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Book: Brain computer interfaces

Wolpaw, Jonathan R. / Wolpaw, Elizabeth Winter

principles and practice

2012

Title variant	Brain-computer interfaces
Author's details	ed. by Jonathan R. Wolpaw ; Elizabeth Winter Wolpaw
Keywords	Brain Mapping ; Pattern Recognition, Automated ; User-Computer Interface ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Brain / physiology ; Self-Help Devices ; Gehirn-Computer-Schnittstelle
Subject	Brain computer interface ; BCI ; Gehirn ; Brain Machine Interface ; Hirn-Computer-Kopplung ; Brain-Machine Interface ; Gehirn-Maschine-Schnittstelle
Language	English
Size	XVIII, 400 S. : Ill., graph. Darst.
Publisher	Oxford Univ. Press
Publishing place	Oxford u.a.
Publishing country	Great Britain
Document type	Book
HBZ-ID	HT017159108
ISBN	978-0-19-538885-5 ; 0-19-538885-2
Database	Catalogue ZB MED Medicine, Health

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2012 A 1139	order for loan	Magazin

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Article ; Online: Enhancing neurorehabilitation by targeting beneficial plasticity.

Wolpaw, Jonathan R / Thompson, Aiko K

Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences

2023 Volume 4, Page(s) 1198679

Abstract: Neurorehabilitation is now one of the most exciting areas in neuroscience. Recognition that the central nervous system (CNS) remains plastic through life, new understanding of skilled behaviors (skills), and novel methods for engaging and guiding ... ...

Abstract	Neurorehabilitation is now one of the most exciting areas in neuroscience. Recognition that the central nervous system (CNS) remains plastic through life, new understanding of skilled behaviors (skills), and novel methods for engaging and guiding beneficial plasticity combine to provide unprecedented opportunities for restoring skills impaired by CNS injury or disease. The substrate of a skill is a distributed network of neurons and synapses that changes continually through life to ensure that skill performance remains satisfactory as new skills are acquired, and as growth, aging, and other life events occur. This substrate can extend from cortex to spinal cord. It has recently been given the name "heksor." In this new context, the primary goal of rehabilitation is to enable damaged heksors to repair themselves so that their skills are once again performed well. Skill-specific practice, the mainstay of standard therapy, often fails to optimally engage the many sites and kinds of plasticity available in the damaged CNS. New noninvasive technology-based interventions can target beneficial plasticity to critical sites in damaged heksors; these interventions may thereby enable much wider beneficial plasticity that enhances skill recovery. Targeted-plasticity interventions include operant conditioning of a spinal reflex or corticospinal motor evoked potential (MEP), paired-pulse facilitation of corticospinal connections, and brain-computer interface (BCI)-based training of electroencephalographic (EEG) sensorimotor rhythms. Initial studies in people with spinal cord injury, stroke, or multiple sclerosis show that these interventions can enhance skill recovery beyond that achieved by skill-specific practice alone. After treatment ends, the repaired heksors maintain the benefits.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-29
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	2673-6861
ISSN (online)	2673-6861
DOI	10.3389/fresc.2023.1198679
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: A major new dimension in the problem of brain injury.

Wolpaw, Jonathan R / Carp, Jonathan S

eLife

2021 Volume 10

Abstract: Evidence that neurohormones contribute to the contralateral effects of unilateral brain injury challenges a fundamental assumption of basic neuroscience and clinical neurology. ...

Abstract	Evidence that neurohormones contribute to the contralateral effects of unilateral brain injury challenges a fundamental assumption of basic neuroscience and clinical neurology.
MeSH term(s)	Brain Injuries ; Humans
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Comment
ZDB-ID	2687154-3
ISSN	2050-084X ; 2050-084X
ISSN (online)	2050-084X
ISSN	2050-084X
DOI	10.7554/eLife.72048
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Article ; Online: Heksor: the central nervous system substrate of an adaptive behaviour.

Wolpaw, Jonathan R / Kamesar, Adam

The Journal of physiology

2022 Volume 600, Issue 15, Page(s) 3423–3452

Abstract: Over the past half-century, the largely hardwired central nervous system (CNS) of 1970 has become the ubiquitously plastic CNS of today, in which change is the rule not the exception. This transformation complicates a central question in neuroscience: ... ...

Abstract	Over the past half-century, the largely hardwired central nervous system (CNS) of 1970 has become the ubiquitously plastic CNS of today, in which change is the rule not the exception. This transformation complicates a central question in neuroscience: how are adaptive behaviours - behaviours that serve the needs of the individual - acquired and maintained through life? It poses a more basic question: how do many adaptive behaviours share the ubiquitously plastic CNS? This question compels neuroscience to adopt a new paradigm. The core of this paradigm is a CNS entity with unique properties, here given the name heksor from the Greek hexis. A heksor is a distributed network of neurons and synapses that changes itself as needed to maintain the key features of an adaptive behaviour, the features that make the behaviour satisfactory. Through their concurrent changes, the numerous heksors that share the CNS negotiate the properties of the neurons and synapses that they all use. Heksors keep the CNS in a state of negotiated equilibrium that enables each heksor to maintain the key features of its behaviour. The new paradigm based on heksors and the negotiated equilibrium they create is supported by animal and human studies of interactions among new and old adaptive behaviours, explains otherwise inexplicable results, and underlies promising new approaches to restoring behaviours impaired by injury or disease. Furthermore, the paradigm offers new and potentially important answers to extant questions, such as the generation and function of spontaneous neuronal activity, the aetiology of muscle synergies, and the control of homeostatic plasticity.
MeSH term(s)	Adaptation, Psychological ; Animals ; Central Nervous System/physiology ; Humans ; Neuronal Plasticity/physiology ; Plastics ; Synapses/physiology
Chemical Substances	Plastics
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-19
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	3115-x
ISSN	1469-7793 ; 0022-3751
ISSN (online)	1469-7793
ISSN	0022-3751
DOI	10.1113/JP283291
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Article ; Online: The negotiated equilibrium model of spinal cord function.

Wolpaw, Jonathan R

The Journal of physiology

2018 Volume 596, Issue 16, Page(s) 3469–3491

Abstract: The belief that the spinal cord is hardwired is no longer tenable. Like the rest of the CNS, the spinal cord changes during growth and ageing, when new motor behaviours are acquired, and in response to trauma and disease. This paper describes a new model ...

Abstract	The belief that the spinal cord is hardwired is no longer tenable. Like the rest of the CNS, the spinal cord changes during growth and ageing, when new motor behaviours are acquired, and in response to trauma and disease. This paper describes a new model of spinal cord function that reconciles its recently appreciated plasticity with its long-recognized reliability as the final common pathway for behaviour. According to this model, the substrate of each motor behaviour comprises brain and spinal plasticity: the plasticity in the brain induces and maintains the plasticity in the spinal cord. Each time a behaviour occurs, the spinal cord provides the brain with performance information that guides changes in the substrate of the behaviour. All the behaviours in the repertoire undergo this process concurrently; each repeatedly induces plasticity to preserve its key features despite the plasticity induced by other behaviours. The aggregate process is a negotiation among the behaviours: they negotiate the properties of the spinal neurons and synapses that they all use. The ongoing negotiation maintains the spinal cord in an equilibrium - a negotiated equilibrium - that serves all the behaviours. This new model of spinal cord function is supported by laboratory and clinical data, makes predictions borne out by experiment, and underlies a new approach to restoring function to people with neuromuscular disorders. Further studies are needed to test its generality, to determine whether it may apply to other CNS areas such as the cerebral cortex, and to develop its therapeutic implications.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Spinal Cord/physiology ; Spinal Cord Injuries/physiopathology ; Synapses/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-07-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Review
ZDB-ID	3115-x
ISSN	1469-7793 ; 0022-3751
ISSN (online)	1469-7793
ISSN	0022-3751
DOI	10.1113/JP275532
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Article ; Online: Motor learning changes the axon initial segment of the spinal motoneuron.

Wang, Yu / Chen, Yi / Chen, Lu / Herron, Bruce J / Chen, Xiang Yang / Wolpaw, Jonathan R

The Journal of physiology

2024

Abstract: We are studying the mechanisms of H-reflex operant conditioning, a simple form of learning. Modelling studies in the literature and our previous data suggested that changes in the axon initial segment (AIS) might contribute. To explore this, we used ... ...

Abstract	We are studying the mechanisms of H-reflex operant conditioning, a simple form of learning. Modelling studies in the literature and our previous data suggested that changes in the axon initial segment (AIS) might contribute. To explore this, we used blinded quantitative histological and immunohistochemical methods to study in adult rats the impact of H-reflex conditioning on the AIS of the spinal motoneuron that produces the reflex. Successful, but not unsuccessful, H-reflex up-conditioning was associated with greater AIS length and distance from soma; greater length correlated with greater H-reflex increase. Modelling studies in the literature suggest that these increases may increase motoneuron excitability, supporting the hypothesis that they may contribute to H-reflex increase. Up-conditioning did not affect AIS ankyrin G (AnkG) immunoreactivity (IR), p-p38 protein kinase IR, or GABAergic terminals. Successful, but not unsuccessful, H-reflex down-conditioning was associated with more GABAergic terminals on the AIS, weaker AnkG-IR, and stronger p-p38-IR. More GABAergic terminals and weaker AnkG-IR correlated with greater H-reflex decrease. These changes might potentially contribute to the positive shift in motoneuron firing threshold underlying H-reflex decrease; they are consistent with modelling suggesting that sodium channel change may be responsible. H-reflex down-conditioning did not affect AIS dimensions. This evidence that AIS plasticity is associated with and might contribute to H-reflex conditioning adds to evidence that motor learning involves both spinal and brain plasticity, and both neuronal and synaptic plasticity. AIS properties of spinal motoneurons are likely to reflect the combined influence of all the motor skills that share these motoneurons. KEY POINTS: Neuronal action potentials normally begin in the axon initial segment (AIS). AIS plasticity affects neuronal excitability in development and disease. Whether it does so in learning is unknown. Operant conditioning of a spinal reflex, a simple learning model, changes the rat spinal motoneuron AIS. Successful, but not unsuccessful, H-reflex up-conditioning is associated with greater AIS length and distance from soma. Successful, but not unsuccessful, down-conditioning is associated with more AIS GABAergic terminals, less ankyrin G, and more p-p38 protein kinase. The associations between AIS plasticity and successful H-reflex conditioning are consistent with those between AIS plasticity and functional changes in development and disease, and with those predicted by modelling studies in the literature. Motor learning changes neurons and synapses in spinal cord and brain. Because spinal motoneurons are the final common pathway for behaviour, their AIS properties probably reflect the combined impact of all the behaviours that use these motoneurons.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-03
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3115-x
ISSN	1469-7793 ; 0022-3751
ISSN (online)	1469-7793
ISSN	0022-3751
DOI	10.1113/JP283875
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Article ; Online: Effects of active and sham tDCS on the soleus H-reflex during standing.

McCane, Lynn M / Wolpaw, Jonathan R / Thompson, Aiko K

Experimental brain research

2023 Volume 241, Issue 6, Page(s) 1611–1622

Abstract: Weak transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is known to affect corticospinal excitability and enhance motor skill acquisition, whereas its effects on spinal reflexes in actively contracting muscles are yet to be established. Thus, in this study, ... ...

Abstract	Weak transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is known to affect corticospinal excitability and enhance motor skill acquisition, whereas its effects on spinal reflexes in actively contracting muscles are yet to be established. Thus, in this study, we examined the acute effects of Active and Sham tDCS on the soleus H-reflex during standing. In fourteen adults without known neurological conditions, the soleus H-reflex was repeatedly elicited at just above M-wave threshold throughout 30 min of Active (N = 7) or Sham (N = 7) 2-mA tDCS over the primary motor cortex in standing. The maximum H-reflex (H
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Evoked Potentials, Motor/physiology ; H-Reflex/physiology ; Muscle, Skeletal/physiology ; Standing Position ; Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-05
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Clinical Trial ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1201-4
ISSN	1432-1106 ; 0014-4819
ISSN (online)	1432-1106
ISSN	0014-4819
DOI	10.1007/s00221-023-06624-7
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Article ; Online: Enhancing neurorehabilitation by targeting beneficial plasticity

Jonathan R. Wolpaw / Aiko K. Thompson

Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences, Vol

2023 Volume 4

Abstract	Neurorehabilitation is now one of the most exciting areas in neuroscience. Recognition that the central nervous system (CNS) remains plastic through life, new understanding of skilled behaviors (skills), and novel methods for engaging and guiding beneficial plasticity combine to provide unprecedented opportunities for restoring skills impaired by CNS injury or disease. The substrate of a skill is a distributed network of neurons and synapses that changes continually through life to ensure that skill performance remains satisfactory as new skills are acquired, and as growth, aging, and other life events occur. This substrate can extend from cortex to spinal cord. It has recently been given the name “heksor.” In this new context, the primary goal of rehabilitation is to enable damaged heksors to repair themselves so that their skills are once again performed well. Skill-specific practice, the mainstay of standard therapy, often fails to optimally engage the many sites and kinds of plasticity available in the damaged CNS. New noninvasive technology-based interventions can target beneficial plasticity to critical sites in damaged heksors; these interventions may thereby enable much wider beneficial plasticity that enhances skill recovery. Targeted-plasticity interventions include operant conditioning of a spinal reflex or corticospinal motor evoked potential (MEP), paired-pulse facilitation of corticospinal connections, and brain-computer interface (BCI)-based training of electroencephalographic (EEG) sensorimotor rhythms. Initial studies in people with spinal cord injury, stroke, or multiple sclerosis show that these interventions can enhance skill recovery beyond that achieved by skill-specific practice alone. After treatment ends, the repaired heksors maintain the benefits.
Keywords	neurorehabilitation ; spinal cord injury ; targeted plasticity ; skilled behavior ; heksor ; H-reflex conditioning ; Other systems of medicine ; RZ201-999 ; Medical technology ; R855-855.5
Subject code	303
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Targeting neuroplasticity to improve motor recovery after stroke: an artificial neural network model.

Norman, Sumner L / Wolpaw, Jonathan R / Reinkensmeyer, David J

Brain communications

2022 Volume 4, Issue 6, Page(s) fcac264

Abstract: After a neurological injury, people develop abnormal patterns of neural activity that limit motor recovery. Traditional rehabilitation, which concentrates on practicing impaired skills, is seldom fully effective. New targeted neuroplasticity protocols ... ...

Abstract	After a neurological injury, people develop abnormal patterns of neural activity that limit motor recovery. Traditional rehabilitation, which concentrates on practicing impaired skills, is seldom fully effective. New targeted neuroplasticity protocols interact with the central nervous system to induce beneficial plasticity in key sites and thereby enable wider beneficial plasticity. They can complement traditional therapy and enhance recovery. However, their development and validation is difficult because many different targeted neuroplasticity protocols are conceivable, and evaluating even one of them is lengthy, laborious, and expensive. Computational models can address this problem by triaging numerous candidate protocols rapidly and effectively. Animal and human empirical testing can then concentrate on the most promising ones. Here, we simulate a neural network of corticospinal neurons that control motoneurons eliciting unilateral finger extension. We use this network to (i) study the mechanisms and patterns of cortical reorganization after a stroke; and (ii) identify and parameterize a targeted neuroplasticity protocol that improves recovery of extension torque. After a simulated stroke, standard training produced abnormal bilateral cortical activation and suboptimal torque recovery. To enhance recovery, we interdigitated standard training with trials in which the network was given feedback only from a targeted population of sub-optimized neurons. Targeting neurons in secondary motor areas on ∼20% of the total trials restored lateralized cortical activation and improved recovery of extension torque. The results illuminate mechanisms underlying suboptimal cortical activity post-stroke; they enable the identification and parameterization of the most promising targeted neuroplasticity protocols. By providing initial guidance, computational models could facilitate and accelerate the realization of new therapies that improve motor recovery.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2632-1297
ISSN (online)	2632-1297
DOI	10.1093/braincomms/fcac264
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Article ; Online: A major new dimension in the problem of brain injury

Jonathan R Wolpaw / Jonathan S Carp

eLife, Vol

2021 Volume 10

Abstract: Evidence that neurohormones contribute to the contralateral effects of unilateral brain injury challenges a fundamental assumption of basic neuroscience and clinical neurology. ...

Abstract	Evidence that neurohormones contribute to the contralateral effects of unilateral brain injury challenges a fundamental assumption of basic neuroscience and clinical neurology.
Keywords	neuroendocrine signaling ; brain injury ; neurohormones ; postural asymmetry ; nociceptive withdrawal reflex ; left-right side ; Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	eLife Sciences Publications Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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