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  1. Book ; Online: Making Open Development Inclusive : Lessons from IDRC Research

    Smith, Matthew L. / Seward, Ruhiya Kristine

    2020  

    Keywords IT, Internet & electronic resources in libraries ; Science funding & policy ; Communication studies ; access ; broadband ; collaborative science ; communications ; connectivity ; crowdsourcing ; data ; development ; digital economy ; ecology ; economics ; education ; educational resources ; entrepreneurship ; equity ; gender ; geography ; global ; global development ; global markets ; government ; health ; inclusion ; inequality ; information ; information science ; innovation hubs ; internet ; knowledge ; knowledge exchange ; logistics ; marginality ; MOOCs ; NGOs ; OCSDNet ; online platforms ; open access ; open data ; open innovation ; openness ; open science ; policy ; politics ; public resources ; Reddit ; resource distribution ; social inclusion ; technology ; telecommunications ; telecommunications reform ; U.N. ; UNDP ; university ; wi-fi
    Size 1 electronic resource (512 pages)
    Publisher The MIT Press
    Publishing place Cambridge
    Document type Book ; Online
    Note English ; Open Access
    HBZ-ID HT021290763
    ISBN 9780262539111 ; 026253911X
    Database ZB MED Catalogue: Medicine, Health, Nutrition, Environment, Agriculture

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  2. Book ; Online: Critical Perspectives on Open Development : Empirical Interrogation of Theory Construction

    Chib, Arul / Bentley, Caitlin M. / Smith, Matthew L.

    2020  

    Keywords Computer networking & communications ; Computer programming / software development ; Impact of science & technology on society ; Computer programming / software engineering ; Impact of science and technology on society
    Size 1 electronic resource (320 pages)
    Publisher The MIT Press
    Publishing place Cambridge
    Document type Book ; Online
    Note English ; Open Access
    HBZ-ID HT021290281
    ISBN 9780262542326 ; 0262542323
    Database ZB MED Catalogue: Medicine, Health, Nutrition, Environment, Agriculture

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  3. Book ; Online: Open Development : Networked Innovations in International Development

    Smith, Matthew L. / Reilly, Katherine M. A.

    2014  

    Keywords Development studies ; Central / national / federal government policies
    Size 1 electronic resource (384 pages)
    Publisher The MIT Press
    Publishing place Cambridge
    Document type Book ; Online
    Note English ; Open Access
    HBZ-ID HT021291725
    ISBN 9780262525411 ; 0262525410
    Database ZB MED Catalogue: Medicine, Health, Nutrition, Environment, Agriculture

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  4. Article ; Online: Obituary for a diagnosis: B-cell prolymphocytic leukaemia (1974-2022).

    Hibbs, Stephen P / Smith, Matthew L / Swinglehurst, Deborah

    HemaSphere

    2024  Volume 8, Issue 2, Page(s) e35

    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2572-9241
    ISSN (online) 2572-9241
    DOI 10.1002/hem3.35
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: A Large-Scale Study of the Relationship Between Degree and Type of Hearing Loss and Recognition of Speech in Quiet and Noise.

    Smith, Michael L / Winn, Matthew B / Fitzgerald, Matthew B

    Ear and hearing

    2024  

    Abstract: Objectives: Understanding speech in noise (SIN) is the dominant complaint of individuals with hearing loss. For decades, the default test of speech perception in routine audiologic assessment has been monosyllabic word recognition in quiet (WRQ), which ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: Understanding speech in noise (SIN) is the dominant complaint of individuals with hearing loss. For decades, the default test of speech perception in routine audiologic assessment has been monosyllabic word recognition in quiet (WRQ), which does not directly address patient concerns, leading some to advocate that measures of SIN should be integrated into routine practice. However, very little is known with regard to how SIN abilities are affected by different types of hearing loss. Here, we examine performance on clinical measures of WRQ and SIN in a large patient base consisting of a variety of hearing loss types, including conductive (CHL), mixed (MHL), and sensorineural (SNHL) losses.
    Design: In a retrospective study, we examined data from 5593 patients (51% female) who underwent audiometric assessment at the Stanford Ear Institute. All individuals completed pure-tone audiometry, and speech perception testing of monaural WRQ, and monaural QuickSIN. Patient ages ranged from 18 to 104 years (average = 57). The average age in years for the different classifications of hearing loss was 51.1 (NH), 48.5 (CHL), 64.2 (MHL), and 68.5 (SNHL), respectively. Generalized linear mixed-effect models and quartile regression were used to determine the relationship between hearing loss type and severity for the different speech-recognition outcome measures.
    Results: Patients with CHL had similar performance to patients with normal hearing on both WRQ and QuickSIN, regardless of the hearing loss severity. In patients with MHL or SNHL, WRQ scores remained largely excellent with increasing hearing loss until the loss was moderately severe or worse. In contrast, QuickSIN signal to noise ratio (SNR) losses showed an orderly systematic decrease as the degree of hearing loss became more severe. This effect scaled with the data, with threshold-QuickSIN relationships absent for CHL, and becoming increasingly stronger for MHL and strongest in patients with SNHL. However, the variability in these data suggests that only 57% of the variance in WRQ scores, and 50% of the variance in QuickSIN SNR losses, could be accounted for by the audiometric thresholds. Patients who would not be differentiated by WRQ scores are shown to be potentially differentiable by SIN scores.
    Conclusions: In this data set, conductive hearing loss had little effect on WRQ scores or QuickSIN SNR losses. However, for patients with MHL or SNHL, speech perception abilities decreased as the severity of the hearing loss increased. In these data, QuickSIN SNR losses showed deficits in performance with degrees of hearing loss that yielded largely excellent WRQ scores. However, the considerable variability in the data suggests that even after classifying patients according to their type of hearing loss, hearing thresholds only account for a portion of the variance in speech perception abilities, particularly in noise. These results are consistent with the idea that variables such as cochlear health and aging add explanatory power over audibility alone.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 603093-2
    ISSN 1538-4667 ; 0196-0202
    ISSN (online) 1538-4667
    ISSN 0196-0202
    DOI 10.1097/AUD.0000000000001484
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    Zs.A 1548: Show issues Location:
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    bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular
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  6. Book ; Online: 35 Digital Learning for Developing Asian Countries

    L. Tinio, Victoria / Smith, Matthew / Ping Lim, Cher / Kumar Bhowmik, Miron

    2018  

    Abstract: Education - that is, the development of knowledge, skills, and values - is an important means by which to empower individuals in a society. As both a means towards and an outcome ofgaining the capabilities necessary to participate in and contribute to ... ...

    Abstract Education - that is, the development of knowledge, skills, and values - is an important means by which to empower individuals in a society. As both a means towards and an outcome ofgaining the capabilities necessary to participate in and contribute to society, education is anessential enabler in many social aspects, such as economic growth, poverty reduction, publichealth, and sustainable development, especially in today's knowledge society. At the sametime, however, education can still be a social institution that reflects and reproduces the social,cultural, and economic disadvantages that prevail in the rest of society (Bourdieu & Passeron,1990). For example, students who are discriminated against socio-culturallyor who are economicallypoor are more likely to receive an education that is characterized by inadequate infrastructure,few qualified teachers and encouraging peers, and outmoded pedagogical practices,which often results in a lower quality of life
    Keywords Education (General)
    Size 1 electronic resource (15 p.)
    Publisher Routledge
    Document type Book ; Online
    Note English ; Open Access
    HBZ-ID HT020098317
    ISBN 9781138908499 ; 9781315694382 ; 1138908495 ; 1315694387
    Database ZB MED Catalogue: Medicine, Health, Nutrition, Environment, Agriculture

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  7. Article ; Online: Applications of machine learning in phylogenetics.

    Mo, Yu K / Hahn, Matthew W / Smith, Megan L

    Molecular phylogenetics and evolution

    2024  Volume 196, Page(s) 108066

    Abstract: Machine learning has increasingly been applied to a wide range of questions in phylogenetic inference. Supervised machine learning approaches that rely on simulated training data have been used to infer tree topologies and branch lengths, to select ... ...

    Abstract Machine learning has increasingly been applied to a wide range of questions in phylogenetic inference. Supervised machine learning approaches that rely on simulated training data have been used to infer tree topologies and branch lengths, to select substitution models, and to perform downstream inferences of introgression and diversification. Here, we review how researchers have used several promising machine learning approaches to make phylogenetic inferences. Despite the promise of these methods, several barriers prevent supervised machine learning from reaching its full potential in phylogenetics. We discuss these barriers and potential paths forward. In the future, we expect that the application of careful network designs and data encodings will allow supervised machine learning to accommodate the complex processes that continue to confound traditional phylogenetic methods.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-31
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 33610-5
    ISSN 1095-9513 ; 1055-7903
    ISSN (online) 1095-9513
    ISSN 1055-7903
    DOI 10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108066
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    Zs.A 3644: Show issues Location:
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    bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular
    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (2.OG)
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  8. Article: Expectation reshapes V4 neuronal activity and improves perceptual performance.

    Stan, Patricia L / Smith, Matthew A

    bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

    2023  

    Abstract: Recent visual experience creates expectations that heavily influence our visual perception. How does expectation shape the activity of cortical neurons to allow for improved perceptual discrimination of visual inputs? We recorded from populations of ... ...

    Abstract Recent visual experience creates expectations that heavily influence our visual perception. How does expectation shape the activity of cortical neurons to allow for improved perceptual discrimination of visual inputs? We recorded from populations of neurons in visual cortical area V4 while monkeys performed a natural image change detection task under different expectation conditions. We found that higher expectation led to an improvement in the ability to detect a change in an image. This improvement was associated with decreased neural responses to the image, providing evidence that a reduction in activity can improve stimulus encoding. The decrease in response could not be fully explained by short-timescale adaptation, suggesting partially separate mechanisms of adaptation and expectation. Additionally, higher expectation was associated with decreased trial-to-trial shared variability, indicating that a reduction in variability is a key means by which expectation influences perception. Taken together, the results of our study contribute to an understanding of how visual experience and expectation can shape our perception and behavior through modulating activity patterns across the visual cortex.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-28
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.1101/2023.08.27.555026
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Spectrophotometric-Based Assay to Quantify Relative Enzyme-Mediated Degradation of Commercially Available Bioplastics.

    Hoekstra, Matthew / Smith, Myron L

    Polymers

    2023  Volume 15, Issue 11

    Abstract: We present a spectrophotometric-based assay to identify enzymes that degrade commercially available bioplastics. Bioplastics comprise aliphatic polyesters with hydrolysis-susceptible ester bonds and are proposed as a replacement for petroleum-based ... ...

    Abstract We present a spectrophotometric-based assay to identify enzymes that degrade commercially available bioplastics. Bioplastics comprise aliphatic polyesters with hydrolysis-susceptible ester bonds and are proposed as a replacement for petroleum-based plastics that accumulate in the environment. Unfortunately, many bioplastics can also persist in environments including seawater and waste centers. Our assay involves an overnight incubation of candidate enzyme(s) with plastic, followed by A610 spectrophotometry using 96-well plates to quantify both a reduction in residual plastic and the liberation of degradation by-products. We use the assay to show that Proteinase K and PLA depolymerase, two enzymes that were previously shown to degrade pure polylactic acid plastic, promote a 20-30% breakdown of commercial bioplastic during overnight incubation. We validate our assay and confirm the degradation potential of these enzymes with commercial bioplastic using established mass-loss and scanning electron microscopy methods. We show how the assay can be used to optimize parameters (temperature, co-factors, etc.) to enhance the enzyme-mediated degradation of bioplastics. The assay endpoint products can be coupled with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) or other analytical methods to infer the mode of enzymatic activity. Overall, the screening capacity of the spectrophotometric-based assay was demonstrated to be an accurate method to identify bioplastic-degrading enzymes.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-24
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2527146-5
    ISSN 2073-4360 ; 2073-4360
    ISSN (online) 2073-4360
    ISSN 2073-4360
    DOI 10.3390/polym15112439
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Phylogenetic inference using generative adversarial networks.

    Smith, Megan L / Hahn, Matthew W

    Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)

    2023  Volume 39, Issue 9

    Abstract: Motivation: The application of machine learning approaches in phylogenetics has been impeded by the vast model space associated with inference. Supervised machine learning approaches require data from across this space to train models. Because of this, ... ...

    Abstract Motivation: The application of machine learning approaches in phylogenetics has been impeded by the vast model space associated with inference. Supervised machine learning approaches require data from across this space to train models. Because of this, previous approaches have typically been limited to inferring relationships among unrooted quartets of taxa, where there are only three possible topologies. Here, we explore the potential of generative adversarial networks (GANs) to address this limitation. GANs consist of a generator and a discriminator: at each step, the generator aims to create data that is similar to real data, while the discriminator attempts to distinguish generated and real data. By using an evolutionary model as the generator, we use GANs to make evolutionary inferences. Since a new model can be considered at each iteration, heuristic searches of complex model spaces are possible. Thus, GANs offer a potential solution to the challenges of applying machine learning in phylogenetics.
    Results: We developed phyloGAN, a GAN that infers phylogenetic relationships among species. phyloGAN takes as input a concatenated alignment, or a set of gene alignments, and infers a phylogenetic tree either considering or ignoring gene tree heterogeneity. We explored the performance of phyloGAN for up to 15 taxa in the concatenation case and 6 taxa when considering gene tree heterogeneity. Error rates are relatively low in these simple cases. However, run times are slow and performance metrics suggest issues during training. Future work should explore novel architectures that may result in more stable and efficient GANs for phylogenetics.
    Availability and implementation: phyloGAN is available on github: https://github.com/meganlsmith/phyloGAN/.
    MeSH term(s) Phylogeny ; Biological Evolution ; Benchmarking ; Genetic Heterogeneity ; Machine Learning
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-05
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 1422668-6
    ISSN 1367-4811 ; 1367-4803
    ISSN (online) 1367-4811
    ISSN 1367-4803
    DOI 10.1093/bioinformatics/btad543
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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