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  1. Book ; Online: Artificial intelligence and biological misuse

    Sandbrink, Jonas B.

    Differentiating risks of language models and biological design tools

    2023  

    Abstract: As advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) propel progress in the life sciences, they may also enable the weaponisation and misuse of biological agents. This article differentiates two classes of AI tools that could pose such biosecurity risks: ... ...

    Abstract As advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) propel progress in the life sciences, they may also enable the weaponisation and misuse of biological agents. This article differentiates two classes of AI tools that could pose such biosecurity risks: large language models (LLMs) and biological design tools (BDTs). LLMs, such as GPT-4 and its successors, might provide dual-use information and thus remove some barriers encountered by historical biological weapons efforts. As LLMs are turned into multi-modal lab assistants and autonomous science tools, this will increase their ability to support non-experts in performing laboratory work. Thus, LLMs may in particular lower barriers to biological misuse. In contrast, BDTs will expand the capabilities of sophisticated actors. Concretely, BDTs may enable the creation of pandemic pathogens substantially worse than anything seen to date and could enable forms of more predictable and targeted biological weapons. In combination, the convergence of LLMs and BDTs could raise the ceiling of harm from biological agents and could make them broadly accessible. A range of interventions would help to manage risks. Independent pre-release evaluations could help understand the capabilities of models and the effectiveness of safeguards. Options for differentiated access to such tools should be carefully weighed with the benefits of openly releasing systems. Lastly, essential for mitigating risks will be universal and enhanced screening of gene synthesis products.

    Comment: 8 pages, 1 figure
    Keywords Computer Science - Computers and Society
    Publishing date 2023-06-24
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Article ; Online: Innovate and Stockpile: Respiratory Protection for Essential Workers in a Catastrophic Pandemic.

    Montazeri, Nadia X / Sandbrink, Jonas B

    Health security

    2023  Volume 21, Issue 4, Page(s) 266–271

    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Personal Protective Equipment ; Health Personnel
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-17
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2823049-8
    ISSN 2326-5108 ; 2326-5094
    ISSN (online) 2326-5108
    ISSN 2326-5094
    DOI 10.1089/hs.2022.0126
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Biosecurity in an age of open science.

    Smith, James Andrew / Sandbrink, Jonas B

    PLoS biology

    2022  Volume 20, Issue 4, Page(s) e3001600

    Abstract: The risk of accidental or deliberate misuse of biological research is increasing as biotechnology advances. As open science becomes widespread, we must consider its impact on those risks and develop solutions that ensure security while facilitating ... ...

    Abstract The risk of accidental or deliberate misuse of biological research is increasing as biotechnology advances. As open science becomes widespread, we must consider its impact on those risks and develop solutions that ensure security while facilitating scientific progress. Here, we examine the interaction between open science practices and biosecurity and biosafety to identify risks and opportunities for risk mitigation. Increasing the availability of computational tools, datasets, and protocols could increase risks from research with misuse potential. For instance, in the context of viral engineering, open code, data, and materials may increase the risk of release of enhanced pathogens. For this dangerous subset of research, both open science and biosecurity goals may be achieved by using access-controlled repositories or application programming interfaces. While preprints accelerate dissemination of findings, their increased use could challenge strategies for risk mitigation at the publication stage. This highlights the importance of oversight earlier in the research lifecycle. Preregistration of research, a practice promoted by the open science community, provides an opportunity for achieving biosecurity risk assessment at the conception of research. Open science and biosecurity experts have an important role to play in enabling responsible research with maximal societal benefit.
    MeSH term(s) Biosecurity ; Containment of Biohazards/methods
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2126776-5
    ISSN 1545-7885 ; 1544-9173
    ISSN (online) 1545-7885
    ISSN 1544-9173
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001600
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Biosecurity risks associated with vaccine platform technologies.

    Sandbrink, Jonas B / Koblentz, Gregory D

    Vaccine

    2021  Volume 40, Issue 17, Page(s) 2514–2523

    Abstract: Vaccine platforms have been critical for accelerating the timeline of COVID-19 vaccine development. Faster vaccine timelines demand further development of these technologies. Currently investigated platform approaches include virally vectored and RNA- ... ...

    Abstract Vaccine platforms have been critical for accelerating the timeline of COVID-19 vaccine development. Faster vaccine timelines demand further development of these technologies. Currently investigated platform approaches include virally vectored and RNA-based vaccines, as well as DNA vaccines and recombinant protein expression system platforms, each featuring different advantages and challenges. Viral vector-based and DNA vaccines in particular have received a large share of research funding to date. Platform vaccine technologies may feature dual-use potential through informing or enabling pathogen engineering, which may raise the risk for the occurrence of deliberate, anthropogenic biological events. Research on virally vectored vaccines exhibits relatively high dual-use potential for two reasons. First, development of virally vectored vaccines may generate insights of particular dual-use concern such as techniques for circumventing pre-existing anti-vector immunity. Second, while the amount of work on viral vectors for gene therapy exceeds that for vaccine research, work on virally vectored vaccines may increase the number of individuals capable of engineering viruses of particular concern, such as ones closely related to smallpox. Other platform vaccine approaches, such as RNA vaccines, feature relatively little dual-use potential. The biosecurity risk associated with platform advancement may be minimised by focusing preferentially on circumventing anti-vector immunity with non-genetic rather than genetic modifications, using vectors that are not based on viruses pathogenic to humans, or preferential investment into promising RNA-based vaccine approaches. To reduce the risk of anthropogenic pandemics, structures for the governance of biotechnology and life science research with dual-use potential need to be reworked. Scientists outside of the pathogen research community, for instance those who work on viral vectors or oncolytic viruses, need to become more aware of the dual-use risks associated with their research. Both public and private research-funding bodies need to prioritise the evaluation and reduction of biosecurity risks.
    MeSH term(s) Biosecurity ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects ; Genetic Vectors ; Humans ; RNA ; Vaccines, DNA/genetics ; Viral Vaccines ; Viruses/genetics
    Chemical Substances COVID-19 Vaccines ; Vaccines, DNA ; Viral Vaccines ; RNA (63231-63-0)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-25
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 605674-x
    ISSN 1873-2518 ; 0264-410X
    ISSN (online) 1873-2518
    ISSN 0264-410X
    DOI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.023
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: RNA Vaccines: A Suitable Platform for Tackling Emerging Pandemics?

    Sandbrink, Jonas B / Shattock, Robin J

    Frontiers in immunology

    2020  Volume 11, Page(s) 608460

    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrates the ongoing threat of pandemics caused by novel, previously unrecognized, or mutated pathogens with high transmissibility. Currently, vaccine development is too slow for vaccines to be used in the control of emerging ... ...

    Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrates the ongoing threat of pandemics caused by novel, previously unrecognized, or mutated pathogens with high transmissibility. Currently, vaccine development is too slow for vaccines to be used in the control of emerging pandemics. RNA-based vaccines might be suitable to meet this challenge. The use of an RNA-based delivery mechanism promises fast vaccine development, clinical approval, and production. The simplicity of
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Humans ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; RNA, Messenger ; Vaccines, DNA
    Chemical Substances RNA, Messenger ; Vaccines, DNA
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-12-22
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2606827-8
    ISSN 1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
    ISSN (online) 1664-3224
    ISSN 1664-3224
    DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2020.608460
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Biosecurity in an age of open science.

    James Andrew Smith / Jonas B Sandbrink

    PLoS Biology, Vol 20, Iss 4, p e

    2022  Volume 3001600

    Abstract: The risk of accidental or deliberate misuse of biological research is increasing as biotechnology advances. As open science becomes widespread, we must consider its impact on those risks and develop solutions that ensure security while facilitating ... ...

    Abstract The risk of accidental or deliberate misuse of biological research is increasing as biotechnology advances. As open science becomes widespread, we must consider its impact on those risks and develop solutions that ensure security while facilitating scientific progress. Here, we examine the interaction between open science practices and biosecurity and biosafety to identify risks and opportunities for risk mitigation. Increasing the availability of computational tools, datasets, and protocols could increase risks from research with misuse potential. For instance, in the context of viral engineering, open code, data, and materials may increase the risk of release of enhanced pathogens. For this dangerous subset of research, both open science and biosecurity goals may be achieved by using access-controlled repositories or application programming interfaces. While preprints accelerate dissemination of findings, their increased use could challenge strategies for risk mitigation at the publication stage. This highlights the importance of oversight earlier in the research lifecycle. Preregistration of research, a practice promoted by the open science community, provides an opportunity for achieving biosecurity risk assessment at the conception of research. Open science and biosecurity experts have an important role to play in enabling responsible research with maximal societal benefit.
    Keywords Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
    Subject code 050
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  7. Article ; Online: Biosecurity in an age of open science

    James Andrew Smith / Jonas B. Sandbrink

    PLoS Biology, Vol 20, Iss

    2022  Volume 4

    Abstract: The risk of accidental or deliberate misuse of biological research is increasing as biotechnology advances. As open science becomes widespread, we must consider its impact on those risks and develop solutions that ensure security while facilitating ... ...

    Abstract The risk of accidental or deliberate misuse of biological research is increasing as biotechnology advances. As open science becomes widespread, we must consider its impact on those risks and develop solutions that ensure security while facilitating scientific progress. Here, we examine the interaction between open science practices and biosecurity and biosafety to identify risks and opportunities for risk mitigation. Increasing the availability of computational tools, datasets, and protocols could increase risks from research with misuse potential. For instance, in the context of viral engineering, open code, data, and materials may increase the risk of release of enhanced pathogens. For this dangerous subset of research, both open science and biosecurity goals may be achieved by using access-controlled repositories or application programming interfaces. While preprints accelerate dissemination of findings, their increased use could challenge strategies for risk mitigation at the publication stage. This highlights the importance of oversight earlier in the research lifecycle. Preregistration of research, a practice promoted by the open science community, provides an opportunity for achieving biosecurity risk assessment at the conception of research. Open science and biosecurity experts have an important role to play in enabling responsible research with maximal societal benefit. The risk of biotechnology being misused is growing and may even be increased by moves towards open science. How can we ensure that the goals of both open science and biosecurity are met?
    Keywords Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  8. Article ; Online: Promoting versatile vaccine development for emerging pandemics.

    Monrad, Joshua T / Sandbrink, Jonas B / Cherian, Neil G

    NPJ vaccines

    2021  Volume 6, Issue 1, Page(s) 26

    Abstract: The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the importance of rapid and versatile development of emergency medical countermeasures such as vaccines. We discuss the role of platform vaccines and prototype pathogen research in modern vaccine development, ...

    Abstract The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the importance of rapid and versatile development of emergency medical countermeasures such as vaccines. We discuss the role of platform vaccines and prototype pathogen research in modern vaccine development, and outline how previous pathogen-specific funding approaches can be improved to adequately promote vaccine R&D for emerging pandemics. We present a more comprehensive approach to financing vaccine R&D, which maximises biomedical pandemic preparedness by promoting flexible vaccine platforms and translatable research into prototype pathogens. As the numerous platform-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines show, funders can accelerate pandemic vaccine development by proactively investing in versatile platform technologies. For certain emerging infectious diseases, where vaccine research can translate to other related pathogens with pandemic potential, investment decisions should reflect the full social value of increasing overall preparedness, rather than just the value of bringing a vaccine to market for individual pathogens.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-11
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ISSN 2059-0105
    ISSN (online) 2059-0105
    DOI 10.1038/s41541-021-00290-y
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Safety and security concerns regarding transmissible vaccines.

    Sandbrink, Jonas B / Watson, Matthew C / Hebbeler, Andrew M / Esvelt, Kevin M

    Nature ecology & evolution

    2021  Volume 5, Issue 4, Page(s) 405–406

    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Vaccines/adverse effects ; Zoonoses
    Chemical Substances Vaccines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-04
    Publishing country England
    Document type Letter ; Comment
    ISSN 2397-334X
    ISSN (online) 2397-334X
    DOI 10.1038/s41559-021-01394-3
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Insidious Insights: Implications of viral vector engineering for pathogen enhancement.

    Sandbrink, Jonas B / Alley, Ethan C / Watson, Matthew C / Koblentz, Gregory D / Esvelt, Kevin M

    Gene therapy

    2022  Volume 30, Issue 5, Page(s) 407–410

    Abstract: Optimizing viral vectors and their properties will be important for improving the effectiveness and safety of clinical gene therapy. However, such research may generate dual-use insights relevant to the enhancement of pandemic pathogens. In particular, ... ...

    Abstract Optimizing viral vectors and their properties will be important for improving the effectiveness and safety of clinical gene therapy. However, such research may generate dual-use insights relevant to the enhancement of pandemic pathogens. In particular, reliable and generalizable methods of immune evasion could increase viral fitness sufficient to cause a new pandemic. High potential for misuse is associated with (1) the development of universal genetic elements for immune modulation, (2) specific insights on capsid engineering for antibody evasion applicable to viruses with pandemic potential, and (3) the development of computational methods to inform capsid engineering. These risks may be mitigated by prioritizing non-viral delivery systems, pharmacological immune modulation methods, non-genetic vector surface modifications, and engineering methods specific to AAV and other viruses incapable of unassisted human-to-human transmission. We recommend that computational vector engineering and the publication of associated code and data be limited to AAV until a technical solution for preventing malicious access to viral engineering tools has been established.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Genetic Vectors/genetics ; Capsid Proteins/genetics ; Capsid ; Dependovirus/genetics
    Chemical Substances Capsid Proteins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-10
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1191036-7
    ISSN 1476-5462 ; 0969-7128
    ISSN (online) 1476-5462
    ISSN 0969-7128
    DOI 10.1038/s41434-021-00312-3
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