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Article ; Online: Time-resolved X-ray diffraction diagnostic development for the National Ignition Facility.

Werellapatha, K / Palmer, N E / Gorman, M G / Bernier, J V / Bhandarkar, N S / Bradley, D K / Braun, D G / Bruhn, M / Carpenter, A / Celliers, P M / Coppari, F / Dayton, M / Durand, C / Eggert, J H / Ferguson, B / Heidl, B / Heinbockel, C / Heredia, R / Huckins, J /

Hurd, E / Hsing, W / Krauland, C M / Lazicki, A E / Kalantar, D / Kehl, J / Killebrew, K / Masters, N / Millot, M / Nagel, S R / Petre, R B / Ping, Y / Polsin, D N / Singh, S / Stan, C V / Swift, D / Tabimina, J / Thomas, A / Zobrist, T / Benedetti, L R

The Review of scientific instruments

2024 Volume 95, Issue 1

Abstract: We present the development of an experimental platform that can collect four frames of x-ray ... duration, quasi-monochromatic x-ray source produced by laser-generated plasma. We demonstrate ... the performance with diffraction data for Pb ramp compressed to 150 GPa and illuminated by a Ge x-ray source ...

Abstract	We present the development of an experimental platform that can collect four frames of x-ray diffraction data along a single line of sight during laser-driven, dynamic-compression experiments at the National Ignition Facility. The platform is comprised of a diagnostic imager built around ultrafast sensors with a 2-ns integration time, a custom target assembly that serves also to shield the imager, and a 10-ns duration, quasi-monochromatic x-ray source produced by laser-generated plasma. We demonstrate the performance with diffraction data for Pb ramp compressed to 150 GPa and illuminated by a Ge x-ray source that produces ∼7 × 1011, 10.25-keV photons/ns at the 400 μm diameter sample.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209865-9
ISSN	1089-7623 ; 0034-6748
ISSN (online)	1089-7623
ISSN	0034-6748
DOI	10.1063/5.0161343
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Article ; Online: Quantifying ventilation by X-ray velocimetry in healthy adults.

Siddharthan, Trishul / Grealis, Kyle / Kirkness, Jason P / Ötvös, Tamás / Stefanovski, Darko / Tombleson, Alex / Dalzell, Molly / Gonzalez, Ernesto / Nakrani, Kinjal Bhatt / Wenger, David / Lester, Michael G / Richmond, Bradley W / Fouras, Andreas / Punjabi, Naresh M

Respiratory research

2023 Volume 24, Issue 1, Page(s) 215

Abstract: Rationale: X-ray velocimetry (XV) has been utilized in preclinical models to assess lung motion ...

Abstract	Rationale: X-ray velocimetry (XV) has been utilized in preclinical models to assess lung motion and regional ventilation, though no studies have compared XV-derived physiologic parameters to measures derived through conventional means. Objectives: To assess agreement between XV-analysis of fluoroscopic lung images and pitot tube flowmeter measures of ventilation. Methods: XV- and pitot tube-derived ventilatory parameters were compared during tidal breathing and with bilevel-assisted breathing. Levels of agreement were assessed using the Bland-Altman analysis. Mixed models were used to characterize the association between XV- and pitot tube-derived values and optimize XV-derived values for higher ventilatory volumes. Measurements and main results: Twenty-four healthy volunteers were assessed during tidal breathing and 11 were reassessed with increased minute ventilation with bilevel-assisted breathing. No clinically significant differences were observed between the two methods for respiratory rate (average Δ: 0.58; 95% limits of agreement: -1.55, 2.71) or duty cycle (average Δ: 0.02; 95% limits of agreement: 0.01, 0.03). Tidal volumes and flow rates measured using XV were lower than those measured using the pitot tube flowmeter, particularly at the higher volume ranges with bilevel-assisted breathing. Under these conditions, a mixed-model based adjustment was applied to the XV-derived values of tidal volume and flow rate to obtain closer agreement with the pitot tube-derived values. Conclusion: Radiographically obtained measures of ventilation with XV demonstrate a high degree of correlation with parameters of ventilation. If the accuracy of XV were also confirmed for assessing the regional distribution of ventilation, it would provide information that goes beyond the scope of conventional pulmonary function tests or static radiographic assessments.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; X-Rays ; Respiration ; Radiography ; Tidal Volume ; Lung/diagnostic imaging
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2041675-1
ISSN	1465-993X ; 1465-993X
ISSN (online)	1465-993X
ISSN	1465-993X
DOI	10.1186/s12931-023-02517-z
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Article: Regulatory Approach for Transitioning from Gamma Ray to X-ray Radiation Sterilization.

Montgomery, Alan / Bolle-Reddat, Romain / Formica, Shari / Lundahl, Bradley / McDonnell, Gerald

Biomedical instrumentation & technology

2021 Volume 55, Issue s3, Page(s) 58–66

Abstract: When investing in X-ray irradiation facilities around the world, an opportunity exists for defining ... to an X-ray irradiator, then determining how these differences may affect product characteristics. During ...

Abstract	When investing in X-ray irradiation facilities around the world, an opportunity exists for defining a regulatory framework for assessing the transition from current gamma irradiation processes. Historically, regulatory strategies for changing the radiation source for routine processing has consisted of repeating the majority, if not all, of the validation activities performed as part of an initial validation and associated submission. Although not a new concept, performing a risk assessment has the potential to be leveraged more fully by increasing the rigor of determining what is changing when product moves from a gamma to an X-ray irradiator, then determining how these differences may affect product characteristics. During these steps, differences can be identified and quantified between radiation sources and potential impacts, if any, to product quality can be elucidated. Based on these risk assessments, the level of action required, or not required, in terms of empirical product testing can be examined and a determination can be made regarding whether a substantial change has occurred.
MeSH term(s)	Gamma Rays ; Sterilization ; X-Rays
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1025474-2
ISSN	0899-8205
ISSN	0899-8205
DOI	10.2345/0899-8205-55.s3.58
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Article ; Online: A tabletop X-ray tomography instrument for nanometer-scale imaging: reconstructions.

Levine, Zachary H / Alpert, Bradley K / Dagel, Amber L / Fowler, Joseph W / Jimenez, Edward S / Nakamura, Nathan / Swetz, Daniel S / Szypryt, Paul / Thompson, Kyle R / Ullom, Joel N

Microsystems & nanoengineering

2023 Volume 9, Page(s) 47

Abstract: ... process. The reconstructions employ x-ray computed tomography, measured with a new and innovative high ... magnification x-ray microscope. The instrument uses a focused electron beam to generate x-rays in a 100 nm spot ... and energy-resolving x-ray detectors that minimize backgrounds and hold promise for the identification ...

Abstract	We show three-dimensional reconstructions of a region of an integrated circuit from a 130 nm copper process. The reconstructions employ x-ray computed tomography, measured with a new and innovative high-magnification x-ray microscope. The instrument uses a focused electron beam to generate x-rays in a 100 nm spot and energy-resolving x-ray detectors that minimize backgrounds and hold promise for the identification of materials within the sample. The x-ray generation target, a layer of platinum, is fabricated on the circuit wafer itself. A region of interest is imaged from a limited range of angles and without physically removing the region from the larger circuit. The reconstruction is consistent with the circuit's design file.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2055-7434
ISSN (online)	2055-7434
DOI	10.1038/s41378-023-00510-6
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Article ; Online: Automatic ARDS surveillance with chest X-ray recognition using convolutional neural networks.

Ye, Run Zhou / Lipatov, Kirill / Diedrich, Daniel / Bhattacharyya, Anirban / Erickson, Bradley J / Pickering, Brian W / Herasevich, Vitaly

Journal of critical care

2024 Volume 82, Page(s) 154794

Abstract: ... normal lungs.: Materials and methods: A diagnostic performance study was conducted using Chest X-Ray ... 2014. X-ray images from 15,899 patients were assigned one of three prespecified categories: "ARDS ... The results suggest that a deep learning model based on chest x-ray pattern recognition can be a useful tool ...

Abstract	Objective: This study aims to design, validate and assess the accuracy a deep learning model capable of differentiation Chest X-Rays between pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and normal lungs. Materials and methods: A diagnostic performance study was conducted using Chest X-Ray images from adult patients admitted to a medical intensive care unit between January 2003 and November 2014. X-ray images from 15,899 patients were assigned one of three prespecified categories: "ARDS", "Pneumonia", or "Normal". Results: A two-step convolutional neural network (CNN) pipeline was developed and tested to distinguish between the three patterns with sensitivity ranging from 91.8% to 97.8% and specificity ranging from 96.6% to 98.8%. The CNN model was validated with a sensitivity of 96.3% and specificity of 96.6% using a previous dataset of patients with Acute Lung Injury (ALI)/ARDS. Discussion: The results suggest that a deep learning model based on chest x-ray pattern recognition can be a useful tool in distinguishing patients with ARDS from patients with normal lungs, providing faster results than digital surveillance tools based on text reports. Conclusion: A CNN-based deep learning model showed clinically significant performance, providing potential for faster ARDS identification. Future research should prospectively evaluate these tools in a clinical setting.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	632818-0
ISSN	1557-8615 ; 0883-9441
ISSN (online)	1557-8615
ISSN	0883-9441
DOI	10.1016/j.jcrc.2024.154794
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Article: Tuberculosis Chest X-Ray Image Retrieval System Using Deep Learning Based Biomarker Predictions.

Lowekamp, Bradley C / Gabrielian, Andrei / Hurt, Darrell E / Rosenthal, Alex / Yaniv, Ziv

Proceedings of SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering

2024 Volume 12931

Abstract: ... records, and socioeconomic information. This work describes a TB Portals' Chest X-ray based image ...

Abstract	The world health organization's global tuberculosis (TB) report for 2022 identifies TB, with an estimated 1.6 million, as a leading cause of death. The number of new cases has risen since 2020, particularly the number of new drug-resistant cases, estimated at 450,000 in 2021. This is concerning, as treatment of patients with drug resistant TB is complex and may not always be successful. The NIAID TB Portals program is an international consortium with a primary focus on patient centric data collection and analysis for drug resistant TB. The data includes images, their associated radiological findings, clinical records, and socioeconomic information. This work describes a TB Portals' Chest X-ray based image retrieval system which enables precision medicine. An input image is used to retrieve similar images and the associated patient specific information, thus facilitating inspection of outcomes and treatment regimens from comparable patients. Image similarity is defined using clinically relevant biomarkers: gender, age, body mass index (BMI), and the percentage of lung affected per sextant. The biomarkers are predicted using variations of the DenseNet169 convolutional neural network. A multi-task approach is used to predict gender, age and BMI incorporating transfer learning from an initial training on the NIH Clinical Center CXR dataset to the TB portals dataset. The resulting gender AUC, age and BMI mean absolute errors were 0.9854, 4.03years and
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	0277-786X
ISSN	0277-786X
DOI	10.1117/12.3006848
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Article ; Online: Physics-assisted generative adversarial network for X-ray tomography.

Guo, Zhen / Song, Jung Ki / Barbastathis, George / Glinsky, Michael E / Vaughan, Courtenay T / Larson, Kurt W / Alpert, Bradley K / Levine, Zachary H

Optics express

2022 Volume 30, Issue 13, Page(s) 23238–23259

Abstract: X-ray tomography is capable of imaging the interior of objects in three dimensions non-invasively ... to achieve a given error rate. The advantages of using a physics-assisted learned prior in X-ray tomography ...

Abstract	X-ray tomography is capable of imaging the interior of objects in three dimensions non-invasively, with applications in biomedical imaging, materials science, electronic inspection, and other fields. The reconstruction process can be an ill-conditioned inverse problem, requiring regularization to obtain satisfactory results. Recently, deep learning has been adopted for tomographic reconstruction. Unlike iterative algorithms which require a distribution that is known a priori, deep reconstruction networks can learn a prior distribution through sampling the training distributions. In this work, we develop a Physics-assisted Generative Adversarial Network (PGAN), a two-step algorithm for tomographic reconstruction. In contrast to previous efforts, our PGAN utilizes maximum-likelihood estimates derived from the measurements to regularize the reconstruction with both known physics and the learned prior. Compared with methods with less physics assisting in training, PGAN can reduce the photon requirement with limited projection angles to achieve a given error rate. The advantages of using a physics-assisted learned prior in X-ray tomography may further enable low-photon nanoscale imaging.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1491859-6
ISSN	1094-4087 ; 1094-4087
ISSN (online)	1094-4087
ISSN	1094-4087
DOI	10.1364/OE.460208
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Long duration x-ray source development for x-ray diffraction at the National Ignition Facility.

Werellapatha, K / Hall, G N / Coppari, F / Kemp, G E / Palmer, N E / Krauland, C / Khan, S F / Lazicki, A / Gorman, M G / Nagel, S R / Heinbockel, C / Bhandarkar, N / Masters, N / Bradley, D K / Eggert, J H / Benedetti, L R

The Review of scientific instruments

2021 Volume 92, Issue 5, Page(s) 53904

Abstract: We present the results of experiments to produce a 10 ns-long, quasi-monochromatic x-ray source ... This effort is needed to support time-resolved x-ray diffraction (XRDt) measurements of phase transitions ... XRDt needs the x-ray source to be narrow in energy and uniform in time as long as the sensors are ...

Abstract	We present the results of experiments to produce a 10 ns-long, quasi-monochromatic x-ray source. This effort is needed to support time-resolved x-ray diffraction (XRDt) measurements of phase transitions during laser-driven dynamic compression experiments at the National Ignition Facility. To record XRDt of phase transitions as they occur, we use high-speed (∼1 ns) gated hybrid CMOS detectors, which record multiple frames of data over a timescale of a few to tens of ns. Consequently, to make effective use of these imagers, XRDt needs the x-ray source to be narrow in energy and uniform in time as long as the sensors are active. The x-ray source is produced by a laser irradiated Ge foil. Our results indicate that the x-ray source lasts during the whole duration of the main laser pulse. Both time-resolved and time-integrated spectral data indicate that the line emission is dominated by the He-α complex over higher energy emission lines. Time-integrated spectra agree well with a one-dimensional Cartesian simulation using HYDRA that predicts a conversion efficiency of 0.56% when the incident intensity is 2 × 10
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209865-9
ISSN	1089-7623 ; 0034-6748
ISSN (online)	1089-7623
ISSN	0034-6748
DOI	10.1063/5.0043677
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Article: Reliability of a Novel Automated Ultrasound Technology for Body Composition Assessment and Comparisons with Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry.

Bradley, Adam P / Klawitter, Lukus / Carver, Emma / Johnson, Zach / McGrath, Ryan / Stastny, Sherri / Christensen, Bryan / Hackney, Kyle J

International journal of exercise science

2023 Volume 16, Issue 4, Page(s) 393–401

Abstract: ... of this study was to evaluate test-retest reliability of MuscleSound® (MS) and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry ...

Abstract	Body composition tools vary in reliability, portability, and accessibility. The purpose of this study was to evaluate test-retest reliability of MuscleSound® (MS) and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for both two compartment (region) and three compartment (tissue) models. A secondary aim was to compare body composition values produced by both devices. Fifty participants (
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2411342-6
ISSN	1939-795X
ISSN	1939-795X
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Article ; Online: Kβ X-ray Emission Spectroscopy of Cu(I)-Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase: Direct Observation of the Frontier Molecular Orbital for H

Lim, Hyeongtaek / Brueggemeyer, Magdalene T / Transue, Wesley J / Meier, Katlyn K / Jones, Stephen M / Kroll, Thomas / Sokaras, Dimosthenis / Kelemen, Bradley / Hedman, Britt / Hodgson, Keith O / Solomon, Edward I

Journal of the American Chemical Society

2023 Volume 145, Issue 29, Page(s) 16015–16025

Abstract: Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) catalyze the degradation of recalcitrant carbohydrate polysaccharide substrates. These enzymes are characterized by a mononuclear Cu(I) active site with a three-coordinate T-shaped "His-brace" configuration ... ...

Abstract	Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) catalyze the degradation of recalcitrant carbohydrate polysaccharide substrates. These enzymes are characterized by a mononuclear Cu(I) active site with a three-coordinate T-shaped "His-brace" configuration including the N-terminal histidine and its amine group as ligands. This study explicitly investigates the electronic structure of the d
MeSH term(s)	Mixed Function Oxygenases/chemistry ; Hydrogen Peroxide ; Polysaccharides/metabolism ; Catalytic Domain ; Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission
Chemical Substances	Mixed Function Oxygenases (EC 1.-) ; Hydrogen Peroxide (BBX060AN9V) ; Polysaccharides
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	3155-0
ISSN	1520-5126 ; 0002-7863
ISSN (online)	1520-5126
ISSN	0002-7863
DOI	10.1021/jacs.3c04048
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