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Article ; Online: COVID-19 Testing.

Brooks, Zoe C / Das, Saswati

2020 Volume 154, Issue 5, Page(s) 575–584

Abstract: Objectives: To illustrate how patient risk and clinical costs are driven by false-positive and false-negative results.: Methods: Molecular, antigen, and antibody testing are the mainstay to identify infected patients and fight the severe acute ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: To illustrate how patient risk and clinical costs are driven by false-positive and false-negative results. Methods: Molecular, antigen, and antibody testing are the mainstay to identify infected patients and fight the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To evaluate the test methods, sensitivity (percent positive agreement [PPA]) and specificity (percent negative agreement [PNA]) are the most common metrics utilized, followed by the positive and negative predictive value-the probability that a positive or negative test result represents a true positive or negative patient. The number, probability, and cost of false results are driven by combinations of prevalence, PPA, and PNA of the individual test selected by the laboratory. Results: Molecular and antigen tests that detect the presence of the virus are relevant in the acute phase only. Serologic assays detect antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in the recovering and recovered phase. Each testing methodology has its advantages and disadvantages. Conclusions: We demonstrate the value of reporting probability of false-positive results, probability of false-negative results, and costs to patients and health care. These risk metrics can be calculated from the risk drivers of PPA and PNA combined with estimates of prevalence, cost, and Reff number (people infected by 1 positive SARS-CoV-2 carrier).
MeSH term(s)	Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 Testing ; Clinical Laboratory Techniques/methods ; Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis ; False Negative Reactions ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis ; Risk ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Sensitivity and Specificity
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2944-0
ISSN	1943-7722 ; 0002-9173
ISSN (online)	1943-7722
ISSN	0002-9173
DOI	10.1093/ajcp/aqaa141
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Article: COVID-19 Testing

Brooks, Zoe C / Das, Saswati

Am J Clin Pathol

Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To illustrate how patient risk and clinical costs are driven by false-positive and false-negative results. METHODS: Molecular, antigen, and antibody testing are the mainstay to identify infected patients and fight the severe acute respiratory ...

Abstract	OBJECTIVES: To illustrate how patient risk and clinical costs are driven by false-positive and false-negative results. METHODS: Molecular, antigen, and antibody testing are the mainstay to identify infected patients and fight the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To evaluate the test methods, sensitivity (percent positive agreement [PPA]) and specificity (percent negative agreement [PNA]) are the most common metrics utilized, followed by the positive and negative predictive value-the probability that a positive or negative test result represents a true positive or negative patient. The number, probability, and cost of false results are driven by combinations of prevalence, PPA, and PNA of the individual test selected by the laboratory. RESULTS: Molecular and antigen tests that detect the presence of the virus are relevant in the acute phase only. Serologic assays detect antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in the recovering and recovered phase. Each testing methodology has its advantages and disadvantages. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate the value of reporting probability of false-positive results, probability of false-negative results, and costs to patients and health care. These risk metrics can be calculated from the risk drivers of PPA and PNA combined with estimates of prevalence, cost, and Reff number (people infected by 1 positive SARS-CoV-2 carrier).
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #766514
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: COVID-19 Testing

Brooks, Zoe C / Das, Saswati

American Journal of Clinical Pathology

2020 Volume 154, Issue 5, Page(s) 575–584

Abstract: Abstract Objectives To illustrate how patient risk and clinical costs are driven by false-positive and false-negative results. Methods Molecular, antigen, and antibody testing are the mainstay to identify infected patients and fight the severe acute ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Objectives To illustrate how patient risk and clinical costs are driven by false-positive and false-negative results. Methods Molecular, antigen, and antibody testing are the mainstay to identify infected patients and fight the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To evaluate the test methods, sensitivity (percent positive agreement [PPA]) and specificity (percent negative agreement [PNA]) are the most common metrics utilized, followed by the positive and negative predictive value—the probability that a positive or negative test result represents a true positive or negative patient. The number, probability, and cost of false results are driven by combinations of prevalence, PPA, and PNA of the individual test selected by the laboratory. Results Molecular and antigen tests that detect the presence of the virus are relevant in the acute phase only. Serologic assays detect antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in the recovering and recovered phase. Each testing methodology has its advantages and disadvantages. Conclusions We demonstrate the value of reporting probability of false-positive results, probability of false-negative results, and costs to patients and health care. These risk metrics can be calculated from the risk drivers of PPA and PNA combined with estimates of prevalence, cost, and Reff number (people infected by 1 positive SARS-CoV-2 carrier).
Keywords	General Medicine ; covid19
Language	English
Publisher	Oxford University Press (OUP)
Publishing country	uk
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2944-0
ISSN	1943-7722 ; 0002-9173
ISSN (online)	1943-7722
ISSN	0002-9173
DOI	10.1093/ajcp/aqaa141
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Exploring the longer-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical and mental health of people with inflammatory rheumatic diseases: a cross-sectional survey.

Hider, Samantha / Muller, Sara / Gray, Lauren / Manning, Fay / Brooks, Mike / Heining, Dominic / Menon, Ajit / Packham, Jonathan / Roddy, Edward / Ryan, Sarah / Scott, Ian C / Paskins, Zoe

Clinical rheumatology

2023 Volume 42, Issue 7, Page(s) 1903–1909

Abstract: Objective: To assess the longer term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the self-reported physical and mental health of people with inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRDs).: Methods: Two thousand twenty-four patients with IRDs were randomly selected ... ...

Abstract	Objective: To assess the longer term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the self-reported physical and mental health of people with inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRDs). Methods: Two thousand twenty-four patients with IRDs were randomly selected from electronic health records. Survey invitations were sent (August 2021 coinciding with relaxation of UK COVID-19 restrictions) using SMS and postal approaches. Self-reported data included demographics, shielding status and physical (MSK-HQ) and mental health (PHQ8 and GAD7). Results: Six hundred thirty-nine people completed the survey (mean (SD) age 64.5 (13.1) years, 384 (60%) female). Moderate/severe impact of the pandemic on physical and mental health was reported by 250 (41%) and 241 (39%) respectively. One hundred seventy-two (29%) reported moderate/severe depression (PHQ8 ≥ 10) and 135 (22%) moderate/severe anxiety (GAD7 ≥ 10). Females reported greater impacts of the pandemic on physical health (44% vs 34%), mental health (44% vs 34%), arthritis symptoms (49% vs 36%) and lifestyle factors (weight gain and reduced exercise and physical activity) than males. The physical and mental impacts were less in people with RA compared with other IRDs. Physical health impacts did not differ between age groups, but younger patients reported greater impacts on mental health. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the physical and mental health of people with IRDs. These effects were greatest in females. Recovery needs to address the negative impact of the pandemic on lifestyle factors to minimise the long-term impacts for people with IRDs. Key Points • The pandemic had a significant impact on long term physical and mental health in almost 40% of people with IRDs. • The impact of the pandemic was greater in women for physical health, mental health and arthritis symptoms. • Many people reported negative pandemic impacts on lifestyle factors including weight and physical activity.
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Humans ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Mental Health ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Pandemics ; Rheumatic Fever ; Depression/epidemiology ; Anxiety/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-07
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	604755-5
ISSN	1434-9949 ; 0770-3198
ISSN (online)	1434-9949
ISSN	0770-3198
DOI	10.1007/s10067-023-06565-0
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Article ; Online: Impaired central drive to plantarflexors and minimal ankle proprioceptive deficit in people with multiple sclerosis.

Djajadikarta, Zoë J / Dongés, Siobhan C / Brooks, Jack / Kennedy, David S / Gandevia, Simon C / Taylor, Janet L

Multiple sclerosis and related disorders

2020 Volume 46, Page(s) 102584

Abstract: Background: A common and disruptive symptom of multiple sclerosis is difficulty in walking. Deficits in ankle proprioception and in plantarflexor muscle function may contribute to these mobility issues. In this study, ankle proprioceptive ability and ... ...

Abstract	Background: A common and disruptive symptom of multiple sclerosis is difficulty in walking. Deficits in ankle proprioception and in plantarflexor muscle function may contribute to these mobility issues. In this study, ankle proprioceptive ability and plantarflexor performance of people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) were compared to healthy controls to determine whether multiple sclerosis causes impairments in these systems. Methods: PwMS (n = 30, median EDSS 4.0, IQR 2) were compared to age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 30) across tests of ankle proprioception and plantarflexor muscle performance. Proprioceptive tests: detection of passive movement, reaction time and ankle joint position sense. Plantarflexor performance: strength, fatigue, recovery and voluntary activation (level of neural drive) of the plantarflexor muscles, assessed through brief and sustained fatiguing (2 min) isometric maximal voluntary contractions with nerve stimulation to evoke superimposed and resting muscle twitches. Results: PwMS had unimpaired movement detection and joint position sense but had a slower reaction time to respond with plantarflexion to an imposed ankle movement (between group difference = 0.11 [95% CI; 0.05 to 0.17] s). During brief, maximal contractions PwMS produced lower torque (difference = -25.1 [-42.0 to -8.2] Nm) with reduced voluntary activation (difference = -14.6 [-25.1 to -4.1]%) but no impairment of the muscle itself (resting twitch torque difference = 0.3 [-2.8 to 2.2] Nm). At the end of the fatiguing contraction, neural drive decreased for PwMS (-19.5 [-27.1 to -11.9]%, p <0.0001) but not for controls (-2.5 [-6.9 to 1.8]%, p = 0.242). Fatigue did not affect the resting twitch size for controls (-1.3 [-2.7 to -0.03] Nm, p = 0.134) or PwMS (-0.1 [-1.1 to 1.0] Nm, p = 0.90). Conclusions: PwMS showed no deficit in their ability to sense ankle position or imposed movements but were slow when a motor response was required. Their plantarflexor muscles produced similar torque with electrical stimulation but voluntary strength was impaired. Both groups experienced overall fatigue following the 2-minute maximal voluntary contraction but PwMS also had significantly reduced neural drive indicating central fatigue. PwMS showed mainly central deficits in motor output at the ankle with little impairment of proprioceptive acuity.
MeSH term(s)	Ankle ; Ankle Joint ; Humans ; Multiple Sclerosis/complications ; Muscle Contraction ; Muscle Fatigue ; Muscle, Skeletal
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-14
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2645330-7
ISSN	2211-0356 ; 2211-0348
ISSN (online)	2211-0356
ISSN	2211-0348
DOI	10.1016/j.msard.2020.102584
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Article ; Online: Effect of a behavioral intervention on anxiety and perceived performance of non-technical skills during surgical simulations.

Merriman, Lisa / Williams-Karnesky, Rebecca L / Pepin, Renee / Brooks, Annette / Wernly, Jorge / Jones, Zoë O / Russell, John C

American journal of surgery

2020 Volume 222, Issue 2, Page(s) 329–333

Abstract: Background: Surgical trainees experience intrinsic stress and anxiety during high-acuity clinical situations which can negatively impact performance. Emerging data suggests that education in mindfulness-based coping techniques may improve performance. ... ...

Abstract	Background: Surgical trainees experience intrinsic stress and anxiety during high-acuity clinical situations which can negatively impact performance. Emerging data suggests that education in mindfulness-based coping techniques may improve performance. We evaluated the effects of a stress recovery intervention on novice trainees' perceived level of anxiety during an intentionally stressful simulation. Methods: Participants were recruited from surgical intern classes over three consecutive years. All participants completed a simulation intentionally designed to evoke a stress response. Participants then completed a stress recovery intervention or received no additional training. All participants then completed a second novel simulation. Results: Intervention participants had significantly higher self-reported ability to manage stress (intervention 2.4 to 3.6, p < 0.01; control 2.8 to 3.3, p = 0.06), and stop, think, and observe (intervention 2.5 to 3.7, p < 0.01; control 2.6 to 3.3, p = 0.08) during the second simulation. Both groups also had significantly lower levels of state anxiety during the second simulation as compared to the first (intervention 45.1 vs 59.3, p < 0.01; control 49.3 vs 57.4, p < 0.05). During the second simulation, trainees in both groups reported improvements in perceived abilities to: recognize stress (intervention 2.7 to 4.1, p < 0.01; control 2.9 to 3.6, p < 0.05), communicate with and lead their team (intervention 2.4 to 3.3, p < 0.05; control 2.3 to 3.3, p < 0.01), and to prioritize, plan, and prepare (intervention 2.1 to 3.1, p < 0.05; control 2.1 to 3.0, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Our research shows that a brief intervention was associated with a significant increase in trainee ability to both recognize internal stress and engage in proactive coping mechanisms. This research also shows that while repeated stress-inducing simulations may themselves decrease perceived anxiety levels in novice surgical trainees, training in coping strategies may potentiate this effect.
MeSH term(s)	Adaptation, Psychological ; Anxiety/etiology ; Anxiety/prevention & control ; Clinical Competence ; Humans ; Internship and Residency ; Mindfulness ; Self Concept ; Simulation Training ; Surgical Procedures, Operative/education
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial
ZDB-ID	2953-1
ISSN	1879-1883 ; 0002-9610
ISSN (online)	1879-1883
ISSN	0002-9610
DOI	10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.12.042
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Article ; Online: A randomised controlled trial to compare clinical and cost-effectiveness of an online parent-led treatment for child anxiety problems with usual care in the context of COVID-19 delivered in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services in the UK (Co-CAT): a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

Taylor, Lucy / Giles, Sophie / Howitt, Sophie / Ryan, Zoe / Brooks, Emma / Radley, Lucy / Thomson, Abigail / Whitaker, Emily / Knight, Fauzia / Hill, Claire / Violato, Mara / Waite, Polly / Raymont, Vanessa / Yu, Ly-Mee / Harris, Victoria / Williams, Nicola / Creswell, Cathy

Trials

2022 Volume 23, Issue 1, Page(s) 942

Abstract: ... with remote support from a CAMHS therapist compared to 'COVID-19 treatment as usual' (C-TAU) in CAMHS and ... treatment as usual' (C-TAU) during the COVID-19 outbreak and to explore parent and therapists' experiences ...

Abstract	Background: In the context of COVID-19, NHS Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) and other children's mental health services have faced major challenges in providing psychological treatments that (i) work when delivered remotely and (ii) can be delivered efficiently to manage increases in referrals as social distancing measures have been relaxed. Anxiety problems are a common reason for referral to CAMHS, children with pre-existing anxiety problems are particularly vulnerable in the context of COVID-19, and there were concerns about increases in childhood anxiety as schools reopened. The proposed research will evaluate the clinical and cost-effectiveness of a brief online parent-led cognitive behavioural treatment (CBT) delivered by the OSI (Online Support and Intervention for child anxiety) platform with remote support from a CAMHS therapist compared to 'COVID-19 treatment as usual' (C-TAU) in CAMHS and other children's mental health services throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We will conduct a two-arm, multi-site, randomised controlled non-inferiority trial to evaluate the clinical and cost-effectiveness of OSI with therapist support compared to CAMHS and other child mental health services 'COVID-19 treatment as usual' (C-TAU) during the COVID-19 outbreak and to explore parent and therapists' experiences. Discussion: If non-inferiority is shown, the research will provide (1) a solution for efficient psychological treatment for child anxiety disorders while social distancing (for the COVID-19 context and future pandemics); (2) an efficient means of treatment delivery as 'normal service' resumes to enable CAMHS to cope with the anticipated increase in referrals; and (3) a demonstration of rapid, high-quality evaluation and application of online interventions within NHS CAMHS to drive forward much-needed further digital innovation and evaluation in CAMHS settings. The primary beneficiaries will be children with anxiety disorders and their families, NHS CAMHS teams, and commissioners who will access a potentially effective, cost-effective, and efficient treatment for child anxiety problems. Trial registration: ISRCTN ISRCTN12890382 . Registered prospectively on 23 October 2020.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; COVID-19 ; Pandemics ; Anxiety Disorders/therapy ; Parents/psychology ; Anxiety/diagnosis ; Anxiety/therapy ; Mental Health Services ; United Kingdom ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Clinical Trial Protocol ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2040523-6
ISSN	1745-6215 ; 1468-6694 ; 1745-6215
ISSN (online)	1745-6215
ISSN	1468-6694 ; 1745-6215
DOI	10.1186/s13063-022-06833-5
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Article ; Online: Climate Trends at a Hotspot of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Causes in Nicaragua, 1973-2014.

Petropoulos, Zoe E / Ramirez-Rubio, Oriana / Scammell, Madeleine K / Laws, Rebecca L / Lopez-Pilarte, Damaris / Amador, Juan José / Ballester, Joan / O'Callaghan-Gordo, Cristina / Brooks, Daniel R

International journal of environmental research and public health

2021 Volume 18, Issue 10

Abstract: ... the harvest season for which the maximum temperature surpassed 35 °C. Data were collected at a weather station ... The monthly average daily maximum temperature during the harvest season increased by 0.7 °C per decade between ... 1973 and 1990. The number of days per harvest season with a maximum temperature over 35 °C increased ...

Abstract	An ongoing epidemic of chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology (CKDu) afflicts large parts of Central America and is hypothesized to be linked to heat stress at work. Mortality rates from CKDu appear to have increased dramatically since the 1970s. To explore this relationship, we assessed trends in maximum and minimum temperatures during harvest months between 1973 and 2014 as well as in the number of days during the harvest season for which the maximum temperature surpassed 35 °C. Data were collected at a weather station at a Nicaraguan sugar company where large numbers of workers have been affected by CKDu. Monthly averages of the daily maximum temperatures between 1996 and 2014 were also compared to concurrent weather data from eight Automated Surface Observing System Network weather stations across Nicaragua. Our objectives were to assess changes in temperature across harvest seasons, estimate the number of days that workers were at risk of heat-related illness and compare daily maximum temperatures across various sites in Nicaragua. The monthly average daily maximum temperature during the harvest season increased by 0.7 °C per decade between 1973 and 1990. The number of days per harvest season with a maximum temperature over 35 °C increased by approximately five days per year between 1974 and 1990, from 32 days to 114 days. Between 1991 and 2013, the number of harvest days with a maximum temperature over 35 °C decreased by two days per year, and the monthly average daily maximum temperature decreased by 0.3 °C per decade. Comparisons with weather stations across Nicaragua demonstrate that this company is located in one of the consistently hottest regions of the country.
MeSH term(s)	Central America ; Climate ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Nicaragua/epidemiology ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/epidemiology ; Seasons ; Temperature ; Weather
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-19
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1660-4601
ISSN (online)	1660-4601
DOI	10.3390/ijerph18105418
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Article ; Online: Participant compensation in health equity research: How equitable is it?

Brooks, Byron D / Smith, Zoe R

Families, systems & health : the journal of collaborative family healthcare

2022 Volume 40, Issue 3, Page(s) 415–417

Abstract	In this article, the authors highlight their experience in navigating outdated, inequitable policies at institutions and in advocating for changes that support health equity research with a focus on participant compensation. As two new assistant professors establishing their programs of health equity research, they call on colleagues to examine their practices of participant compensation while consider an intersectional and systems-level framework. Their goals are to develop culturally responsive interventions that bolster well-being and ameliorate harm caused by continuous exclusion or poor research methods. They highly recommend health equity researchers evaluate their institutions' research and financial practices to promote equitable payment options that are inclusive of everyone. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
MeSH term(s)	Health Equity ; Humans
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Comment
ZDB-ID	1326859-4
ISSN	1939-0602 ; 1091-7527 ; 0736-1718
ISSN (online)	1939-0602
ISSN	1091-7527 ; 0736-1718
DOI	10.1037/fsh0000729
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Article ; Online: HIV Risk and Interest in Preexposure Prophylaxis in Justice-Involved Persons.

Nijhawan, Ank E / Pulitzer, Zoe / Torres, Brynn / Noreen, Natalie / Schultheis, Alysse / Frank, Cynthia / Colon, Richard / Brooks, Ralph / Proffitt, Randi / Pankow, Jennifer / Bennett, Ahrein / Salyards, Maverick / Kuo, Irene / Knight, Kevin / Springer, Sandra A

Emerging infectious diseases

2024 Volume 30, Issue 13, Page(s) S68–S74

Abstract: Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is underused in persons who use drugs and justice-involved persons. In an ongoing randomized controlled trial in 4 US locations comparing patient navigation versus mobile health unit on time to initiation of HIV medication ... ...

Abstract	Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is underused in persons who use drugs and justice-involved persons. In an ongoing randomized controlled trial in 4 US locations comparing patient navigation versus mobile health unit on time to initiation of HIV medication or PrEP for justice-involved persons who use stimulants or opioids and who are at risk for or living with HIV, we assessed HIV risk factors, perceived HIV risk, and interest in PrEP. Participants without HIV (n = 195) were 77% men, 65% White, 23% Black, and 26% Hispanic; 73% reported a recent history of condomless sex, mainly with partners of unknown HIV status. Of 34% (67/195) reporting injection drug use, 43% reported sharing equipment. Despite risk factors, many persons reported their risk for acquiring HIV as low (47%) or no (43%) risk, although 51/93 (55%) with PrEP indications reported interest in PrEP. Justice-involved persons who use drugs underestimated their HIV risk and might benefit from increased PrEP education efforts.
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Humans ; Female ; HIV Infections/epidemiology ; HIV Infections/prevention & control ; Risk Factors ; Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis ; Hispanic or Latino ; Homosexuality, Male
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1380686-5
ISSN	1080-6059 ; 1080-6040
ISSN (online)	1080-6059
ISSN	1080-6040
DOI	10.3201/eid3013.230739
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