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Article ; Online: Developing and Establishing Biomechanical Variables as Risk Biomarkers for Preventable Gait-Related Falls and Assessment of Intervention Effectiveness.

Grabiner, Mark D / Kaufman, K R

Frontiers in sports and active living

2021 Volume 3, Page(s) 722363

Abstract: The purpose of this review is to position the emerging clinical promise of validating and implementing biomechanical biomarkers of falls in fall prevention interventions. The review is framed in the desirability of blunting the effects of the rapidly ... ...

Abstract	The purpose of this review is to position the emerging clinical promise of validating and implementing biomechanical biomarkers of falls in fall prevention interventions. The review is framed in the desirability of blunting the effects of the rapidly growing population of older adults with regard to the number of falls, their related injuries, and health care costs. We propose that biomechanical risk biomarkers may be derived from systematic study of the responses to treadmill-delivered perturbations to both identify individuals with a risk of specific types of falls, such as trips and slips as well as quantifying the effectiveness of interventions designed to reduce that risk. The review follows the evidence derived using a specific public health approach and the published biomedical literature that supports trunk kinematics as a biomarker as having met many of the criteria for a biomarker for trip-specific falls. Whereas, the efficacy of perturbation training to reduce slip-related falls by older adults appears to have been confirmed, its effectiveness presently remains an open and important question. There is a dearth of data related to the efficacy and effectiveness of perturbation training to reduce falls to the side falls by older adults. At present, efforts to characterize the extent to which perturbation training can reduce falls and translate the approaches to the clinic represents an important research opportunity.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-22
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	2624-9367
ISSN (online)	2624-9367
DOI	10.3389/fspor.2021.722363
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Article ; Online: Selection bias: "The unseen enemy is always the most fearsome".

Stovitz, Steven D / Banack, Hailey R / Kaufman, Jay S

International journal of obesity (2005)

2022 Volume 46, Issue 6, Page(s) 1247

MeSH term(s)	Selection Bias
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Letter ; Comment
ZDB-ID	752409-2
ISSN	1476-5497 ; 0307-0565
ISSN (online)	1476-5497
ISSN	0307-0565
DOI	10.1038/s41366-021-00981-5
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Zs.A 1325: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Ambient Air Pollution and Stroke: An Updated Review.

Kulick, Erin R / Kaufman, Joel D / Sack, Coralynn

Stroke

2022 Volume 54, Issue 3, Page(s) 882–893

Abstract: Despite recent advances in treatment and prevention, stroke remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. There is a critical need to identify novel modifiable risk factors for disease, including environmental agents. A body of evidence has ... ...

Abstract	Despite recent advances in treatment and prevention, stroke remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. There is a critical need to identify novel modifiable risk factors for disease, including environmental agents. A body of evidence has accumulated suggesting that elevated levels of ambient air pollutants may not only trigger cerebrovascular events in susceptible people (short-term exposures) but also increase the risk of future events (long-term average exposures). This review assesses the updated evidence for both short and long-term exposure to ambient air pollution as a risk factor for stroke incidence and outcomes. It discusses the potential pathophysiologic mechanisms and makes recommendations to mitigate exposure on a personal and community level. The evidence indicates that reduction in air pollutant concentrations represent a significant population-level opportunity to reduce risk of cerebrovascular disease.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Particulate Matter/adverse effects ; Particulate Matter/analysis ; Air Pollution/adverse effects ; Air Pollution/analysis ; Air Pollutants/adverse effects ; Air Pollutants/analysis ; Stroke/etiology ; Stroke/chemically induced ; Risk Factors ; Environmental Exposure/adverse effects ; Nitrogen Dioxide/analysis
Chemical Substances	Particulate Matter ; Air Pollutants ; Nitrogen Dioxide (S7G510RUBH)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	80381-9
ISSN	1524-4628 ; 0039-2499 ; 0749-7954
ISSN (online)	1524-4628
ISSN	0039-2499 ; 0749-7954
DOI	10.1161/STROKEAHA.122.035498
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Zs.A 448: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Military training alters the fractal behavior of step width.

Sheehan, Riley C / Grabiner, Mark D / Kaufman, Kenton R

Journal of biomechanics

2022 Volume 145, Page(s) 111365

Abstract: Non-linear analyses have been successfully applied to gait with evidence that fractal behavior of gait-related variables provide insights into function. Specifically, shifts in the fractal behavior of step width from pink toward white noise reflects a ... ...

Abstract	Non-linear analyses have been successfully applied to gait with evidence that fractal behavior of gait-related variables provide insights into function. Specifically, shifts in the fractal behavior of step width from pink toward white noise reflects a loss of complexity and diminished adaptive capacity and functionality. We previously reported an apparent difference in the fractal behavior of step width during treadmill walking between Service members with transtibial amputations and able-bodied civilian. We now combine recently collected data and data from two previous studies to further explore the relationship between lower limb injury, military service, and step width fractal behavior. Service member, regardless of the presence or type of injury, demonstrate step width fractal behavior walked in a way that the fractal behavior of their gait was significantly closer to white noise (-0.5 dB/Hz
MeSH term(s)	Walking
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	218076-5
ISSN	1873-2380 ; 0021-9290
ISSN (online)	1873-2380
ISSN	0021-9290
DOI	10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111365
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Article: Efficacy of Antidopaminergic Pharmacotherapy in Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated With Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS): A Case Report.

Hefelfinger, Donald / Kaufman, Hannah / Gilman, Alex / Gebhart, Rick

Cureus

2023 Volume 15, Issue 8, Page(s) e44164

Abstract: PANDAS, or pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections, is a neuropsychiatric disease seen in children that presents with prevailing symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), tic disorder, or both. ... ...

Abstract	PANDAS, or pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections, is a neuropsychiatric disease seen in children that presents with prevailing symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), tic disorder, or both. These symptoms appear suddenly following a streptococcal infection, such as strep throat or scarlet fever. The antibodies formed to eradicate the streptococcal infection have been shown to alter central dopamine signaling. In spite of being acknowledged in the medical community for the last two to three decades, PANDAS is a disorder that goes unnoticed by many healthcare professionals. Unfortunately, even with correct diagnosis and utilization of commonly prescribed pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, medical management can often be ineffective at treating the neuropsychiatric symptoms. Here, we describe a case of a 15-year-old male who presented to the primary care office with complaints of episodic behavioral changes that would occur multiple times daily. The general symptoms were centered around body dysmorphia where the patient became obsessed with fixed portions of food and became highly focused on only specific food types. The symptoms would exacerbate and progress with a dire need to burn calories, leading the patient to damage carpeted areas in the home due to regular and fanatical pacing. The patient underwent trials with serotonergic pharmacotherapy with little to no relief of the psychiatric symptoms. After discussion with his primary care physician, the patient underwent trial management with antidopaminergic therapy that resulted in significant neurological and psychiatric improvement. The use of antidopaminergic pharmacotherapy to target the induction of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors was efficacious in this patient; however, it warrants additional research with a larger sample to determine its effectiveness in the treatment of this psychiatric condition.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Case Reports
ZDB-ID	2747273-5
ISSN	2168-8184
ISSN	2168-8184
DOI	10.7759/cureus.44164
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Book ; Online: Explainable AI And Visual Reasoning

Kaufman, Robert / Kirsh, David

Insights From Radiology

2023

Abstract: Why do explainable AI (XAI) explanations in radiology, despite their promise of transparency, still fail to gain human trust? Current XAI approaches provide justification for predictions, however, these do not meet practitioners' needs. These XAI ... ...

Abstract	Why do explainable AI (XAI) explanations in radiology, despite their promise of transparency, still fail to gain human trust? Current XAI approaches provide justification for predictions, however, these do not meet practitioners' needs. These XAI explanations lack intuitive coverage of the evidentiary basis for a given classification, posing a significant barrier to adoption. We posit that XAI explanations that mirror human processes of reasoning and justification with evidence may be more useful and trustworthy than traditional visual explanations like heat maps. Using a radiology case study, we demonstrate how radiology practitioners get other practitioners to see a diagnostic conclusion's validity. Machine-learned classifications lack this evidentiary grounding and consequently fail to elicit trust and adoption by potential users. Insights from this study may generalize to guiding principles for human-centered explanation design based on human reasoning and justification of evidence. Comment: Accepted to 2023 Conference on Computer-Human Interaction (CHI) Human-Centered Explainable AI Workshop, 8 pages
Keywords	Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction ; Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ; H.5.1 ; H.5.2 ; I.2.1
Subject code	501
Publishing date	2023-04-06
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The political consequences of opioid overdoses.

Kaufman, Aaron R / Hersh, Eitan D

PloS one

2020 Volume 15, Issue 8, Page(s) e0236815

Abstract: The United States suffered a dramatic and well-documented increase in drug-related deaths from 2000 to 2018, primarily driven by prescription and non-prescription opioids, and concentrated in white and working-class areas. A growing body of research ... ...

Abstract	The United States suffered a dramatic and well-documented increase in drug-related deaths from 2000 to 2018, primarily driven by prescription and non-prescription opioids, and concentrated in white and working-class areas. A growing body of research focuses on the causes, both medical and social, of this opioid crisis, but little work as yet on its larger ramifications. Using novel public records of accidental opioid deaths linked to behavioral political outcomes, we present causal analyses showing that opioid overdoses have significant political ramifications. Those close to opioid victims vote at lower rates than those less affected by the crisis, even compared to demographically-similar friends and family of other unexpected deaths. Moreover, among those friends and family affected by opioids, Republicans are 25% more likely to defect from the party than the statewide average Republican, while Democrats are no more likely to defect; Independents are moderately more likely to register as Democrats. These results illustrate an important research design for inferring the effects of tragic events and speak to the broad social and political consequences of what is becoming the largest public health crisis in modern United States history.
MeSH term(s)	Analgesics, Opioid/poisoning ; Drug Overdose ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Politics ; United States
Chemical Substances	Analgesics, Opioid
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-08-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0236815
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Article ; Online: Drug Use-Related Discrimination in Healthcare Settings and Subsequent Emergency Department Utilization in a Prospective Cohort Study of People With a History of Injection Drug Use.

Eschliman, Evan L / Patel, Eshan U / Murray, Sarah M / German, Danielle / Kirk, Gregory D / Mehta, Shruti H / Kaufman, Michelle R / Genberg, Becky L

Substance use & misuse

2024 Volume 59, Issue 8, Page(s) 1210–1220

Abstract: Background: People with a history of injection drug use face discrimination in healthcare settings that may impede their use of routine care, leading to greater reliance on the emergency department (ED) for addressing health concerns. The relationship ... ...

Abstract	Background: People with a history of injection drug use face discrimination in healthcare settings that may impede their use of routine care, leading to greater reliance on the emergency department (ED) for addressing health concerns. The relationship between discrimination in healthcare settings and subsequent ED utilization has not been established in this population. Methods: This analysis used longitudinal data collected between January 2014 and March 2020 from participants of the ALIVE (AIDS Linked to the IntraVenous Experience) study, a community-based observational cohort study of people with a history of injection drug use in Baltimore, Maryland. Logistic regressions with generalized estimating equations were used to estimate associations between drug use-related discrimination in healthcare settings and subsequent ED utilization for the sample overall and six subgroups based on race, sex, and HIV status. Results: 1,342 participants contributed data from 7,289 semiannual study visits. Participants were predominately Black (82%), mostly male (66%), and 33% were living with HIV. Drug use-related discrimination in healthcare settings (reported at 6% of study visits) was positively associated with any subsequent ED use (OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.15-1.72). Positive associations persisted after adjusting for covariates, including past sixth-month ED use and drug use, among the overall sample (aOR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.04-1.59) and among some subgroups. Conclusions: Drug use-related discrimination in healthcare settings was associated with greater subsequent ED utilization in this sample. Further exploration of mechanisms driving this relationship may help improve care and optimize healthcare engagement for people with a history of injection drug use.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Male ; Female ; Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology ; Emergency Service, Hospital/statistics & numerical data ; Adult ; Prospective Studies ; Baltimore/epidemiology ; Middle Aged ; HIV Infections ; Patient Acceptance of Health Care/statistics & numerical data ; Longitudinal Studies
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Observational Study
ZDB-ID	1310358-1
ISSN	1532-2491 ; 1082-6084
ISSN (online)	1532-2491
ISSN	1082-6084
DOI	10.1080/10826084.2024.2330906
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Article ; Online: Noninvasive Cardiac Output Monitoring (NICOM) in the Critically Ill Patient Undergoing Endotracheal Intubation: A Prospective Observational Study.

Smischney, Nathan J / Stoltenberg, Anita D / Schroeder, Darrell R / DeAngelis, Jillian L / Kaufman, David A

Journal of intensive care medicine

2023 Volume 38, Issue 12, Page(s) 1108–1120

Abstract: Background: ...

Abstract	Background:
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Etomidate ; Anesthetics, Intravenous ; Propofol ; Ketamine ; Prospective Studies ; Critical Illness/therapy ; Intubation, Intratracheal/adverse effects ; Intubation, Intratracheal/methods ; Monitoring, Physiologic ; Cardiac Output
Chemical Substances	Etomidate (Z22628B598) ; Anesthetics, Intravenous ; Propofol (YI7VU623SF) ; Ketamine (690G0D6V8H)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Observational Study ; Multicenter Study ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	632828-3
ISSN	1525-1489 ; 0885-0666
ISSN (online)	1525-1489
ISSN	0885-0666
DOI	10.1177/08850666231183401
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Zs.A 2158: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Airway Tree Caliber and Susceptibility to Pollution-associated Emphysema: MESA Air and Lung Studies.

Sack, Coralynn / Wang, Meng / Knutson, Victoria / Gassett, Amanda / Hoffman, Eric A / Sheppard, Lianne / Barr, R Graham / Kaufman, Joel D / Smith, Benjamin

American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine

2024

Abstract: Rationale: Airway tree morphology varies in the general population and may modify the distribution and uptake of inhaled pollutants.: Objectives: We hypothesized that smaller airway caliber would be associated with emphysema progression and would ... ...

Abstract	Rationale: Airway tree morphology varies in the general population and may modify the distribution and uptake of inhaled pollutants. Objectives: We hypothesized that smaller airway caliber would be associated with emphysema progression and would increase susceptibility to air pollutant-associated emphysema progression. Methods: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) is a general population cohort of adults 45-84 years old from six U.S. communities. Airway tree caliber was quantified as the mean of airway lumen diameters measured from baseline cardiac computed tomography (CT) (2000-02). Percent emphysema, defined as percentage of lung pixels below -950 Hounsfield units, was assessed up to 5 times per participant via cardiac CT scan (2000-07) and equivalent regions on lung CT scan (2010-18). Long-term outdoor air pollutant concentrations (PM2.5, NOx, O3) were estimated at residential address with validated spatio-temporal models. Linear mixed models estimated the association between airway tree caliber and emphysema progression; modification of pollutant-associated emphysema progression was assessed using multiplicative interaction terms. Main results: Among 6,793 participants (mean±SD age: 62±10 years), baseline airway tree caliber was 3.95±1.1 mm and median (interquartile range) of percent emphysema was 2.88 (1.21-5.68). In adjusted analyses, 10-year emphysema progression rate was 0.75 percentage points (95%CI 0.54-0.96%) higher in the smallest compared to largest airway tree caliber quartile. Airway tree caliber also modified air pollutant-associated emphysema progression. Conclusions: Smaller airway tree caliber was associated with accelerated emphysema progression and modified air pollutant-associated emphysema progression. A better understanding of mechanisms of airway-alveolar homeostasis and air pollutant deposition are needed.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1180953-x
ISSN	1535-4970 ; 0003-0805 ; 1073-449X
ISSN (online)	1535-4970
ISSN	0003-0805 ; 1073-449X
DOI	10.1164/rccm.202307-1248OC
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