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Article ; Online: Mechanisms of Yellow Fever Transmission: Gleaning the Overlooked Records of Importance and Identifying Problems, Puzzles, Serious Issues, Surprises and Research Questions.

Kuno, Goro

2024 Volume 16, Issue 1

Abstract: In viral disease research, few diseases can compete with yellow fever for the volume of literature, historical significance, richness of the topics and the amount of strong interest among both scientists and laypersons. While the major foci of viral ... ...

Abstract	In viral disease research, few diseases can compete with yellow fever for the volume of literature, historical significance, richness of the topics and the amount of strong interest among both scientists and laypersons. While the major foci of viral disease research shifted to other more pressing new diseases in recent decades, many critically important basic tasks still remain unfinished for yellow fever. Some of the examples include the mechanisms of transmission, the process leading to outbreak occurrence, environmental factors, dispersal, and viral persistence in nature. In this review, these subjects are analyzed in depth, based on information not only in old but in modern literatures, to fill in blanks and to update the current understanding on these topics. As a result, many valuable facts, ideas, and other types of information that complement the present knowledge were discovered. Very serious questions about the validity of the arbovirus concept and some research practices were also identified. The characteristics of YFV and its pattern of transmission that make this virus unique among viruses transmitted by
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Yellow Fever/epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Physicians
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-04
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v16010084
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Contrasting the Practices of Virus Isolation and Characterization between the Early Period in History and Modern Times: The Case of Japanese Encephalitis Virus.

Kuno, Goro

Viruses

2022 Volume 14, Issue 12

Abstract: Japanese encephalitis is a serious disease transmitted by mosquitoes. With its recent spread beyond the traditional territory of endemicity in Asia, the magnitude of global threat has increased sharply. While much of the current research are largely ... ...

Abstract	Japanese encephalitis is a serious disease transmitted by mosquitoes. With its recent spread beyond the traditional territory of endemicity in Asia, the magnitude of global threat has increased sharply. While much of the current research are largely focused on changing epidemiology, molecular genetics of virus, and vaccination, little attention has been paid to the early history of virus isolation and phenotypic characterization of this virus. In this review, using this piece of history as an example, I review the transition of the concept and practice of virus isolation and characterization from the early period of history to modern times. The spectacular development of molecular techniques in modern times has brought many changes in practices as well as enormous amount of new knowledge. However, many aspects of virus characterization, in particular, transmission mechanism and host relationship, remain unsolved. As molecular techniques are not perfect in all respects, beneficial accommodation of molecular and biologic data is critically important in many branches of research. Accordingly, I emphasize exercising caution in applying only these modern techniques, point out unrecognized communication problems, and stress that JE research history is a rich source of interesting works still valuable even today and waiting to be discovered.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/genetics ; Encephalitis, Japanese ; Asia/epidemiology ; Culicidae ; Vaccination
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-26
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v14122640
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: The Absence of Yellow Fever in Asia: History, Hypotheses, Vector Dispersal, Possibility of YF in Asia, and Other Enigmas.

Kuno, Goro

Viruses

2020 Volume 12, Issue 12

Abstract: Since the recent epidemics of yellow fever in Angola and Brazil as well as the importation of cases to China in 2016, there has been an increased interest in the century-old enigma, absence of yellow fever in Asia. Although this topic has been repeatedly ...

Abstract	Since the recent epidemics of yellow fever in Angola and Brazil as well as the importation of cases to China in 2016, there has been an increased interest in the century-old enigma, absence of yellow fever in Asia. Although this topic has been repeatedly reviewed before, the history of human intervention has never been considered a critical factor. A two-stage literature search online for this review, however, yielded a rich history indispensable for the debate over this medical enigma. As we combat the pandemic of COVID-19 coronavirus worldwide today, we can learn invaluable lessons from the historical events in Asia. In this review, I explore the history first and then critically examine in depth major hypotheses proposed in light of accumulated data, global dispersal of the principal vector, patterns of YF transmission, persistence of urban transmission, and the possibility of YF in Asia. Through this process of re-examination of the current knowledge, the subjects for research that should be conducted are identified. This review also reveals the importance of holistic approach incorporating ecological and human factors for many unresolved subjects, such as the enigma of YF absence in Asia, vector competence, vector dispersal, spillback, viral persistence and transmission mechanisms.
MeSH term(s)	Aedes/physiology ; Aedes/virology ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Asia ; Humans ; Mosquito Vectors/physiology ; Mosquito Vectors/virology ; Yellow Fever/prevention & control ; Yellow Fever/transmission ; Yellow fever virus
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-25
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v12121349
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: A Re-Examination of the History of Etiologic Confusion between Dengue and Chikungunya.

Kuno, Goro

PLoS neglected tropical diseases

2015 Volume 9, Issue 11, Page(s) e0004101

Abstract: Contrary to the perception of many researchers that the recent invasion of chikungunya (CHIK) in the Western Hemisphere marked the first episode in history, a recent publication reminded them that CHIK had prevailed in the West Indies and southern ... ...

Abstract	Contrary to the perception of many researchers that the recent invasion of chikungunya (CHIK) in the Western Hemisphere marked the first episode in history, a recent publication reminded them that CHIK had prevailed in the West Indies and southern regions of the United States from 1827-1828 under the guise of "dengue" (DEN), and that many old outbreaks of so-called "dengue" actually represented the CHIK cases erroneously identified as "dengue." In hindsight, this confusion was unavoidable, given that the syndromes of the two diseases-transmitted by the same mosquito vector in urban areas-are very similar, and that specific laboratory-based diagnostic techniques for these diseases did not exist prior to 1940. While past reviewers reclassified problematic "dengue" outbreaks as CHIK, primarily based on manifestation of arthralgia as a marker of CHIK, they neither identified the root cause of the alleged misdiagnosis nor did they elaborate on the negative consequences derived from it. This article presents a reconstructed history of the genesis of the clinical definition of dengue by emphasizing problems with the definition, subsequent confusion with CHIK, and the ways in which physicians dealt with the variation in dengue-like ("dengue") syndromes. Then, the article identifies in those records several factors complicating reclassification, based on current practice and standards. These factors include terms used for characterizing joint problems, style of documenting outbreak data, frequency of manifestation of arthralgia, possible involvement of more than one agent, and occurrence of the principal vector. The analysis of those factors reveals that while some of the old "dengue" outbreaks, including the 1827-1828 outbreaks in the Americas, are compatible with CHIK, similar reclassification of other "dengue" outbreaks to CHIK is difficult because of a combination of the absence of pathognomonic syndrome in these diseases and conflicting background information.
MeSH term(s)	Chikungunya Fever/epidemiology ; Chikungunya Fever/history ; Chikungunya Fever/pathology ; Dengue/epidemiology ; Dengue/history ; Dengue/pathology ; Diagnostic Errors/history ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; Humans
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-11-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Historical Article ; Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2429704-5
ISSN	1935-2735 ; 1935-2727
ISSN (online)	1935-2735
ISSN	1935-2727
DOI	10.1371/journal.pntd.0004101
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: A Re-Examination of the History of Etiologic Confusion between Dengue and Chikungunya.

Goro Kuno

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 9, Iss 11, p e

2015 Volume 0004101

Abstract	Contrary to the perception of many researchers that the recent invasion of chikungunya (CHIK) in the Western Hemisphere marked the first episode in history, a recent publication reminded them that CHIK had prevailed in the West Indies and southern regions of the United States from 1827-1828 under the guise of "dengue" (DEN), and that many old outbreaks of so-called "dengue" actually represented the CHIK cases erroneously identified as "dengue." In hindsight, this confusion was unavoidable, given that the syndromes of the two diseases-transmitted by the same mosquito vector in urban areas-are very similar, and that specific laboratory-based diagnostic techniques for these diseases did not exist prior to 1940. While past reviewers reclassified problematic "dengue" outbreaks as CHIK, primarily based on manifestation of arthralgia as a marker of CHIK, they neither identified the root cause of the alleged misdiagnosis nor did they elaborate on the negative consequences derived from it. This article presents a reconstructed history of the genesis of the clinical definition of dengue by emphasizing problems with the definition, subsequent confusion with CHIK, and the ways in which physicians dealt with the variation in dengue-like ("dengue") syndromes. Then, the article identifies in those records several factors complicating reclassification, based on current practice and standards. These factors include terms used for characterizing joint problems, style of documenting outbreak data, frequency of manifestation of arthralgia, possible involvement of more than one agent, and occurrence of the principal vector. The analysis of those factors reveals that while some of the old "dengue" outbreaks, including the 1827-1828 outbreaks in the Americas, are compatible with CHIK, similar reclassification of other "dengue" outbreaks to CHIK is difficult because of a combination of the absence of pathognomonic syndrome in these diseases and conflicting background information.
Keywords	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ; RC955-962 ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	950
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Revisiting Houston and Memphis: the background histories behind the discovery of the infestation by Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the United States and their significance in the contemporary research.

Kuno, Goro

Journal of medical entomology

2012 Volume 49, Issue 6, Page(s) 1163–1176

Abstract: The discovery of Aedes albopictus Skuse infestation in Texas in 1985 and subsequent global spread of this mosquito have spawned a large number of publications worldwide. The unique discovery in this episode was used tire trade as mechanism by which this ... ...

Abstract	The discovery of Aedes albopictus Skuse infestation in Texas in 1985 and subsequent global spread of this mosquito have spawned a large number of publications worldwide. The unique discovery in this episode was used tire trade as mechanism by which this exotic mosquito was introduced to the United States. While most researchers have focused their attention primarily on recent events and scientific progress, far fewer examined in depth early contributions made in the United States still very much relevant for contemporary discussion and other important subjects associated with its infestation. The first part of this review covers early background histories of research on Ae. albopictus in the institutions in the United States and of introduction of Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti to the U.S. territories in the eastern Pacific as well as dengue outbreaks therein. The second part covers evolution of recognition of the importance of tire as breeding site of domesticated or peridomestic dengue vectors and of its transport in the dispersal of these mosquitoes. In the third part, the significance of vector-borne viral disease outbreak potential of Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti in temperate regions and a variety of problems concerning vector spread and commercial practices learned in the past are reassessed in the context of contemporary research. I further identified as byproducts of this review two potentially important epidemiological mechanisms in the transmission of dengue in temperate regions, increasing tendency of indoor activity of Ae. albopictus and massive human movement associated with unpredictable political development.
MeSH term(s)	Aedes ; Animals ; Dengue/epidemiology ; Dengue/transmission ; Disease Outbreaks ; History, 20th Century ; Insect Vectors ; Larva ; Mosquito Control/history ; Pacific Islands/epidemiology ; Quarantine/history ; Reproduction ; Transportation ; United States/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-12-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Historical Article ; Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	410635-0
ISSN	0022-2585
ISSN	0022-2585
DOI	10.1603/me12022
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Article: Widespread interspecific phylogenetic tree incongruence between mosquito-borne and insect-specific flaviviruses at hotspots originally identified in Zika virus.

Gaunt, Michael W / Pettersson, John H-O / Kuno, Goro / Gaunt, Bill / de Lamballerie, Xavier / Gould, Ernest A

Virus evolution

2022 Volume 8, Issue 1, Page(s) veac027

Abstract: Intraspecies (homologous) phylogenetic incongruence, or 'tree conflict' between different loci within the same genome of mosquito-borne flaviviruses (MBFV), was first identified in dengue virus (DENV) and subsequently in Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), ...

Abstract	Intraspecies (homologous) phylogenetic incongruence, or 'tree conflict' between different loci within the same genome of mosquito-borne flaviviruses (MBFV), was first identified in dengue virus (DENV) and subsequently in Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), St Louis encephalitis virus, and Zika virus (ZIKV). Recently, the first evidence of phylogenetic incongruence between interspecific members of the MBFV was reported in ZIKV and its close relative, Spondweni virus. Uniquely, these hybrid proteomes were derived from four incongruent trees involving an
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2818949-8
ISSN	2057-1577
ISSN	2057-1577
DOI	10.1093/ve/veac027
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Article: Early history of laboratory breeding of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) focusing on the origins and use of selected strains.

Kuno, Goro

Journal of medical entomology

2010 Volume 47, Issue 6, Page(s) 957–971

Abstract: The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae), is well recognized for its extensive adaptation to diverse ecological conditions and for genetic variation. Recognizing the importance of strain variation of this mosquito, researchers ... ...

Abstract	The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae), is well recognized for its extensive adaptation to diverse ecological conditions and for genetic variation. Recognizing the importance of strain variation of this mosquito, researchers have established a large number of laboratory strains. Some of the popular strains have been used for research for years in many laboratories around the world. However, the exact origins of many of these strains are unknown. In this review, publications and archival records were examined to report the early laboratory mosquito rearing practices around the world and to identify the origins of selected strains. The records showed that inter-laboratory sharing of strains was already underway in the early part of the 20th century because of the ease of breeding Ae. aegypti and of sending eggs by mail. It also was found that the four strains established in major U.S. institutions by the mid-1930s, including the "ROCK" (short for Rockefeller) strain, had been derived from Cuba, Nigeria, Philippines, or Puerto Rico, all known for a long history of transmission of yellow fever virus or dengue virus rather than from North America. The strains used for research in Europe were primarily derived from West Africa, but strains of Asian, Caribbean, and South American origins also were used for comparative experiments among geographic strains. Neglected issues related to strain designation and original source identification in scientific publications were found and their relevance to current research is discussed.
MeSH term(s)	Aedes/classification ; Aedes/physiology ; Animals ; History, 20th Century ; Reproduction/physiology ; Yellow Fever/history ; Yellow Fever/transmission
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-12-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Historical Article ; Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	410635-0
ISSN	0022-2585
ISSN	0022-2585
DOI	10.1603/me10152
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Article ; Online: Emergence of the severe syndrome and mortality associated with dengue and dengue-like illness: historical records (1890 to 1950) and their compatibility with current hypotheses on the shift of disease manifestation.

Kuno, Goro

Clinical microbiology reviews

2009 Volume 22, Issue 2, Page(s) 186–201, Table of Contents

Abstract: Outbreaks of the severe dengue syndrome, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), emerged beginning in the 1950s, marking a dramatic change in the dengue syndrome. While intense investigations in multiple directions have been conducted for many years to elucidate ...

Abstract	Outbreaks of the severe dengue syndrome, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), emerged beginning in the 1950s, marking a dramatic change in the dengue syndrome. While intense investigations in multiple directions have been conducted for many years to elucidate the intrinsic mechanisms conducive to the development of DHF, no consensus has yet emerged. Meanwhile, relatively little attention has been paid to the occurrence of severe dengue and death prior to the 1950s. This comprehensive review was designed to evaluate outbreak records in the early dengue history to better understand the epidemiologic background and other factors that existed before the emergence of DHF outbreaks. By applying a set of stringent criteria to remove unreliable data as much as possible and by interpreting the results conservatively, a short list of etiologically more reliable outbreaks with high mortality was obtained. The results show that severe dengue syndrome, clinically very much compatible with DHF, occurred far more frequently in multiple locations than it had been assumed before; that the magnitudes of mortality in several outbreaks were not negligible; and that the epidemiologic background features shared among these outbreaks in the early period were, with the exceptions of more limited demographic changes, generally similar to the post-1950 conditions.
MeSH term(s)	Dengue/epidemiology ; Dengue/history ; Dengue/mortality ; Dengue/virology ; Dengue Virus ; Disease Outbreaks/history ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Severe Dengue/epidemiology ; Severe Dengue/history ; Severe Dengue/mortality ; Severe Dengue/virology
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-04-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Historical Article ; Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	645015-5
ISSN	1098-6618 ; 0893-8512
ISSN (online)	1098-6618
ISSN	0893-8512
DOI	10.1128/CMR.00052-08
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Article ; Online: Dengue transmission without involvement of mosquito vector.

Kuno, Goro

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America

2005 Volume 40, Issue 5, Page(s) 774–775

MeSH term(s)	Dengue/transmission ; Humans ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional
Language	English
Publishing date	2005-03-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comment ; Letter
ZDB-ID	1099781-7
ISSN	1537-6591 ; 1058-4838
ISSN (online)	1537-6591
ISSN	1058-4838
DOI	10.1086/427947
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