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Article ; Online: Can We Have More Butter and Guns Simultaneously? An Endogeneity Perspective

Rafał Woźniak / Jacek Lewkowicz

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics, Vol 314, Iss 2, Pp 28-

2023 Volume 46

Abstract: Drivers and outcomes of military expenditures are an important topic in geopolitics and public debate. It is often argued that increases in the military budget can boost the economy through extended military equipment production. What should then be ... ...

Abstract	Drivers and outcomes of military expenditures are an important topic in geopolitics and public debate. It is often argued that increases in the military budget can boost the economy through extended military equipment production. What should then be noticeable is a feedback relationship between military expenditures and the current state of the economy. This paper investigates this reverse relationship at the macro level using an unbalanced panel dataset of 173 countries over the period 1949–2020. Our empirical analysis implies that the claimed positive feedback loop between military expenditures and economic growth is either completely absent or, at most, very weak.
Keywords	economic development ; military expenditures ; arms race ; endogeneity ; Economics as a science ; HB71-74
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Collegium of Economic Analysis, SGH Warsaw School of Economics
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: What is Law & Economics and How Could It Have Contributed to Preventing the Global Crisis?

Jacek Lewkowicz

Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, Vol 6, Iss 3, Pp 89-

2018 Volume 101

Abstract: Objective: The main goal of the article is to investigate the underpinnings and research apparatus of law & economics, as well as to expose its relevance to economists and lawyers in the context of the recent global financial crisis and preventing future ...

Abstract	Objective: The main goal of the article is to investigate the underpinnings and research apparatus of law & economics, as well as to expose its relevance to economists and lawyers in the context of the recent global financial crisis and preventing future crashes. Research Design & Methods: The research objective is met with the usage of the analysis of the primary material and theoretical inquiry. The article covers theoretical dimensions of the application of law & economics to the analysis of market problems, such as the global financial crisis. Findings: A crucial advantage of law & economics is its mix of research apparatus – economic and legal theory, as well as econometric and behavioural approaches. A detailed analysis of institutions shall enable more precise assessment of the outcome of market phenomena. The causes of the recent global financial crisis could have been addressed by research in law & economics. Popularisation of law & economics may contribute to preventing crises. Implications & Recommendations: A deep inquiry of market phenomena relies on interdisciplinary research. Applying legal-dogmatic research to formal institutions and combining it with empirical economic analysis could lead to better understanding of market issues, like crises. Contribution & Value Added: The article highlights the importance of law & economics for dealing with market failures. Its core value added is the popularisation of this interdisciplinary approach and description of possible applications.
Keywords	law & economics ; institutional economics ; global crisis ; Social Sciences ; H
Subject code	340
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Cracow University of Economics
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The biotechnology sector in a latecomer country: The case of Poland.

Szczygielski, Krzysztof / Lewkowicz, Jacek / Michałek, Jan Jakub

New biotechnology

2022 Volume 68, Page(s) 97–107

Abstract: This paper offers a detailed firm-level analysis of innovation strategies, exporting activities and employment and sales dynamics of Polish biotechnology companies. The study is based on the unique dataset provided by three runs of the Polish edition of ... ...

Abstract	This paper offers a detailed firm-level analysis of innovation strategies, exporting activities and employment and sales dynamics of Polish biotechnology companies. The study is based on the unique dataset provided by three runs of the Polish edition of the Community Innovation Survey (CIS). Poland is a latecomer in the biotechnology industry, as are all the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs). In addition, the Polish biotechnology sector faced relatively unfavorable starting conditions: no partners in the pharmaceutical industry and, unlike some other CEECs, little government support. Nevertheless, biotechnology companies have developed in several Polish industries. It is shown that these companies implement innovation strategies that are typical for the biotechnology sector; however, they do not cooperate much with their clients. The innovation expenditure of biotechnology companies is distinctively higher than that of other companies. In addition, government and EU grants play a crucial role in funding the R&D activities of Polish biotechnology companies. This reflects the change in the innovation policy in Poland, but also raises the question of the sustainability of these efforts. Biotechnology companies are strongly export-oriented but, contrary to expectations, their dynamics are average: when controlling for firm characteristics and export performance, biotechnology companies neither outperform nor underperform other companies in terms of sales or employment growth.
MeSH term(s)	Biotechnology ; Drug Industry ; Humans ; Poland
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-31
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2400836-9
ISSN	1876-4347 ; 1876-4347
ISSN (online)	1876-4347
ISSN	1876-4347
DOI	10.1016/j.nbt.2022.01.008
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Article: Does planning production expansion have its intended effect in reality? Evidence from the dairy sector in Poland

Fałkowski, Jan / Lewkowicz, Jacek

Journal of rural studies. 2022 June 09,

2022

Abstract: Farmers are being continuously encouraged to adopt entrepreneurial practices with the hope that they will increase their competitiveness. One such practice involves defining clear goals for farm development, which is meant to improve farms' capacity to ... ...

Abstract	Farmers are being continuously encouraged to adopt entrepreneurial practices with the hope that they will increase their competitiveness. One such practice involves defining clear goals for farm development, which is meant to improve farms' capacity to respond to multi-faceted changes in their environment. However, the question remains whether the assumed plans will actually be achieved and whether they should be seen as a prerequisite for improving farm performance. In this paper, we analyse these issues using unique micro data from the dairy sector in Poland. Our focus is on one specific objective – production expansion – which is often included in farmers’ future plans. We investigate whether declaring production expansion as a goal for the future has any impact on actual output growth. Our findings suggest a very weak relationship between the two, which is contradictory to strong arguments showing how setting clear goals may lead to improved farm performance. We discuss several potential reasons for this result, namely the specific nature of our data, complex regulatory framework, the fact that new profit opportunities in dairy sector might stem not only from increasing the scale of output, or the fact that business planning may be perceived by farmers just as a technical requirement to receive public support.
Keywords	dairy industry ; entrepreneurship ; farms ; Poland
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0609
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	Pre-press version
ZDB-ID	252458-2
ISSN	0743-0167
ISSN	0743-0167
DOI	10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.06.002
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: COVID-19 and erosion of democracy.

Lewkowicz, Jacek / Woźniak, Michał / Wrzesiński, Michał

Economic modelling

2021 Volume 106, Page(s) 105682

Abstract: The main research question of this study is about the drivers of democracy backsliding during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a special focus on the rule of law and the state of democracy just before the shock. There is growing interest in the political ... ...

Abstract	The main research question of this study is about the drivers of democracy backsliding during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a special focus on the rule of law and the state of democracy just before the shock. There is growing interest in the political implications of the coronavirus pandemic, debating mostly the misuse of emergencies and violations of various norms by governments; however the links between the current democracy erosion with institutional environment remain unclear. We use a novel global dataset covering the period of the first two waves of the pandemic (January-December 2020), and apply various econometric and machine learning tools to identify institutional, economic and social factors influencing democracy. Our results are of scientific and practical importance and imply that the stronger the rule of law and the higher the level of democracy, the lower the risk of democracy backsliding in the face of the pandemic.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	0264-9993
ISSN	0264-9993
DOI	10.1016/j.econmod.2021.105682
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Article ; Online: ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF HIRING FORMS DEDICATED TO MANAGERIAL POSITIONS IN POLAND

Jacek Lewkowicz

Ekonomia i Prawo, Vol 14, Iss 2, Pp 221-

2015 Volume 232

Abstract: This paper deals with the economic analysis of hiring forms dedicated to managerial positions. Theoretical frames for corporate governance are based on agency theory. Crucial problems considered within agency theory are: information asymmetry, conflict ... ...

Abstract	This paper deals with the economic analysis of hiring forms dedicated to managerial positions. Theoretical frames for corporate governance are based on agency theory. Crucial problems considered within agency theory are: information asymmetry, conflict of interests and supervision (monitoring) of management. Presented analysis covers also remuneration forms and manager’s participation in ownership. Theoretical underpinnings of this research supports the analysis of managers hiring methods available in Poland (managerial contracts and employment contracts) in order to point out the solution, which reduces agency costs to the greatest extent.
Keywords	agency theory ; information asymmetry ; conflict of interest ; supervision ; employment contract ; law and economics ; Law ; K ; Economics as a science ; HB71-74
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: The biotechnology sector in a latecomer country: The case of Poland

Szczygielski, Krzysztof / Lewkowicz, Jacek / Michałek, Jan Jakub

New biotechnology. 2022 May 25, v. 68

2022

Abstract	This paper offers a detailed firm-level analysis of innovation strategies, exporting activities and employment and sales dynamics of Polish biotechnology companies. The study is based on the unique dataset provided by three runs of the Polish edition of the Community Innovation Survey (CIS). Poland is a latecomer in the biotechnology industry, as are all the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs). In addition, the Polish biotechnology sector faced relatively unfavorable starting conditions: no partners in the pharmaceutical industry and, unlike some other CEECs, little government support. Nevertheless, biotechnology companies have developed in several Polish industries. It is shown that these companies implement innovation strategies that are typical for the biotechnology sector; however, they do not cooperate much with their clients. The innovation expenditure of biotechnology companies is distinctively higher than that of other companies. In addition, government and EU grants play a crucial role in funding the R&D activities of Polish biotechnology companies. This reflects the change in the innovation policy in Poland, but also raises the question of the sustainability of these efforts. Biotechnology companies are strongly export-oriented but, contrary to expectations, their dynamics are average: when controlling for firm characteristics and export performance, biotechnology companies neither outperform nor underperform other companies in terms of sales or employment growth.
Keywords	biotechnology ; data collection ; employment ; issues and policy ; pharmaceutical industry ; surveys ; Poland
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0525
Size	p. 97-107.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2400836-9
ISSN	1876-4347 ; 1871-6784
ISSN (online)	1876-4347
ISSN	1871-6784
DOI	10.1016/j.nbt.2022.01.008
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Influence of B/N co-doping on electrical and photoluminescence properties of CVD grown homoepitaxial diamond films.

Kunuku, Srinivasu / Ficek, Mateusz / Wieloszynska, Aleksandra / Tamulewicz-Szwajkowska, Magdalena / Gajewski, Krzysztof / Sawczak, Miroslaw / Lewkowicz, Aneta / Ryl, Jacek / Gotszalk, Tedor / Bogdanowicz, Robert

Nanotechnology

2021 Volume 33, Issue 12

Abstract: Boron doped diamond (BDD) has great potential in electrical, and electrochemical sensing applications. The growth parameters, substrates, and synthesis method play a vital role in the preparation of semiconducting BDD to metallic BDD. Doping of other ... ...

Abstract	Boron doped diamond (BDD) has great potential in electrical, and electrochemical sensing applications. The growth parameters, substrates, and synthesis method play a vital role in the preparation of semiconducting BDD to metallic BDD. Doping of other elements along with boron (B) into diamond demonstrated improved efficacy of B doping and exceptional properties. In the present study, B and nitrogen (N) co-doped diamond has been synthesized on single crystalline diamond (SCD) IIa and SCD Ib substrates in a microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition process. The B/N co-doping into CVD diamond has been conducted at constant N flow of N/C ∼ 0.02 with three different B/C doping concentrations of B/C ∼ 2500 ppm, 5000 ppm, 7500 ppm. Atomic force microscopy topography depicted the flat and smooth surface with low surface roughness for low B doping, whereas surface features like hillock structures and un-epitaxial diamond crystals with high surface roughness were observed for high B doping concentrations. KPFM measurements revealed that the work function (4.74-4.94 eV) has not varied significantly for CVD diamond synthesized with different B/C concentrations. Raman spectroscopy measurements described the growth of high-quality diamond and photoluminescence studies revealed the formation of high-density nitrogen-vacancy centers in CVD diamond layers. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results confirmed the successful B doping and the increase in N doping with B doping concentration. The room temperature electrical resistance measurements of CVD diamond layers (B/C ∼ 7500 ppm) have shown the low resistance value ∼9.29 Ω for CVD diamond/SCD IIa, and the resistance value ∼16.55 Ω for CVD diamond/SCD Ib samples.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1362365-5
ISSN	1361-6528 ; 0957-4484
ISSN (online)	1361-6528
ISSN	0957-4484
DOI	10.1088/1361-6528/ac4130
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Article ; Online: Well-differentiated mucinous uterine adenocarcinoma predominantly diagnosed as adenoma malignum: a case report with an immunohistochemical analysis.

Semczuk, Andrzej / Tomaszewski, Jacek / Gogacz, Marek / Obrzut, Bogdan / Rigau, Marina / Lewkowicz, Dorota / Semczuk-Sikora, Anna

International journal of clinical and experimental pathology

2015 Volume 8, Issue 6, Page(s) 7600–7604

Abstract: Adenoma malignum (AM), also referred to as "minimal deviation adenocarcinoma", is an extremely uncommon variant of highly-differentiated adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. The study presented herein describes a case of uterine AM found out after ... ...

Abstract	Adenoma malignum (AM), also referred to as "minimal deviation adenocarcinoma", is an extremely uncommon variant of highly-differentiated adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. The study presented herein describes a case of uterine AM found out after hysteroscopy. An early-stage, well-differentiated mucinous uterine adenocarcinoma was diagnosed post-operatively. A subsequent immunohistochemical assessment of a panel of antibodies was applied, in order to distinguish between female genital tract malignancies.
MeSH term(s)	Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/chemistry ; Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/pathology ; Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/surgery ; Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis ; Cell Differentiation ; Female ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Staging ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Treatment Outcome ; Uterine Neoplasms/chemistry ; Uterine Neoplasms/pathology ; Uterine Neoplasms/surgery
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers, Tumor
Language	English
Publishing date	2015
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Case Reports ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2418306-4
ISSN	1936-2625 ; 1936-2625
ISSN (online)	1936-2625
ISSN	1936-2625
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Article ; Online: IL-18 and IL-18 binding protein concentration in ovarian follicular fluid of women with "tubal factor" subjected to in vitro fertilization.

Radwan, Paweł / Radwan, Michal / Połać, Ireneusz / Lewkowicz, Przemysław / Wilczyński, Jacek Radosław

Postepy higieny i medycyny doswiadczalnej (Online)

2013 Volume 67, Page(s) 463–470

Abstract: Introduction: Composition of follicular fluid is also regarded to be linked to quality of oocytes, fertilization and quality of the embryo. The aim of this study was to investigate the concentration of IL-18 and IL18BP in follicular fluid (FF) in a ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Composition of follicular fluid is also regarded to be linked to quality of oocytes, fertilization and quality of the embryo. The aim of this study was to investigate the concentration of IL-18 and IL18BP in follicular fluid (FF) in a homogeneous group of women with sterility caused by "tubal factor" subjected to in vitro fertilization (IVF) and the relation between concentrate of this cytokine and IVF outcome. Materials/methods: The study group consisted of 83 non-smoking women aged 30.9 ± 3.2 (23.0-43.0) with confirmed (hysterosalpingography and/or laparoscopy) bilateral complete tubal impermeability. Follicular fluid levels of IL-18 and IL18BP were evaluated in 83 patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). Ovarian hormonal stimulation was conducted according to a GnRH antagonist protocol. The measurement of IL-18 and IL18BP in follicular fluid was done using the ELISA method. Results: The mean follicular levels of IL-18 and IL18BP were 468.5 ± 357.4 pg/ml and 8611.3 ± 534 pg/ml. The biochemical pregnancy rate was 39.7% (33/83); 22 women became clinically pregnant (26.5%). The implantation rate was 26.7% (36/135). No significant correlation was found between follicular concentrations of IL-18 and age of the patients (r = 0.13 p>0.05), number of metaphase II oocytes collected (r = -0.11 p>0.05), number of 3-day embryos (r = -0.157 p>0.05), biochemical pregnancies (r = 0.03 p>0.05), or clinical pregnancies (r = -0.06 p>0.05). Also there was no significant correlation between IL18BP and age of the patients (r = 0.21 p>0.05), number of metaphase II oocytes collected (r = 0.08 p>0.05), number of 3-day embryos (r = -0.19 p>0.05), biochemical pregnancies (r = 0.11 p>0.05) and clinical pregnancies (r = -0.34 p>0.05). Conclusion: IL-18 and IL18BP are detectable in follicular fluid but do not determine IVF outcome in women with "tubal factor". IL-18 and IL18BP are not promising prognostic markers for IVF success in this subgroup of patients.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Biomarkers/analysis ; Cytokines/analysis ; Female ; Fertilization in Vitro ; Follicular Fluid/chemistry ; Humans ; Infertility/metabolism ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/analysis ; Interleukin-18/analysis ; Ovulation Induction ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Rate ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers ; Cytokines ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Interleukin-18 ; interleukin-18 binding protein
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-05-21
Publishing country	Poland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	418865-2
ISSN	1732-2693 ; 0032-5449
ISSN (online)	1732-2693
ISSN	0032-5449
DOI	10.5604/17322693.1050036
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