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  1. Article: Understanding the background and clinical significance of the WHO, WOAH, and EMA classifications of antimicrobials to mitigate antimicrobial resistance.

    Gehring, Ronette / Mochel, Jonathan P / Schmerold, Ivo

    Frontiers in veterinary science

    2023  Volume 10, Page(s) 1153048

    Abstract: In Europe, the classification systems of the WHO, WOAH (founded as OIE), and EMA are the prevailing standard documents guiding the prudent use of antibiotic substances. While the WHO document "Critically important antimicrobials for human medicine" ... ...

    Abstract In Europe, the classification systems of the WHO, WOAH (founded as OIE), and EMA are the prevailing standard documents guiding the prudent use of antibiotic substances. While the WHO document "Critically important antimicrobials for human medicine" eponymously focusses on the use in humans, the other two documents, "OIE List of Antimicrobial Agents of Veterinary Importance" and "EMA Categorization of antibiotics for use in animals," concentrate exclusively on the prudent use of antibiotics in animals. One common purpose of these classification systems is to provide guidance in making sound decisions on the choice of antibiotics for treating humans as well as animals. Although the latest editions of these compendia refer to one another and bear a clear resemblance at the category levels, some of the substances are grouped into unequal classes. This review illustrates the specific perspectives of the three categorization systems under consideration. The arguments raised for different classifications between the WHO and the EMA are exemplified for amoxicillins without beta-lactamase inhibitors, macrolides, sulfonamides, and colistin. For the daily clinical use of antibiotics, veterinarians should consider the EMA document, and, under tentative circumstances, consult the OIE list.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-17
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2834243-4
    ISSN 2297-1769
    ISSN 2297-1769
    DOI 10.3389/fvets.2023.1153048
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Current diagnostics for chronic enteropathies in dogs.

    Allenspach, Karin / Mochel, Jonathan P

    Veterinary clinical pathology

    2021  Volume 50 Suppl 1, Page(s) 18–28

    Abstract: Chronic enteropathies (CEs) in dogs describe a group of idiopathic disorders characterized by chronic persistent or recurrent gastrointestinal (GI) signs. Three major subgroups of CE can be identified by their response to treatment: Food-responsive ... ...

    Abstract Chronic enteropathies (CEs) in dogs describe a group of idiopathic disorders characterized by chronic persistent or recurrent gastrointestinal (GI) signs. Three major subgroups of CE can be identified by their response to treatment: Food-responsive disease (FRD), antibiotic-responsive disease (ARD), and steroid-responsive disease (SRD). The clinical diagnosis of CE is made by exclusion of all other possible causes of chronic diarrhea and includes histologic assessment of intestinal biopsies. The process of diagnosing canine CE can therefore be very time-consuming and expensive, and in most cases, does not help to identify dogs that will respond to a specific treatment. The development of novel diagnostic tests for canine CE has therefore focused on the accuracy of such tests to predict treatment responses. In this article, several novel assays that have the potential to become commercially available will be discussed, such as genetic tests, perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA), antibodies against transglutaminase/gliadin, antibodies against E coli OmpC/flagellin, and micro RNAs.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Biopsy/veterinary ; Chronic Disease ; Dog Diseases/diagnosis ; Dogs ; Escherichia coli ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/veterinary
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-10-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2114702-4
    ISSN 1939-165X ; 0275-6382
    ISSN (online) 1939-165X
    ISSN 0275-6382
    DOI 10.1111/vcp.13068
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Comprehensive characterization of the effect of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism with spironolactone on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in healthy dogs.

    Masters, Allison K / Ward, Jessica L / Guillot, Emilie / Domenig, Oliver / Yuan, Lingnan / Mochel, Jonathan P

    PloS one

    2024  Volume 19, Issue 2, Page(s) e0298030

    Abstract: ... spironolactone treatment, dogs had a significant increase in serum aldosterone concentration (P = 0.07), with no ... statistical differences between dosing groups. Significant increases in angiotensin II (P = 0.09), angiotensin ... I (P = 0.08), angiotensin 1-5 (P = 0.08), and a surrogate marker for plasma renin activity (P = 0.06 ...

    Abstract Objective: To characterize the dose-exposure-response effect of spironolactone on biomarkers of the classical and alternative arms of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in healthy dogs.
    Animals: Ten healthy purpose-bred Beagle dogs.
    Procedures: Study dogs were randomly allocated to 2 spironolactone dosing groups (2 mg/kg PO q24hr, 4 mg/kg PO q24hr). The dogs received 7-day courses of spironolactone followed by a 14-day washout period in a crossover (AB/BA) design. Angiotensin peptides and aldosterone were measured in serum using equilibrium analysis, and plasma canrenone and 7-α-thiomethyl spironolactone (TMS) were quantified via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS). Study results were compared before and after dosing and between groups.
    Results: Following spironolactone treatment, dogs had a significant increase in serum aldosterone concentration (P = 0.07), with no statistical differences between dosing groups. Significant increases in angiotensin II (P = 0.09), angiotensin I (P = 0.08), angiotensin 1-5 (P = 0.08), and a surrogate marker for plasma renin activity (P = 0.06) were detected compared to baseline following spironolactone treatment during the second treatment period only. Overall, changes from baseline did not significantly differ between spironolactone dosages. RAAS analytes were weakly correlated (R < 0.4) with spironolactone dosage and plasma canrenone or plasma TMS. There were no adverse clinical or biochemical effects seen at any spironolactone dosage during treatment.
    Conclusions: Treatment with spironolactone increased serum aldosterone concentration in healthy dogs and impacted other biomarkers of the classical and alternative arms of the RAAS. There was no difference in effect on the RAAS between 2 and 4 mg/kg/day dosing. Dosage of 4 mg/kg/day was safe and well-tolerated in healthy dogs.
    MeSH term(s) Dogs ; Animals ; Renin-Angiotensin System ; Spironolactone/pharmacology ; Spironolactone/therapeutic use ; Aldosterone ; Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology ; Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/metabolism ; Canrenone/pharmacology ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Angiotensin II/pharmacology ; Biomarkers
    Chemical Substances Spironolactone (27O7W4T232) ; Aldosterone (4964P6T9RB) ; Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists ; Receptors, Mineralocorticoid ; Canrenone (78O20X9J0U) ; Angiotensin II (11128-99-7) ; Biomarkers
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2267670-3
    ISSN 1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    ISSN 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0298030
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Understanding the background and clinical significance of the WHO, WOAH, and EMA classifications of antimicrobials to mitigate antimicrobial resistance

    Ronette Gehring / Jonathan P. Mochel / Ivo Schmerold

    Frontiers in Veterinary Science, Vol

    2023  Volume 10

    Abstract: In Europe, the classification systems of the WHO, WOAH (founded as OIE), and EMA are the prevailing standard documents guiding the prudent use of antibiotic substances. While the WHO document “Critically important antimicrobials for human medicine” ... ...

    Abstract In Europe, the classification systems of the WHO, WOAH (founded as OIE), and EMA are the prevailing standard documents guiding the prudent use of antibiotic substances. While the WHO document “Critically important antimicrobials for human medicine” eponymously focusses on the use in humans, the other two documents, “OIE List of Antimicrobial Agents of Veterinary Importance” and “EMA Categorization of antibiotics for use in animals,” concentrate exclusively on the prudent use of antibiotics in animals. One common purpose of these classification systems is to provide guidance in making sound decisions on the choice of antibiotics for treating humans as well as animals. Although the latest editions of these compendia refer to one another and bear a clear resemblance at the category levels, some of the substances are grouped into unequal classes. This review illustrates the specific perspectives of the three categorization systems under consideration. The arguments raised for different classifications between the WHO and the EMA are exemplified for amoxicillins without beta-lactamase inhibitors, macrolides, sulfonamides, and colistin. For the daily clinical use of antibiotics, veterinarians should consider the EMA document, and, under tentative circumstances, consult the OIE list.
    Keywords WHO ; WOAH/OIE ; EMA ; veterinary medicine ; antimicrobials ; classification ; SF600-1100
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Article: Pharmacokinetics of Oral Prednisone at Various Doses in Dogs: Preliminary Findings Using a Naïve Pooled-Data Approach.

    Sebbag, Lionel / Mochel, Jonathan P

    Frontiers in veterinary science

    2020  Volume 7, Page(s) 571457

    Abstract: This pilot study aimed to determine the plasma pharmacokinetics of prednisone and its active metabolite prednisolone following oral prednisone administration in dogs-using dosing regimens that cover anti-inflammatory to immuno-suppressive biological ... ...

    Abstract This pilot study aimed to determine the plasma pharmacokinetics of prednisone and its active metabolite prednisolone following oral prednisone administration in dogs-using dosing regimens that cover anti-inflammatory to immuno-suppressive biological effects. Six healthy Beagle dogs were given 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg prednisone orally once daily for 5 days, each successive course separated by a washout period of 9 days. At steady-state (Day 4), a sparse sampling design allowed for collection of blood from 2/6 individuals for each of the following time points: 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 240, 480, and 720 min. Prednisone and prednisolone were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Oral prednisone was rapidly converted to prednisolone in dogs (≤ 30 min), with plasma prednisolone reaching ~6-fold greater levels (0-656.1 ng/mL) than prednisone (0-98.8 ng/mL) overall. The ratio of plasma prednisolone/prednisone was constant across the dosing regimens, indicating a non-saturation of the hepatic 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase that converts the prodrug to the active metabolite in dogs. The level of both corticosteroids increased with increasing dosing regimens, albeit in a non-linear manner. Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic parameters are described, including peak concentration (C
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-10-19
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2834243-4
    ISSN 2297-1769
    ISSN 2297-1769
    DOI 10.3389/fvets.2020.571457
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: An eye on the dog as the scientist's best friend for translational research in ophthalmology: Focus on the ocular surface.

    Sebbag, Lionel / Mochel, Jonathan P

    Medicinal research reviews

    2020  Volume 40, Issue 6, Page(s) 2566–2604

    Abstract: Preclinical animal studies provide valuable opportunities to better understand human diseases and contribute to major advances in medicine. This review provides a comprehensive overview of ocular parameters in humans and selected animals, with a focus on ...

    Abstract Preclinical animal studies provide valuable opportunities to better understand human diseases and contribute to major advances in medicine. This review provides a comprehensive overview of ocular parameters in humans and selected animals, with a focus on the ocular surface, detailing species differences in ocular surface anatomy, physiology, tear film dynamics and tear film composition. We describe major pitfalls that tremendously limit the translational potential of traditional laboratory animals (i.e., rabbits, mice, and rats) in ophthalmic research, and highlight the benefits of integrating companion dogs with clinical analogues to human diseases into preclinical pharmacology studies. This One Health approach can help accelerate and improve the framework in which ophthalmic research is translated to the human clinic. Studies can be conducted in canine subjects with naturally occurring or noninvasively induced ocular surface disorders (e.g., dry eye disease, conjunctivitis), reviewed herein, and tear fluid can be easily retrieved from canine eyes for various bioanalytical purposes. In this review, we discuss common tear collection methods, including capillary tubes and Schirmer tear strips, and provide guidelines for tear sampling and extraction to improve the reliability of analyte quantification (drugs, proteins, others).
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Dogs ; Friends ; Humans ; Mice ; Ophthalmology ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Reproducibility of Results ; Tears ; Translational Medical Research
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-07-31
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 603210-2
    ISSN 1098-1128 ; 0198-6325
    ISSN (online) 1098-1128
    ISSN 0198-6325
    DOI 10.1002/med.21716
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  7. Article ; Online: Effect of amlodipine on the circulating renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in healthy cats.

    Garcia Marrero, Tatiana M / Ward, Jessica L / Tropf, Melissa A / Bourgois-Mochel, Agnes / Guillot, Emilie / Domenig, Oliver / Yuan, Lingnan / Kundu, Debosmita / Mochel, Jonathan P

    Journal of veterinary internal medicine

    2024  Volume 38, Issue 2, Page(s) 913–921

    Abstract: ... P = .009), angiotensin I (59% increase; IQR 27-101%; P = .006), angiotensin II (56% increase; IQR 5 ... 70%; P = .023), angiotensin IV (42% increase; -19% to 89%; P = .013); and angiotensin 1-7 (38 ... increase; IQR 9-118%; P = .015).: Conclusions and clinical importance: In healthy cats, administration ...

    Abstract Background: Systemic hypertension (SH) is a common cardiovascular disease in older cats that is treated primarily with the calcium channel blocker amlodipine besylate (AML). The systemic effect of AML on the classical and alterative arms of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in cats is incompletely characterized.
    Hypothesis/objectives: To determine the effect of AML compared to placebo on circulating RAAS biomarkers in healthy cats using RAAS fingerprinting.
    Animals: Twenty healthy client-owned cats.
    Methods: Cats were administered amlodipine besylate (0.625 mg in toto) or placebo by mouth once daily for 14 days in a crossover design with a 4-week washout period. Plasma AML concentrations and RAAS biomarker concentrations were measured at multiple timepoints after the final dose in each treatment period. Time-weighted averages for RAAS biomarkers over 24 hours after dosing were compared between treatment groups using Wilcoxon rank-sum testing.
    Results: Compared to placebo, AML treatment was associated with increases in markers of plasma renin concentration (median 44% increase; interquartile range [IQR] 19%-86%; P = .009), angiotensin I (59% increase; IQR 27-101%; P = .006), angiotensin II (56% increase; IQR 5-70%; P = .023), angiotensin IV (42% increase; -19% to 89%; P = .013); and angiotensin 1-7 (38% increase; IQR 9-118%; P = .015).
    Conclusions and clinical importance: In healthy cats, administration of AML resulted in nonspecific activation of both classical and alternative RAAS pathways.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Cats ; Aldosterone ; Amlodipine/pharmacology ; Antihypertensive Agents/pharmacology ; Biomarkers ; Renin-Angiotensin System/drug effects ; Renin-Angiotensin System/physiology
    Chemical Substances Aldosterone (4964P6T9RB) ; Amlodipine (1J444QC288) ; Antihypertensive Agents ; Biomarkers
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 92798-3
    ISSN 1939-1676 ; 0891-6640
    ISSN (online) 1939-1676
    ISSN 0891-6640
    DOI 10.1111/jvim.17006
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  8. Article ; Online: Systemic absorption and gastrointestinal adverse effects from topical ketorolac and diclofenac ophthalmic solutions in healthy dogs.

    Van Vertloo, Laura R / Sebbag, Lionel / Allbaugh, Rachel A / Allenspach, Karin / Borts, David J / Mochel, Jonathan P

    Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

    2024  , Page(s) 1–10

    Abstract: ... than in the diclofenac group (P = .006) but not significantly different for any other region. Post-treatment antral ... mucosal lesion scores were significantly related to plasma ketorolac concentrations (P < .001). Ketorolac ...

    Abstract Objective: To investigate systemic absorption and gastrointestinal (GI) adverse effects of topical ketorolac 0.5% and diclofenac 0.1% ophthalmic solutions.
    Animals: 11 healthy purpose-bred Beagles.
    Methods: Dogs were randomly assigned to receive either ketorolac (n = 6) or diclofenac (5), 1 drop in both eyes 4 times daily for 28 days. Upper GI endoscopy was performed on days 0 and 29 with mucosal lesion scores (0 to 7) assigned to each region evaluated. Plasma samples were collected on days 14, 21, and 28 for measurement of diclofenac and ketorolac using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
    Results: GI erosions and/or ulcers developed in all ketorolac-treated dogs and 1 of 5 diclofenac-treated dogs. Post-treatment mucosal lesion score for the antrum was higher in the ketorolac group than in the diclofenac group (P = .006) but not significantly different for any other region. Post-treatment antral mucosal lesion scores were significantly related to plasma ketorolac concentrations (P < .001). Ketorolac and diclofenac were detected in the plasma at all time points (median ketorolac day 14, 191 ng/mL; day 21, 173.5 ng/mL; and day 28, 179.5 ng/mL; and median diclofenac day 14, 21.1 ng/mL; day 21, 20.6 ng/mL; day 28, 27.5 ng/mL). Vomiting and decreased appetite events were observed uncommonly and were not significantly different between treatment groups.
    Clinical relevance: GI ulceration and erosion developed after ophthalmic administration of ketorolac and diclofenac, with higher plasma concentrations and more severe GI lesions associated with ketorolac. Clients should be alerted to this potential risk with ophthalmic use and informed to watch for systemic clinical signs that would warrant veterinary reevaluation.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-05
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 390811-2
    ISSN 1943-569X ; 0003-1488
    ISSN (online) 1943-569X
    ISSN 0003-1488
    DOI 10.2460/javma.23.12.0707
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Retrospective evaluation of the effect of inhalant anesthesia on complications and recurrence rates in feline urethral obstruction.

    Perrucci, Jessica / Walton, Rebecca / Zorn, Chelsea / Yuan, Lingnan / Mochel, Jonathan P / Blong, April

    Journal of feline medicine and surgery

    2023  Volume 25, Issue 2, Page(s) 1098612X221149348

    Abstract: Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of inhalant anesthesia vs sedation for urinary catheter placement in male cats with urethral obstruction. The primary outcome measures were the incidence of complications related to ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of inhalant anesthesia vs sedation for urinary catheter placement in male cats with urethral obstruction. The primary outcome measures were the incidence of complications related to catheterization, the incidence of recurrent urethral obstruction (rUO; both during hospitalization and within 1 year) and survival. The secondary aim of this study was to evaluate the association between baseline serum biochemical concentrations and antispasmodic medications with complications and short-term rUO.
    Methods: We carried out a retrospective review of records from a university teaching hospital from 2009 to 2020. Cats were included if diagnosed with a urinary obstruction, based on the presence of a large, painful and non-expressible bladder, a urinary catheter was placed and hospitalization occurred for a minimum of 24 h. Collected baseline data included age, breed, weight, serum biochemical concentrations and if cats underwent sedation or inhalant anesthesia for urethral catheterization. For the comparison of inhalant anesthesia or sedation, univariate logistic regression was used.
    Results: There was no statistically significant difference in complications or the recurrence of obstruction in cats with urethral obstruction that underwent inhalant anesthesia compared with sedation. All serum biochemical concentrations were significantly associated with survival. Decreased serum ionized calcium was found to be statistically significantly associated with higher complication rates (
    Conclusions and relevance: No significant difference was found between complications or recurrence rates when comparing the use of inhalant anesthesia to sedation protocols. Baseline serum biochemical data were significantly associated with complications, survival and short-term recurrence rates.
    MeSH term(s) Cats ; Animals ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Parasympatholytics ; Urinary Catheterization/veterinary ; Urethral Obstruction/veterinary ; Anesthesia/veterinary ; Cat Diseases
    Chemical Substances Parasympatholytics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-02-06
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2049047-1
    ISSN 1532-2750 ; 1098-612X
    ISSN (online) 1532-2750
    ISSN 1098-612X
    DOI 10.1177/1098612X221149348
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  10. Article ; Online: Retrospective evaluation of admission total plasma protein as a predictor of red blood cell transfusion requirement in dogs diagnosed with traumatic and nontraumatic hemoabdomen: 90 dogs (2009-2019).

    Buseman, Miranda / Blong, April E / Yuan, Lingnan / Mochel, Jonathan P / Walton, Rebecca A L

    Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care (San Antonio, Tex. : 2001)

    2023  Volume 34, Issue 1, Page(s) 76–80

    Abstract: ... CI]: 1.44-3.40, P < 0.001) of receiving a red blood cell transfusion. Dogs diagnosed with NTH were ... 95% CI: 1.11-7.141, P = 0.03). Lower PCV values (OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.04-1.12, P < 0.001), bicarbonate ... values (OR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.09-1.56, P = 0.003), and base excess (OR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.1-1.49, P = 0.003 ...

    Abstract Objective: To evaluate the association of admission total plasma protein (TPP) and the administration of red blood cell transfusions in dogs with diagnosed hemoabdomen. To secondarily evaluate additional point-of-care parameters associated with red blood cell transfusion administration.
    Design: Retrospective study between 2009 and 2019.
    Setting: University veterinary teaching hospital.
    Animals: Ninety dogs admitted to a university veterinary teaching hospital after a diagnosis of traumatic or nontraumatic hemoabdomen (NTH).
    Measurements and main results: Medical records were retrospectively reviewed; signalment, point-of-care diagnostics, and transfusion administration information was recorded. A total of 47 dogs (traumatic hemoabdomen 11/26; NTH 36/64) received packed red blood cell transfusions. For each 1 g/dL unit decrease in TPP, dogs had an increased odds ratio (OR) of 2.14 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.44-3.40, P < 0.001) of receiving a red blood cell transfusion. Dogs diagnosed with NTH were more likely to receive a red blood cell transfusion than dogs with a traumatic hemoabdomen (OR: 2.78, 95% CI: 1.11-7.141, P = 0.03). Lower PCV values (OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.04-1.12, P < 0.001), bicarbonate values (OR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.09-1.56, P = 0.003), and base excess (OR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.1-1.49, P = 0.003) were associated with a higher likelihood of red blood cell transfusion. Additionally, higher lactate (OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.16-1.63, P < 0.001) and Acute Patient Physiologic and Laboratory Evaluation (APPLE)
    Conclusions: Low admission TPP, independent of low PCV, was associated with red blood cell transfusions regardless of underlying cause. For each 1 g/dL unit decrease in TPP on presentation, dogs were approximately 2 times more likely to receive a red blood cell transfusion during hospitalization. Other factors that were associated with increased transfusion administration included presenting PCV, PCV/TPP ratio, bicarbonate, base excess, lactate, and APPLE
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Dogs ; Animals ; Erythrocyte Transfusion/veterinary ; Retrospective Studies ; Bicarbonates ; Hospitals, Animal ; Hospitals, Teaching ; Hemoperitoneum/complications ; Hemoperitoneum/veterinary ; Hospitalization ; Lactates ; Blood Proteins ; Dog Diseases/diagnosis ; Dog Diseases/therapy
    Chemical Substances Bicarbonates ; Lactates ; Blood Proteins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2077212-9
    ISSN 1476-4431 ; 1479-3261
    ISSN (online) 1476-4431
    ISSN 1479-3261
    DOI 10.1111/vec.13343
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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