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Article ; Online: Long-Term Climate Sensitivity of Resin-Tapped and Non-Resin-Tapped Scots Pine Trees Based on Tree Ring Width and Blue Intensity

Jakubowski, Marcin / Dobroczyński, Marek

Forests. 2023 Mar. 16, v. 14, no. 3

2023

Abstract: The resin tapping of pine trees in Poland ended in the early 1990s. However, we can still find individual trees, and sometimes larger groups of trees, that were tapped. This study focused on the effect of the mechanical wounding of trees during resin ... ...

Abstract	The resin tapping of pine trees in Poland ended in the early 1990s. However, we can still find individual trees, and sometimes larger groups of trees, that were tapped. This study focused on the effect of the mechanical wounding of trees during resin tapping on the growth and climatic sensitivity of pine trees. The study concerned a 160-year-old pine stand in northwestern Poland in which resin tapping was last performed in the 1970s. All the trees had remained standing because of their high quality, which had destined them for seed collection. The stand included both resin-tapped (RT) and non-RT (NRT) trees. Our study was based on a dendrochronological analysis of two signals—annual tree ring widths (TRWs) and their delta blue intensity (DBI). We observed a significant increase in annual TRW after resin tapping had ceased, alongside a decrease in the DBI. The temporal stability in growth response was examined using daily climatic correlations from 1921 to 2021. It was found that the climatic sensitivity of RT and NRT pines was similar. There were differences in only some of the years, most while resin tapping was occurring, and then approximately 20 years after the resin tapping had ceased. However, these were small differences that mainly related to the strength of the correlation. It was also discovered that we can obtain different types of information from the study of TRWs and DBI.
Keywords	climate ; dendrochronology ; growth rings ; seed collecting ; Poland
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-0316
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2527081-3
ISSN	1999-4907
ISSN	1999-4907
DOI	10.3390/f14030593
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Long-Term Climate Sensitivity of Resin-Tapped and Non-Resin-Tapped Scots Pine Trees Based on Tree Ring Width and Blue Intensity

Marcin Jakubowski / Marek Dobroczyński

Forests, Vol 14, Iss 593, p

2023 Volume 593

Abstract	The resin tapping of pine trees in Poland ended in the early 1990s. However, we can still find individual trees, and sometimes larger groups of trees, that were tapped. This study focused on the effect of the mechanical wounding of trees during resin tapping on the growth and climatic sensitivity of pine trees. The study concerned a 160-year-old pine stand in northwestern Poland in which resin tapping was last performed in the 1970s. All the trees had remained standing because of their high quality, which had destined them for seed collection. The stand included both resin-tapped (RT) and non-RT (NRT) trees. Our study was based on a dendrochronological analysis of two signals—annual tree ring widths (TRWs) and their delta blue intensity (DBI). We observed a significant increase in annual TRW after resin tapping had ceased, alongside a decrease in the DBI. The temporal stability in growth response was examined using daily climatic correlations from 1921 to 2021. It was found that the climatic sensitivity of RT and NRT pines was similar. There were differences in only some of the years, most while resin tapping was occurring, and then approximately 20 years after the resin tapping had ceased. However, these were small differences that mainly related to the strength of the correlation. It was also discovered that we can obtain different types of information from the study of TRWs and DBI.
Keywords	resin tapping ; tree response ; dendrochronology ; delta blue intensity ; Plant ecology ; QK900-989
Subject code	910
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Allocation of Wood Density in European Oak (Quercus robur L.) Trees Grown under a Canopy of Scots Pine

Jakubowski, Marcin / Dobroczyński, Marek

Forests. 2021 May 30, v. 12, no. 6

2021

Abstract: The allocation of wood density in trees depends on many factors, but mainly on the tree species. A great number of studies have analysed wood density in dominant or codominant trees, but only a few have focused on trees grown under canopy. We examined ... ...

Abstract	The allocation of wood density in trees depends on many factors, but mainly on the tree species. A great number of studies have analysed wood density in dominant or codominant trees, but only a few have focused on trees grown under canopy. We examined the basic wood density and fresh wood density of natural origin oaks growing under canopy of artificially planted Scots pine. The major purpose of the work was to study the wood density allocation in different parts of the trees such as the trunk and branches. From a total of 80 oaks we selected eight model trees and measured biometric features of their trunks and crowns. Wood samples from different parts of the trunk and crown were collected after the trees were felled. We observed significant differences between the average basic wood density (595 kg·m⁻³) and the average fresh wood density (1031 kg·m⁻³). The central part of the trunk and heartwood shows much higher density than the outer part of the trunk and sapwood, which corresponds to the model of ring-porous trees. Both types of wood density (basic and fresh) were also higher in the trunk than in the branches. The wood density of the branches differed between two zones: A1, which was closer to the trunk and had higher density; and A2, which was farther away from the trunk with lower density. Wood density shows positive correlation with crown length but not with crown width, which was more connected with diameter at breast height. We found lower value of slenderness than the value reported by other authors in oaks planted without canopy. The allocation of wood density in trees is associated with the potential mechanical load.
Keywords	Quercus robur ; biometry ; canopy ; heartwood ; mechanical loads ; models ; sapwood ; tree and stand measurements ; trees ; wood ; wood density
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0530
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2527081-3
ISSN	1999-4907
ISSN	1999-4907
DOI	10.3390/f12060712
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Allocation of Wood Density in European Oak ( Quercus robur L.) Trees Grown under a Canopy of Scots Pine

Marcin Jakubowski / Marek Dobroczyński

Forests, Vol 12, Iss 712, p

2021 Volume 712

Abstract	The allocation of wood density in trees depends on many factors, but mainly on the tree species. A great number of studies have analysed wood density in dominant or codominant trees, but only a few have focused on trees grown under canopy. We examined the basic wood density and fresh wood density of natural origin oaks growing under canopy of artificially planted Scots pine. The major purpose of the work was to study the wood density allocation in different parts of the trees such as the trunk and branches. From a total of 80 oaks we selected eight model trees and measured biometric features of their trunks and crowns. Wood samples from different parts of the trunk and crown were collected after the trees were felled. We observed significant differences between the average basic wood density (595 kg·m −3 ) and the average fresh wood density (1031 kg·m −3 ). The central part of the trunk and heartwood shows much higher density than the outer part of the trunk and sapwood, which corresponds to the model of ring-porous trees. Both types of wood density (basic and fresh) were also higher in the trunk than in the branches. The wood density of the branches differed between two zones: A1, which was closer to the trunk and had higher density; and A2, which was farther away from the trunk with lower density. Wood density shows positive correlation with crown length but not with crown width, which was more connected with diameter at breast height. We found lower value of slenderness than the value reported by other authors in oaks planted without canopy. The allocation of wood density in trees is associated with the potential mechanical load.
Keywords	wood density ; basic density ; green density ; fresh density ; crown ; branches ; Plant ecology ; QK900-989
Subject code	519
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Biological monitoring versus air monitoring strategies in assessing environmental-occupational exposure.

Jakubowski, Marek

Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM

2012 Volume 14, Issue 2, Page(s) 348–352

Abstract: Assessment of environmental and occupational exposure to chemicals can be performed with environmental monitoring (EM) and biological monitoring (BM). Biological monitoring was for a long time considered as a method complementary to environmental ... ...

Abstract	Assessment of environmental and occupational exposure to chemicals can be performed with environmental monitoring (EM) and biological monitoring (BM). Biological monitoring was for a long time considered as a method complementary to environmental monitoring. At present this attitude is changing and in certain areas biological monitoring is applied as the method of choice for exposure and health-risk assessment. This paper examines advantages and disadvantages of those two approaches. In occupational settings environmental monitoring of exposure to VOCs seems to be superior to biological monitoring (possibility of simultaneous determination of components of mixtures, simple interpretation, possibility of evaluation of short-term exposure to local irritants). In the case of this group of compounds BM can be useful in selected cases such as evaluation of dermal absorption or efficiency of protective measures. In the case of metals both forms of monitoring can be used depending on the available methods for interpretation of results. BM of exposure may be considered as superior for evaluating the effects of exposure to lead, cadmium and mercury. However, quantitative evaluation of cancer risk after exposure to arsenic or chromium is possible only on the basis of determination in the air and the use of unit risk values. Both environmental and biological monitoring are useful for evaluation of occupational and environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In certain areas such as evaluation of exposure to external tobacco smoking, cytostatic drugs, and pesticides, biological monitoring is the method of choice used for individual exposure assessment or tracing the trends of environmental exposure.
MeSH term(s)	Environmental Exposure/analysis ; Environmental Exposure/statistics & numerical data ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Environmental Pollutants/analysis ; Environmental Pollution/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Risk Assessment
Chemical Substances	Environmental Pollutants
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1453583-x
ISSN	1464-0333 ; 1464-0325
ISSN (online)	1464-0333
ISSN	1464-0325
DOI	10.1039/c1em10706b
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Simulation Studies on Centrifugal MQL-CCA Method of Applying Coolant during Internal Cylindrical Grinding Process.

Kieraś, Seweryn / Jakubowski, Marek / Nadolny, Krzysztof

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

2020 Volume 13, Issue 11

Abstract: This paper describes simulation studies regarding the application of the centrifugal minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) method simultaneously with the delivery of a compressed cooled air (CCA) stream in the internal cylindrical grinding process. The idea ...

Abstract	This paper describes simulation studies regarding the application of the centrifugal minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) method simultaneously with the delivery of a compressed cooled air (CCA) stream in the internal cylindrical grinding process. The idea of a new hybrid cooling and lubrication method connecting centrifugal (through a grinding wheel) lubrication by MQL with a CCA stream is described. The methodology of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation studies, as well as the results of numerical simulations, are presented in detail. The aim of the simulations was to determine the most favourable geometrical and kinematic parameters of the system in the context of air-oil aerosol and CCA flow, as well as heat exchange. In the simulation, the variables were the grinding arbor geometrical parameters, the angle of CCA supply line outlets, and the grinding wheel and workpiece peripheral speed. As a result of the simulation studies, the most favourable geometrical parameters were designated, determining the orientation of the ends of the two CCA supply line outlets before and after the grinding zone, the number of openings in the drilled-out grinding arbor, and the influence of the grinding speed on the parameters of the coolant flow and temperature of objects in the grinding zone. In addition, the results of simulation tests made it possible to visualise the velocity vectors of the two-phase coolant flow in a complex system of air-oil aerosol delivery centrifugally through an open structure of a very fast rotating porous layer (grinding wheel), with an additional supply of CCA using an external cold air gun (CAG).
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-05-31
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2487261-1
ISSN	1996-1944
ISSN	1996-1944
DOI	10.3390/ma13112506
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Predictive Model for the Surface Tension Changes of Chemical Solutions Used in a Clean-in-Place System.

Piepiórka-Stepuk, Joanna / Sterczyńska, Monika / Kalak, Tomasz / Jakubowski, Marek

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

2021 Volume 14, Issue 13

Abstract: The paper presents the results concerning the influence of concentration and storage time on the equilibrium surface tension of chemical solutions used in a clean-in place (CIP) system. Standard cleaning solutions (prepared under laboratory conditions) ... ...

Abstract	The paper presents the results concerning the influence of concentration and storage time on the equilibrium surface tension of chemical solutions used in a clean-in place (CIP) system. Standard cleaning solutions (prepared under laboratory conditions) and industrial solutions (used in a CIP system in a brewery) were subjected to tests. Solutions from the brewery were collected after being regenerated and changes in equilibrium surface tension were studied during a three-month storage. In the statistical analysis of the solutions, standard deviations were determined in relation to the averages, and a Tukey's multiple comparison test was performed to determine the effect of dependent variables on the surface tension of solutions. From the results, a nonlinear regression model was developed that provided a mathematical description of the kinetics of changes in the wetting properties of the solutions during their storage. A linear-logarithmic function was adopted to describe the regeneration. Numerical calculations were performed based on the nonlinear least squares method using the Gauss-Newton algorithm. The adequacy of the regression models with respect to the empirical data was verified by the coefficient of determination R and the standard error of estimation Se. The results showed that as the concentration of the substance in the cleaning solution increased, its wetting properties decreased. The same effect was observed with increased storage time as the greatest changes occurred during the first eight weeks. The study also showed that the use of substances to stabilize the cleaning solutions prevented deterioration of their wetting properties, regardless of the concentration of the active substance or storage time.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-22
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2487261-1
ISSN	1996-1944
ISSN	1996-1944
DOI	10.3390/ma14133479
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Multiphase model of flow and separation phases in a whirlpool: Advanced simulation and phenomena visualization approach

Stachnik, Marta / Jakubowski, Marek

Journal of food engineering. 2020 June, v. 274

2020

Abstract: In whirlpool, a separator used in the brewing industry, the deposits accumulate in the central zone at the bottom of the separator. The deposit assumes a shape that resembles a flattened cone, referred to as the “tea leaf paradox.” It is so-named because ...

Abstract	In whirlpool, a separator used in the brewing industry, the deposits accumulate in the central zone at the bottom of the separator. The deposit assumes a shape that resembles a flattened cone, referred to as the “tea leaf paradox.” It is so-named because the deposit accumulates seemingly against the influence of the centrifugal force that develops from the rotating movement of the mixture. Previous studies have performed a simulation of the two-phase volume of fraction (VOF) model with swirling liquid and air. In the present study, we suggest an expansion of the existing model with a dispersed phase of the hot trub. A three-phase VOF model was built to analyze the movement and formation of the cone. Material data obtained referred to the wort and hot trub after boiling with hops. The simulated shape of the cone was compared to its counterparts obtained under industrial conditions. The values of the velocity of particles of deposit were also analyzed. Results were compared with the visualization of the cone's formation for rapidly sedimenting particles and for hot trub and wort flow under laboratory conditions. The analysis deems the VOF three-phase model suitable to predict sedimentation and accumulation of sediment.
Keywords	air ; boiling ; brewing industry ; hops ; laboratory experimentation ; leaves ; liquids ; model food systems ; sediments ; tea
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-06
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	622518-4
ISSN	0260-8774
ISSN	0260-8774
DOI	10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2019.109846
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Low-level environmental lead exposure and intellectual impairment in children--the current concepts of risk assessment.

Jakubowski, Marek

International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health

2011 Volume 24, Issue 1, Page(s) 1–7

Abstract: Lead is an environmental contaminant. The majority of epidemiological research on the health effects of lead has been focused on children, because they are more vulnerable to lead than adults. In children, an elevated blood lead (B-Pb) is associated with ...

Abstract	Lead is an environmental contaminant. The majority of epidemiological research on the health effects of lead has been focused on children, because they are more vulnerable to lead than adults. In children, an elevated blood lead (B-Pb) is associated with reduced Intelligence Quotient (IQ) score. This paper summarizes the current opinions on the assessment of the health risk connected with the children's environmental exposure to lead. The B-Pb level of concern of 100 μg/l proposed by the US Centers of Disease Control in 1991 was for a long time accepted as the guideline value. In the meantime there has been a significant worldwide decrease of B-Pb levels in children and present geometric mean values in the European countries range from 20 to 30 μg/l. The recent analyses of the association of intelligence test scores and B-Pb levels have revealed that the steepest declines in IQ occur at blood levels < 100 μg/l and that no threshold below which lead does not cause neurodevelopmental toxicity can be defended. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) concluded in 2010, on the basis of results of Benchmark Dose (BMD) analysis, that an increase in B-Pb of 12 μg/l (BMDL₀₁) could decrease the IQ score by one point. It seems that this value can be used as a "unit risk" to calculate the possible decrease of IQ and, consequently, influence of the low-level exposure to lead (< 100 μg/l) on the health and socioeconomic status of the exposed population.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Environmental Exposure/adverse effects ; Environmental Pollutants/adverse effects ; Humans ; Intelligence/drug effects ; Lead/adverse effects ; Risk Assessment
Chemical Substances	Environmental Pollutants ; Lead (2P299V784P)
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-03
Publishing country	Poland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	1199049-1
ISSN	1896-494X ; 0867-8383 ; 1232-1087
ISSN (online)	1896-494X
ISSN	0867-8383 ; 1232-1087
DOI	10.2478/s13382-011-0009-z
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Article: The improvement of flow conditions in a whirlpool with a modified bottom: An experimental study based on particle image velocimetry (PIV)

Sterczyńska, Monika / Stachnik, Marta / Poreda, Aleksander / Piepiórka-Stepuk, Joanna / Zdaniewicz, Marek / Jakubowski, Marek

Journal of food engineering. 2021 Jan., v. 289

2021

Abstract: A whirlpool is a commonly used separator in breweries for removing the hot trub. The separation is performed in a rotary separator, where the cup of tea effect is exercised. It is an accumulation of the hot trub in the central zone of the separator's ... ...

Abstract	A whirlpool is a commonly used separator in breweries for removing the hot trub. The separation is performed in a rotary separator, where the cup of tea effect is exercised. It is an accumulation of the hot trub in the central zone of the separator's bottom in the form of a cone. The purpose of this work is to analyze the possibility to introduce a baffle, in order to intensify the phenomenon of the cone formation. Six different shapes of baffle were experimented by placing them in three different locations relative to the inlet. Particle image velocimetry (PIV), a contact-free method for the measurement of the velocity of the flow, was used for examinations. The influence of the location of the baffle on the progress of the flow and the velocity values were determined. The baffle's shape and the location for which the best conditions of the flow appeared were selected.
Keywords	brewing industry ; particle image velocimetry ; tea
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-01
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	622518-4
ISSN	0260-8774
ISSN	0260-8774
DOI	10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2020.110164
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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