff, Kia

Journal of psychiatric research

2020 Volume 143, Page(s) 550–555

Abstract: Persistent psychological distress is more harmful than transient psychological distress, but little is known about the development of persistent distress. We examined whether some specific symptoms of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) ... ...

Abstract	Persistent psychological distress is more harmful than transient psychological distress, but little is known about the development of persistent distress. We examined whether some specific symptoms of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) were more important than others in predicting the persistence of psychological distress over a 3-year follow-up period among individuals who had at least moderate psychological distress at baseline (GHQ≥3). Participants were from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS; n = 6430) and British Household Panel Survey (BHPS; n = 5954). Sense of worthlessness, loss of self-confidence, loss of sleep over worry, and feelings of strain were associated with increasingly persistent distress. General happiness, feelings of unhappiness or depressed mood, and enjoyment of activities showed no such increasing associations. Symptoms of social functioning (capability of making decisions, concentration problems, feelings of usefulness, ability to face problems) showed some but not consistent associations. These results suggest that feelings of worthlessness, loss of self-confidence, loss of sleep over worry, and strain may be particularly important markers for persistent psychological distress.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Prospective Studies ; Psychological Distress ; Stress, Psychological/epidemiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	3148-3
ISSN	1879-1379 ; 0022-3956
ISSN (online)	1879-1379
ISSN	0022-3956
DOI	10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.11.026
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Article ; Online: Association of depressive symptoms with health care utilization in older adults: Longitudinal evidence from the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe.

Komulainen, Kaisla / Gluschkoff, Kia / García Velázquez, Regina / Airaksinen, Jaakko / Szmulewicz, Alejandro / Jokela, Markus

International journal of geriatric psychiatry

2020 Volume 36, Issue 4, Page(s) 521–529

Abstract: Objectives: Many older adults with depression do not receive adequate treatment. Differences in treatment utilization may reflect the heterogeneous nature of depression, encompassing multiple distinct symptoms. We assessed whether depressive symptoms ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: Many older adults with depression do not receive adequate treatment. Differences in treatment utilization may reflect the heterogeneous nature of depression, encompassing multiple distinct symptoms. We assessed whether depressive symptoms are differentially associated with subsequent health care utilization with respect to three outcomes as follows: (1) contact with a medical doctor (MD), (2) depression-specific treatment, and (3) inpatient psychiatric admission. Methods/design: Longitudinal analyses were based on data from three follow-up cycles conducted between 2004 and 2013 among 53,139 participants from the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe. Depressive symptoms were self-reported at baseline of each follow-up cycle using the 12-item EURO-D scale. Health care utilization was self-reported at the end of each follow-up cycle. Results: After adjustment for sex, age, country of interview, follow-up time, educational attainment, presence of a partner in household, body-mass index, the number of chronic diseases, disability, average/prior frequency of contact with an MD, and all other depressive symptoms, people with more frequent contact with an MD had most often reported sleep problems (IRR = 1.10) and fatigue (IRR = 1.10), followed by sad/depressed mood, tearfulness, concentration problems, guilt, irritability, and changes in appetite. Those treated for depression had most often reported sad/depressed mood (OR = 2.18) and suicidal ideation (OR = 1.72), but also sleep problems, changes in appetite, fatigue, concentration problems, hopelessness, and irritability. Sad/depressed mood (OR = 2.87) was also associated with psychiatric inpatient admission. Similarly to other outcomes, appetite change, fatigue, and sleep problems were associated with inpatient admission. Conclusions: Specific symptoms of depression may determine utilization of different types of health care among elderly.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Aging ; Depression/epidemiology ; Europe/epidemiology ; Humans ; Patient Acceptance of Health Care ; Retirement
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-26
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	806736-3
ISSN	1099-1166 ; 0885-6230
ISSN (online)	1099-1166
ISSN	0885-6230
DOI	10.1002/gps.5447
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Article ; Online: Predicting long-term sickness absence with employee questionnaires and administrative records

Solja T Nyberg / Marko Elovainio / Jaana Pentti / Philipp Frank / Jenni Ervasti / Mikko Härmä / Aki Koskinen / Laura Peutere / Annina Ropponen / Jussi Vahtera / Marianna Virtanen / Jaakko Airaksinen / G David Batty / Mika Kivimäki

Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, Vol 49, Iss 8, Pp 610-

a prospective cohort study of hospital employees

2023 Volume 620

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the utility of risk estimation derived from questionnaires and administrative records in predicting long-term sickness absence among shift workers. METHODS: This prospective cohort study comprised 3197 shift-working ...

Abstract	OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the utility of risk estimation derived from questionnaires and administrative records in predicting long-term sickness absence among shift workers. METHODS: This prospective cohort study comprised 3197 shift-working hospital employees (mean age 44.5 years, 88.0% women) who responded to a brief 8-item questionnaire on work disability risk factors and were linked to 28 variables on their working hour and workplace characteristics obtained from administrative registries at study baseline. The primary outcome was the first sickness absence lasting ≥90 days during a 4-year follow-up. RESULTS: The C-index of 0.73 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.70–0.77] for a questionnaire-only based prediction model, 0.71 (95% CI 0.67–0.75) for an administrative records-only model, and 0.79 (95% CI 0.76–0.82) for a model combining variables from both data sources indicated good discriminatory ability. For a 5%-estimated risk as a threshold for positive test results, the detection rates were 76%, 74%, and 75% and the false positive rates were 40%, 45% and 34% for the three models. For a 20%-risk threshold, the corresponding detection rates were 14%, 8%, and 27% and the false positive rates were 2%, 2%, and 4%. To detect one true positive case with these models, the number of false positive cases accompanied varied between 7 and 10 using the 5%-estimated risk, and between 2 and 3 using the 20%-estimated risk cut-off. The pattern of results was similar using 30-day sickness absence as the outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The best predictive performance was reached with a model including both questionnaire responses and administrative records. Prediction was almost as accurate with models using only variables from one of these data sources. Further research is needed to examine the generalizability of these findings.
Keywords	hospital employee ; employee questionnaire ; administrative record ; machine learning ; risk prediction ; survey data ; sickness absence ; prospective cohort study ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	310
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nordic Association of Occupational Safety and Health (NOROSH)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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