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Article ; Online: (Not) part of the team: Racial empathy bias in a South African minimal group study.

Deist, Melanie / Fourie, Melike M

2023 Volume 18, Issue 4, Page(s) e0283902

Abstract: Minimal Group Paradigm (MGP) research suggests that recategorization with an arbitrarily defined group may be sufficient to override empathy biases among salient social categories like race. However, most studies utilizing MGPs do not consider ... ...

Abstract	Minimal Group Paradigm (MGP) research suggests that recategorization with an arbitrarily defined group may be sufficient to override empathy biases among salient social categories like race. However, most studies utilizing MGPs do not consider sufficiently the socio-historical contexts of social groups. Here we investigated whether the recategorization of White participants into arbitrarily defined mixed-race teams using a non-competitive MGP would ameliorate racial empathy biases towards ingroup team members in the South African context. Sixty participants rated their empathic and counter-empathic (Schadenfreude, Glückschmerz) responses to ingroup and outgroup team members in physically painful, emotionally distressing, and positive situations. As anticipated, results indicated significant ingroup team biases in empathic and counter-empathic responses. However, mixed-race minimal teams were unable to override ingroup racial empathy biases, which persisted across events. Interestingly, a manipulation highlighting purported political ideological differences between White and Black African team members did not exacerbate racial empathy bias, suggesting that such perceptions were already salient. Across conditions, an internal motivation to respond without prejudice was most strongly associated with empathy for Black African target individuals, regardless of their team status. Together, these results suggest that racial identity continues to provide a salient motivational guide in addition to more arbitrary group memberships, even at an explicit level, for empathic responding in contexts characterized by historical power asymmetry. These data further problematize the continued official use of race-based categories in such contexts.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Black People/psychology ; Empathy ; Motivation ; Racism/ethnology ; Racism/psychology ; South Africa ; White People/psychology ; Social Interaction/ethnology ; Social Identification
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0283902
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: (Not) part of the team

Melanie Deist / Melike M. Fourie

PLoS ONE, Vol 18, Iss

Racial empathy bias in a South African minimal group study

2023 Volume 4

Abstract	Minimal Group Paradigm (MGP) research suggests that recategorization with an arbitrarily defined group may be sufficient to override empathy biases among salient social categories like race. However, most studies utilizing MGPs do not consider sufficiently the socio-historical contexts of social groups. Here we investigated whether the recategorization of White participants into arbitrarily defined mixed-race teams using a non-competitive MGP would ameliorate racial empathy biases towards ingroup team members in the South African context. Sixty participants rated their empathic and counter-empathic (Schadenfreude, Glückschmerz) responses to ingroup and outgroup team members in physically painful, emotionally distressing, and positive situations. As anticipated, results indicated significant ingroup team biases in empathic and counter-empathic responses. However, mixed-race minimal teams were unable to override ingroup racial empathy biases, which persisted across events. Interestingly, a manipulation highlighting purported political ideological differences between White and Black African team members did not exacerbate racial empathy bias, suggesting that such perceptions were already salient. Across conditions, an internal motivation to respond without prejudice was most strongly associated with empathy for Black African target individuals, regardless of their team status. Together, these results suggest that racial identity continues to provide a salient motivational guide in addition to more arbitrary group memberships, even at an explicit level, for empathic responding in contexts characterized by historical power asymmetry. These data further problematize the continued official use of race-based categories in such contexts.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	306
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: (Not) part of the team

Melanie Deist / Melike M Fourie

PLoS ONE, Vol 18, Iss 4, p e

Racial empathy bias in a South African minimal group study.

2023 Volume 0283902

Abstract	Minimal Group Paradigm (MGP) research suggests that recategorization with an arbitrarily defined group may be sufficient to override empathy biases among salient social categories like race. However, most studies utilizing MGPs do not consider sufficiently the socio-historical contexts of social groups. Here we investigated whether the recategorization of White participants into arbitrarily defined mixed-race teams using a non-competitive MGP would ameliorate racial empathy biases towards ingroup team members in the South African context. Sixty participants rated their empathic and counter-empathic (Schadenfreude, Glückschmerz) responses to ingroup and outgroup team members in physically painful, emotionally distressing, and positive situations. As anticipated, results indicated significant ingroup team biases in empathic and counter-empathic responses. However, mixed-race minimal teams were unable to override ingroup racial empathy biases, which persisted across events. Interestingly, a manipulation highlighting purported political ideological differences between White and Black African team members did not exacerbate racial empathy bias, suggesting that such perceptions were already salient. Across conditions, an internal motivation to respond without prejudice was most strongly associated with empathy for Black African target individuals, regardless of their team status. Together, these results suggest that racial identity continues to provide a salient motivational guide in addition to more arbitrary group memberships, even at an explicit level, for empathic responding in contexts characterized by historical power asymmetry. These data further problematize the continued official use of race-based categories in such contexts.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	306
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: COVID-19 as Natural Intervention: Guilt and Perceived Historical Privilege Contributes to Structural Reform Under Conditions of Crisis.

Fourie, Melike M / Verwoerd, Wilhelm J

Affective science

2021 Volume 3, Issue 1, Page(s) 34–45

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has been described as an unmasking of persistent racialized inequalities linked to South Africa's oppressive past. However, such observations lack empirical support. Here we examined whether COVID-19 lockdown conditions encouraged ... ...

Abstract	The COVID-19 pandemic has been described as an unmasking of persistent racialized inequalities linked to South Africa's oppressive past. However, such observations lack empirical support. Here we examined whether COVID-19 lockdown conditions encouraged greater perceptions of continuing structural racism together with motivational and behavioral support for social justice, and whether guilt or empathic concern undergirded such responses. A national sample of White South Africans' data suggests that the pandemic served as a natural intervention, fostering greater acknowledgement of structural racism and support for redress through increased awareness of historical privilege and guilt in response to Black hardship. Guilt furthermore predicted a social justice motivation in relief efforts, whereas empathic concern predicted only charity motivation. These results suggest that "White guilt" is more consequential than empathic concern in contributing to structural reform but would require longer-term processes to support the translation of its motivational push into sustainable contributions to social justice. Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-021-00073-7.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-30
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2978299-5
ISSN	2662-205X ; 2662-2041
ISSN (online)	2662-205X
ISSN	2662-2041
DOI	10.1007/s42761-021-00073-7
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: We cannot empathize with what we do not recognize: Perceptions of structural versus interpersonal racism in South Africa.

Fourie, Melike M / Moore-Berg, Samantha L

Frontiers in psychology

2022 Volume 13, Page(s) 838675

Abstract: Recent research suggests holding a structural, rather than interpersonal, understanding of racism is associated with greater impetus to address racial disparities. We believe greater acknowledgment of structural racism also functions to mitigate against ... ...

Abstract	Recent research suggests holding a structural, rather than interpersonal, understanding of racism is associated with greater impetus to address racial disparities. We believe greater acknowledgment of structural racism also functions to mitigate against empathic failures in response to structural injustices. Given South Africa's situatedness as a country characterized by historical racialized oppression and continuing unjust legacies, it is appropriate to examine these ideas there. Across three studies, we tested the hypotheses that members of advantaged groups' perspective taking and empathic concern may be compromised in response to people challenging the unequal
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-28
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2563826-9
ISSN	1664-1078
ISSN	1664-1078
DOI	10.3389/fpsyg.2022.838675
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Parsing the components of forgiveness: Psychological and neural mechanisms.

Fourie, Melike M / Hortensius, Ruud / Decety, Jean

Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews

2020 Volume 112, Page(s) 437–451

Abstract: Forgiveness-a shift in motivation away from retaliation and avoidance towards increased goodwill for the perceived wrongdoer-plays a vital role in restoring social relationships, and positively impacts personal wellbeing and society at large. Parsing the ...

Abstract	Forgiveness-a shift in motivation away from retaliation and avoidance towards increased goodwill for the perceived wrongdoer-plays a vital role in restoring social relationships, and positively impacts personal wellbeing and society at large. Parsing the psychological and neurobiological mechanisms of forgiveness contributes theoretical clarity, yet has remained an outstanding challenge because of conceptual and methodological difficulties in the field. Here, we critically examine the neuroscientific evidence in support of a theoretical framework which accounts for the proximate mechanisms underlying forgiveness. Specifically, we integrate empirical evidence from social psychology and neuroscience to propose that forgiveness relies on three distinct and interacting psychological macro-components: cognitive control, perspective taking, and social valuation. The implication of the lateral prefrontal cortex, temporoparietal junction, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, respectively, is discussed in the brain networks subserving these distinct component processes. Finally, we outline some caveats that limit the translational value of existing social neuroscience research and provide directions for future research to advance the field of forgiveness.
MeSH term(s)	Cerebral Cortex/diagnostic imaging ; Cerebral Cortex/physiology ; Executive Function/physiology ; Forgiveness/physiology ; Humans ; Nerve Net/diagnostic imaging ; Nerve Net/physiology ; Social Perception ; Theory of Mind/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-02-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	282464-4
ISSN	1873-7528 ; 0149-7634
ISSN (online)	1873-7528
ISSN	0149-7634
DOI	10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.02.020
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Effects of early adversity and social discrimination on empathy for complex mental states: An fMRI investigation.

Fourie, Melike M / Stein, Dan J / Solms, Mark / Gobodo-Madikizela, Pumla / Decety, Jean

Scientific reports

2019 Volume 9, Issue 1, Page(s) 12959

Abstract: There is extensive evidence of an association between early adversity and enduring neural changes that impact socioemotional processing throughout life. Yet little is known about the effects of on-going social discrimination on socioemotional functioning. ...

Abstract	There is extensive evidence of an association between early adversity and enduring neural changes that impact socioemotional processing throughout life. Yet little is known about the effects of on-going social discrimination on socioemotional functioning. Here we examined how cumulative experiences of social discrimination impact brain response during empathic responding-a crucial issue in South Africa, given its historical apartheid context and continuing legacies. White and Black South Africans completed measures of social adversity (early adversity and social discrimination), and underwent fMRI while viewing video clips depicting victims and perpetrators of apartheid crimes. Increased neural response was detected in brain regions associated with cognitive rather than affective empathy, and greater social adversity was associated with reduced reported compassion across participants. Notably, social discrimination (due to income level, weight, gender) in White participants was associated with increased amygdala reactivity, whereas social discrimination (due to race) in Black participants mediated the negative associations of temporoparietal junction and inferior frontal gyrus activation with compassion during emotionally provocative conditions. These findings suggest that (i) social discrimination has comparable associations at the neural level as other psychosocial stressors, and that (ii) the mechanisms underlying empathic responding vary as a function of the type of social discrimination experienced.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Brain/physiopathology ; Emotions/physiology ; Empathy/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Male ; Psychological Trauma ; Social Discrimination
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-09-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-019-49298-4
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Article ; Online: Effects of early adversity and social discrimination on empathy for complex mental states

Melike M. Fourie / Dan J. Stein / Mark Solms / Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela / Jean Decety

Scientific Reports, Vol 9, Iss 1, Pp 1-

An fMRI investigation

2019 Volume 14

Abstract: Abstract There is extensive evidence of an association between early adversity and enduring neural changes that impact socioemotional processing throughout life. Yet little is known about the effects of on-going social discrimination on socioemotional ... ...

Abstract	Abstract There is extensive evidence of an association between early adversity and enduring neural changes that impact socioemotional processing throughout life. Yet little is known about the effects of on-going social discrimination on socioemotional functioning. Here we examined how cumulative experiences of social discrimination impact brain response during empathic responding—a crucial issue in South Africa, given its historical apartheid context and continuing legacies. White and Black South Africans completed measures of social adversity (early adversity and social discrimination), and underwent fMRI while viewing video clips depicting victims and perpetrators of apartheid crimes. Increased neural response was detected in brain regions associated with cognitive rather than affective empathy, and greater social adversity was associated with reduced reported compassion across participants. Notably, social discrimination (due to income level, weight, gender) in White participants was associated with increased amygdala reactivity, whereas social discrimination (due to race) in Black participants mediated the negative associations of temporoparietal junction and inferior frontal gyrus activation with compassion during emotionally provocative conditions. These findings suggest that (i) social discrimination has comparable associations at the neural level as other psychosocial stressors, and that (ii) the mechanisms underlying empathic responding vary as a function of the type of social discrimination experienced.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	300 ; 150
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Publishing Group
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Empathy and moral emotions in post-apartheid South Africa: an fMRI investigation.

Fourie, Melike M / Stein, Dan J / Solms, Mark / Gobodo-Madikizela, Pumla / Decety, Jean

Social cognitive and affective neuroscience

2017 Volume 12, Issue 6, Page(s) 881–892

Abstract: Moral emotions elicited in response to others' suffering are mediated by empathy and affect how we respond to their pain. South Africa provides a unique opportunity to study group processes given its racially divided past. The present study seeks ... ...

Abstract	Moral emotions elicited in response to others' suffering are mediated by empathy and affect how we respond to their pain. South Africa provides a unique opportunity to study group processes given its racially divided past. The present study seeks insights into aspects of the moral brain by investigating behavioral and functional MRI responses of White and Black South Africans who lived through apartheid to in- and out-group physical and social pain. Whereas the physical pain task featured faces expressing dynamic suffering, the social pain task featured victims of apartheid violence from the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission to elicit heartfelt emotion. Black participants' behavioral responses were suggestive of in-group favoritism, whereas White participants' responses were apparently egalitarian. However, all participants showed significant in-group biases in activation in the amygdala (physical pain), as well as areas involved in mental state representation, including the precuneus, temporoparietal junction (TPJ) and frontal pole (physical and social pain). Additionally, Black participants reacted with heightened moral indignation to own-race suffering, whereas White participants reacted with heightened shame to Black suffering, which was associated with blunted neural empathic responding. These findings provide ecologically valid insights into some behavioral and brain processes involved in complex moral situations.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Apartheid ; Black People ; Brain Mapping ; Emotions/physiology ; Empathy/physiology ; Facial Expression ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Morals ; Pain/psychology ; Pain Measurement/psychology ; Prejudice/psychology ; South Africa ; Violence/psychology ; White People
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-03-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2236933-8
ISSN	1749-5024 ; 1749-5016
ISSN (online)	1749-5024
ISSN	1749-5016
DOI	10.1093/scan/nsx019
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Neural correlates of experienced moral emotion: an fMRI investigation of emotion in response to prejudice feedback.

Fourie, Melike M / Thomas, Kevin G F / Amodio, David M / Warton, Christopher M R / Meintjes, Ernesta M

Social neuroscience

2014 Volume 9, Issue 2, Page(s) 203–218

Abstract: Guilt, shame, and embarrassment are quintessential moral emotions with important regulatory functions for the individual and society. Moral emotions are, however, difficult to study with neuroimaging methods because their elicitation is more intricate ... ...

Abstract	Guilt, shame, and embarrassment are quintessential moral emotions with important regulatory functions for the individual and society. Moral emotions are, however, difficult to study with neuroimaging methods because their elicitation is more intricate than that of basic emotions. Here, using functional MRI (fMRI), we employed a novel social prejudice paradigm to examine specific brain regions associated with real-time moral emotion, focusing on guilt and related moral-negative emotions. The paradigm induced intense moral-negative emotion (primarily guilt) in 22 low-prejudice individuals through preprogrammed feedback indicating implicit prejudice against Black and disabled people. fMRI data indicated that this experience of moral-negative emotion was associated with increased activity in anterior paralimbic structures, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and anterior insula, in addition to areas associated with mentalizing, including the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and precuneus. Of significance was prominent conflict-related activity in the supragenual ACC, which is consistent with theories proposing an association between acute guilt and behavioral inhibition. Finally, a significant negative association between self-reported guilt and neural activity in the pregenual ACC suggested a role of self-regulatory processes in response to moral-negative affect. These findings are consistent with the multifaceted self-regulatory functions of moral-negative emotions in social behavior.
MeSH term(s)	Analysis of Variance ; Arousal ; Brain Mapping ; Cerebral Cortex/blood supply ; Emotions/physiology ; Feedback, Psychological/physiology ; Guilt ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Morale ; Oxygen/blood ; Prejudice ; Reaction Time ; Statistics as Topic ; Time Factors
Chemical Substances	Oxygen (S88TT14065)
Language	English
Publishing date	2014
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2234411-1
ISSN	1747-0927 ; 1747-0919
ISSN (online)	1747-0927
ISSN	1747-0919
DOI	10.1080/17470919.2013.878750
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