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Article ; Online: microRNA-181a silencing by antisense oligonucleotides delivered by virus-like particles.

Chan, Soo Khim / Steinmetz, Nicole F

2023 Volume 11, Issue 4, Page(s) 816–825

Abstract: Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) is a positive-sense RNA virus that can be repurposed for gene delivery applications. Understanding the self-assembly process of the virus enabled to remove its genome and replace it with desired nucleic acids, and we ... ...

Abstract	Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) is a positive-sense RNA virus that can be repurposed for gene delivery applications. Understanding the self-assembly process of the virus enabled to remove its genome and replace it with desired nucleic acids, and we and others have previously reported using CCMV virus-like particle (VLP) to encapsulate siRNA, mRNA, as well as CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. In this study, the CCMV VLP was applied to encapsulate two different formats of anti-miR-181a oligonucleotides: naked RNA and chemically stabilized RNA to knockdown highly regulated miR-181a in ovarian cancer cells. miR-181a expression in ovarian tumors is associated with high aggressiveness, invasiveness, resistance to chemotherapy, and overall poor prognosis. Therefore, miR-181a is an important target for ovarian cancer therapy. qPCR data and cancer cell migration assays demonstrated higher knockdown efficacy when anti-miR-181a oligonucleotides were encapsulated and delivered using the VLPs resulting in reduced cancer cell invasiveness. Importantly, delivery of anti-miR-181a oligonucleotide into cells could be achieved without the aid of a transfection agent or surface modification. These results highlight the opportunity of plant-derived VLPs as nucleic acid carriers.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Female ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology ; Antagomirs ; RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism ; MicroRNAs/genetics ; MicroRNAs/metabolism ; Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
Chemical Substances	Oligonucleotides, Antisense ; Antagomirs ; RNA, Small Interfering ; MicroRNAs
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2702241-9
ISSN	2050-7518 ; 2050-750X
ISSN (online)	2050-7518
ISSN	2050-750X
DOI	10.1039/d2tb02199d
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Isolation of Tobacco Mosaic Virus-Binding Peptides for Biotechnology Applications.

Chan, Soo Khim / Steinmetz, Nicole F

Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology

2022 Volume 23, Issue 11, Page(s) e202200040

Abstract: Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was the first virus to be discovered and it is now widely used as a tool for biological research and biotechnology applications. TMV particles can be decorated with functional molecules by genetic engineering or bioconjugation. ...

Abstract	Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was the first virus to be discovered and it is now widely used as a tool for biological research and biotechnology applications. TMV particles can be decorated with functional molecules by genetic engineering or bioconjugation. However, this can destabilize the nanoparticles, and/or multiple rounds of modification may be necessary, reducing product yields and preventing the display of certain cargo molecules. To overcome these challenges, we used phage display technology and biopanning to isolate a TMV-binding peptide (TBP
MeSH term(s)	Biotechnology ; Genetic Engineering ; Nanoparticles ; Peptides/chemistry ; Nicotiana/genetics ; Tobacco Mosaic Virus/genetics ; Tobacco Mosaic Virus/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Peptides
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-05
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2020469-3
ISSN	1439-7633 ; 1439-4227
ISSN (online)	1439-7633
ISSN	1439-4227
DOI	10.1002/cbic.202200040
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: A semi-rational mutagenesis approach for improved substrate activity of microbial transglutaminase.

Chan, Soo Khim / Lai, Jing Yi / Gan, Chee-Yuen / Lim, Theam Soon

Food chemistry

2023 Volume 419, Page(s) 136070

Abstract: A higher specific activity of microbial transglutaminase (mTGase) is desirable for a broad range of applications ranging from food industry to biotechnology. Three-dimensional docking simulation of mTGase revealed that residues V65, W69, and Y75 were ... ...

Abstract	A higher specific activity of microbial transglutaminase (mTGase) is desirable for a broad range of applications ranging from food industry to biotechnology. Three-dimensional docking simulation of mTGase revealed that residues V65, W69, and Y75 were critical for substrate recognition. A semi-rational mutagenesis approach was applied to each residue to generate three separate mini mutant libraries. A high-throughput screening process identified five mutants that demonstrated improved specific activities than the wild type (WT) mTGase were isolated from the Y75 mini mutant library. Mutant Y75L showed approximately 60% increment in specific activity and improved substrate specificity. Conjugation of two heterologous single-chain fragment variable clones to generate a diabody with mutant Y75L was successfully performed and validated. This work demonstrates the successful application of semi-rational mutagenesis coupled with a high-throughput screening approach to identify mTGase mutants with improved specific activities and specificities which are beneficial for protein-protein conjugation.
MeSH term(s)	Transglutaminases/genetics ; Transglutaminases/chemistry ; Mutagenesis
Chemical Substances	Transglutaminases (EC 2.3.2.13)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-31
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	243123-3
ISSN	1873-7072 ; 0308-8146
ISSN (online)	1873-7072
ISSN	0308-8146
DOI	10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136070
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Article ; Online: Isolation of Cowpea Mosaic Virus-Binding Peptides.

Chan, Soo Khim / Steinmetz, Nicole F

Biomacromolecules

2021 Volume 22, Issue 8, Page(s) 3613–3623

Abstract: The plant virus cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) is a natural nanocarrier that has been developed as a platform technology for the delivery of various payloads including peptide epitopes for vaccines, contrast agents for imaging, and drugs for therapy. Genetic ...

Abstract	The plant virus cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) is a natural nanocarrier that has been developed as a platform technology for the delivery of various payloads including peptide epitopes for vaccines, contrast agents for imaging, and drugs for therapy. Genetic fusion and chemical conjugations are the mainstay approaches to load the active ingredient to the exterior and/or interior of CPMV. However, these methods have limitations; genetic engineering is limited to biologics, and chemical alteration often requires multistep reactions with modification of both CPMV and the active ingredient. Either method can also result in particle instability. Therefore, to provide an alternate path toward CPMV functionalization, we report the isolation of peptides that specifically bind to CPMV, termed CPMV-binding peptides (CBP). We used a commercial M13 phage display 7-mer peptide library to pan for and select peptides that selectively bind to CPMV. Biopanning and characterization of lead candidates resulted in isolation of the motif "GWRVSEF/L" as the CPMV-specific motif with phenylalanine (F) at the seventh position being stronger than leucine (L). Specificity to CPMV was demonstrated, and cross-reactivity toward other plant viruses was not observed. To demonstrate cargo loading, GWRVSEF was tagged with biotin, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), and a human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-specific targeting peptide ligand. Display of the active ingredient was confirmed, and utility of tagged and targeted CPMV in cell binding assays was demonstrated. The CBP functionalization strategy offers a new avenue for CPMV nanoparticle functionalization and should offer a versatile tool to add active ingredients that otherwise may be difficult to conjugate or display.
MeSH term(s)	Comovirus/genetics ; Humans ; Nanoparticles ; Peptides
Chemical Substances	Peptides
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1526-4602
ISSN (online)	1526-4602
DOI	10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00712
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Bioengineering of microbial transglutaminase for biomedical applications.

Chan, Soo Khim / Lim, Theam Soon

Applied microbiology and biotechnology

2019 Volume 103, Issue 7, Page(s) 2973–2984

Abstract: Microbial transglutaminase (mTGase) is commonly known in the food industry as meat glue due to its incredible ability to "glue" meat proteins together. Aside from being widely exploited in the meat processing industries, mTGase is also widely applied in ... ...

Abstract	Microbial transglutaminase (mTGase) is commonly known in the food industry as meat glue due to its incredible ability to "glue" meat proteins together. Aside from being widely exploited in the meat processing industries, mTGase is also widely applied in other food and textile industries by catalysing the formation of isopeptide bonds between peptides or protein substrates. The advancement of technology has opened up new avenues for mTGase in the field of biomedical engineering. Efforts have been made to study the structural properties of mTGase in order to gain an in-depth understanding of the structure-function relationship. This review highlights the developments in mTGase engineering together with its role in biomedical applications including biomaterial fabrication for tissue engineering and biotherapeutics.
MeSH term(s)	Biocompatible Materials ; Bioengineering/methods ; Biological Therapy ; Chitosan/metabolism ; Collagen/metabolism ; Food Industry ; Gelatin/metabolism ; Streptomyces/enzymology ; Tissue Engineering ; Transglutaminases/biosynthesis ; Transglutaminases/genetics
Chemical Substances	Biocompatible Materials ; Gelatin (9000-70-8) ; Collagen (9007-34-5) ; Chitosan (9012-76-4) ; Transglutaminases (EC 2.3.2.13)
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-02-25
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	392453-1
ISSN	1432-0614 ; 0171-1741 ; 0175-7598
ISSN (online)	1432-0614
ISSN	0171-1741 ; 0175-7598
DOI	10.1007/s00253-019-09669-3
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Article: Isolation of Cowpea Mosaic Virus-Binding Peptides

Chan, Soo Khim / Steinmetz, Nicole F.

Biomacromolecules. 2021 July 27, v. 22, no. 8

2021

Abstract	The plant virus cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) is a natural nanocarrier that has been developed as a platform technology for the delivery of various payloads including peptide epitopes for vaccines, contrast agents for imaging, and drugs for therapy. Genetic fusion and chemical conjugations are the mainstay approaches to load the active ingredient to the exterior and/or interior of CPMV. However, these methods have limitations; genetic engineering is limited to biologics, and chemical alteration often requires multistep reactions with modification of both CPMV and the active ingredient. Either method can also result in particle instability. Therefore, to provide an alternate path toward CPMV functionalization, we report the isolation of peptides that specifically bind to CPMV, termed CPMV-binding peptides (CBP). We used a commercial M13 phage display 7-mer peptide library to pan for and select peptides that selectively bind to CPMV. Biopanning and characterization of lead candidates resulted in isolation of the motif “GWRVSEF/L” as the CPMV-specific motif with phenylalanine (F) at the seventh position being stronger than leucine (L). Specificity to CPMV was demonstrated, and cross-reactivity toward other plant viruses was not observed. To demonstrate cargo loading, GWRVSEF was tagged with biotin, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), and a human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-specific targeting peptide ligand. Display of the active ingredient was confirmed, and utility of tagged and targeted CPMV in cell binding assays was demonstrated. The CBP functionalization strategy offers a new avenue for CPMV nanoparticle functionalization and should offer a versatile tool to add active ingredients that otherwise may be difficult to conjugate or display.
Keywords	Cowpea mosaic virus ; active ingredients ; bacteriophages ; biotin ; cowpeas ; cross reaction ; epitopes ; erbB-2 receptor ; fluorescein ; isothiocyanates ; leucine ; ligands ; nanocarriers ; peptide libraries ; phenylalanine
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0727
Size	p. 3613-3623.
Publishing place	American Chemical Society
Document type	Article
ISSN	1526-4602
DOI	10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00712
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Immune Human Antibody Libraries for Infectious Diseases.

Chan, Soo Khim / Lim, Theam Soon

Advances in experimental medicine and biology

2018 Volume 1053, Page(s) 61–78

Abstract: The incident of two children in Europe who died of diphtheria due to a shortage of anti-toxin drugs has highlighted the need for alternative anti-toxins. Historically, antiserum produced from immunised horses have been used to treat diphtheria. Despite ... ...

Abstract	The incident of two children in Europe who died of diphtheria due to a shortage of anti-toxin drugs has highlighted the need for alternative anti-toxins. Historically, antiserum produced from immunised horses have been used to treat diphtheria. Despite the potential of antiserum, the economical and medial concerns associated with the use of animal antiserum has led to its slow market demise. Over the years, new and emerging infectious diseases have grown to be a major global health threat. The emergence of drug-resistant superbugs has also pushed the boundaries of available therapeutics to deal with new infectious diseases. Antibodies have emerged as a possible alternative to combat the continuous onslaught of various infectious agents. The isolation of antibodies against pathogens of infectious diseases isolated from immune libraries utilising phage display has yielded promising results in terms of affinities and neutralizing activities. This chapter focuses on the concept of immune antibody libraries and highlights the application of immune antibody libraries to generate antibodies for various infectious diseases.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anti-Infective Agents/immunology ; Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use ; Cell Surface Display Techniques ; Communicable Diseases/drug therapy ; Communicable Diseases/immunology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Peptide Library
Chemical Substances	Anti-Infective Agents ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Peptide Library
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-03-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ISSN	2214-8019 ; 0065-2598
ISSN (online)	2214-8019
ISSN	0065-2598
DOI	10.1007/978-3-319-72077-7_4
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: In Vivo Fate of Cowpea Mosaic Virus In Situ Vaccine: Biodistribution and Clearance.

Affonso de Oliveira, Jessica Fernanda / Chan, Soo Khim / Omole, Anthony O / Agrawal, Vanshika / Steinmetz, Nicole F

ACS nano

2022 Volume 16, Issue 11, Page(s) 18315–18328

Abstract: Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) is a nucleoprotein nanoparticle that functions as a highly potent immunomodulator when administered intratumorally and is used as an in situ vaccine. CPMV in situ vaccination remodels the tumor microenvironment and primes a ... ...

Abstract	Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) is a nucleoprotein nanoparticle that functions as a highly potent immunomodulator when administered intratumorally and is used as an in situ vaccine. CPMV in situ vaccination remodels the tumor microenvironment and primes a highly potent, systemic, and durable antitumor immune response against the treated and untreated, distant metastatic sites (abscopal effect). Potent efficacy was demonstrated in multiple tumor mouse models and, most importantly, in canine cancer patients with spontaneous tumors. Data indicate that presence of anti-CPMV antibodies are not neutralizing and that in fact opsonization leads to enhanced efficacy. Plant viruses are part of the food chain, but to date, there is no information on human exposure to CPMV. Therefore, patient sera were tested for the presence of immunoglobulins against CPMV, and indeed, >50% of deidentified patient samples tested positive for CPMV antibodies. To get a broader sense of plant virus exposure and immunogenicity in humans, we also tested sera for antibodies against tobacco mosaic virus (>90% patients tested positive), potato virus X (<20% patients tested positive), and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (no antibodies were detected). Further, patient sera were analyzed for the presence of antibodies against the coliphage Qβ, a platform technology currently undergoing clinical trials for in situ vaccination; we found that 60% of patients present with anti-Qβ antibodies. Thus, data indicate human exposure to CPMV and other plant viruses and phages. Next, we thought to address agronomical safety; i.e., we examined the fate of CPMV after intratumoral treatment and oral gavage (to mimic consumption by food). Because live CPMV is used, an important question is whether there is any evidence of shedding of infectious particles from mice or patients. CPMV is noninfectious toward mammals; however, it is infectious toward plants including black-eyed peas and other legumes. Biodistribution data in tumor-bearing and healthy mice indicate little leaching from tumors and clearance via the reticuloendothelial system followed by biliary excretion. While there was evidence of shedding of RNA in stool, there was no evidence of infectious particles when plants were challenged with stool extracts, thus indicating agronomical safety. Together these data aid the translational development of CPMV as a drug candidate for cancer immunotherapy.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Animals ; Dogs ; Mice ; Comovirus ; Tissue Distribution ; Cancer Vaccines ; Immunotherapy ; Kinetics ; Antibodies ; Mammals
Chemical Substances	Cancer Vaccines ; Antibodies
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ISSN	1936-086X
ISSN (online)	1936-086X
DOI	10.1021/acsnano.2c06143
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Isolation of a Peptide That Binds to

Chan, Soo Khim / Zhao, Zhongchao / Penziner, Samuel / Khong, Ethan / Pride, David / Schooley, Robert T / Steinmetz, Nicole F

ACS omega

2022 Volume 7, Issue 42, Page(s) 38053–38060

Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance is a global health threat that is exacerbated by the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture. As an alternative to conventional antimicrobial drugs, phage therapy involves the treatment of infected patients ... ...

Abstract	Antimicrobial resistance is a global health threat that is exacerbated by the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture. As an alternative to conventional antimicrobial drugs, phage therapy involves the treatment of infected patients with a bacteriophage that naturally destroys bacterial pathogens. With the re-emergence of phage therapy, novel tools are needed to study phages. In this work we set out to screen and isolate peptide candidates that bind to phages and act as affinity tags. Such peptides functionalized with an imaging agent could serves as versatile tools for tracking and imaging of phages. Specifically, we screened a phage display library for peptides that bind to the Good Vibes phage (GV), which lyses the bacterial pathogen
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2470-1343
ISSN (online)	2470-1343
DOI	10.1021/acsomega.2c05539
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Tobacco mosaic virus for the targeted delivery of drugs to cells expressing prostate-specific membrane antigen.

Shukla, Sourabh / Marks, Isaac / Church, Derek / Chan, Soo-Khim / Pokorski, Jonathan K / Steinmetz, Nicole F

RSC advances

2021 Volume 11, Issue 33, Page(s) 20101–20108

Abstract: Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a membrane-bound protein that is preferentially expressed in the prostate gland and induced in many prostate cancers, making it an important target for new diagnostics and therapeutics. To improve the efficacy ...

Abstract	Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a membrane-bound protein that is preferentially expressed in the prostate gland and induced in many prostate cancers, making it an important target for new diagnostics and therapeutics. To improve the efficacy of nanoparticle formulations for the imaging and/or eradication of prostate cancer, we synthesized the PSMA-binding glutamic acid derivative DUPA and conjugated it to the external surface of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) particles. DUPA-targeted TMV was subsequently loaded with the antineoplastic agent mitoxantrone (MTO) or conjugated internally with the fluorescent dye cyanine 5 (Cy5). We found that TMV particles could be efficiently decorated with DUPA and loaded with MTO or Cy5 while maintaining structural integrity. DUPA-targeted TMV particles were able to bind more efficiently to the surface of PSMA
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2046-2069
ISSN (online)	2046-2069
DOI	10.1039/d1ra03166j
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