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Article: [Excretion of three alkaloids from Simiao Pills in urine, feces, and bile between normal and type 2 diabetic rats].

Hu, Yan-Nan / Luo, Zhen-Ye / Liu, Chang-Shun / Xia, Ting / Zhang, Feng-Lin / Chen, Fei-Long / Tan, Xiao-Mei

Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica

2024 Volume 48, Issue 23, Page(s) 6509–6518

Abstract: ... metabolites from Simiao Pills in normal and type 2 diabetic rats. The diabetes model was established in rats ... detected by LC-MS/MS to explore the effect of diabetes on alkaloid excretion of Simiao Pills. The results ... showed that 72 h after intragastric administration of the extract of Simiao Pills, feces were the main ...

Abstract	This study investigated the differences in excretion kinetics of three alkaloids and their four metabolites from Simiao Pills in normal and type 2 diabetic rats. The diabetes model was established in rats by injection of streptozotocin, and the alkaloids in urine, feces, and bile of normal and diabetic rats were detected by LC-MS/MS to explore the effect of diabetes on alkaloid excretion of Simiao Pills. The results showed that 72 h after intragastric administration of the extract of Simiao Pills, feces were the main excretion route of alkaloids from Simiao Pills. The total excretion rates of magnoflorine and berberine in normal rats were 4.87% and 56.54%, which decreased to 2.35% and 35.53% in diabetic rats, which had statistical significance(P<0.05). The total excretion rates of phellodendrine, magnoflorine, and berberine in the urine of diabetic rats decreased significantly, which were 53.57%, 60.84%, and 52.78% of those in normal rats, respectively. After 12 h of intragastric administration, the excretion rate of berberine in the bile of diabetic rats increased significantly, which was 253.33% of that of normal rats. In the condition of diabetes, the excretion rate of berberine metabolite, thalifendine significantly decreased in urine and feces, but significantly increased in bile. The total excretion rates of jateorrhizine and palmatine in the urine increased significantly, and t_(1/2) and K_e changed significantly. The results showed that diabetes affected the in vivo process of alkaloids from Simiao Pills, reducing their excretion in the form of prototype drug, affecting the biotransformation of berberine, and ultimately increasing the exposure of alkaloids in vivo, which would be conducive to the hypoglycemic effect of alkaloids. This study provides references for the clinical application and drug development of Simiao Pills in diabetes.
MeSH term(s)	Rats ; Animals ; Bile/metabolism ; Chromatography, Liquid/methods ; Berberine ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods ; Feces ; Alkaloids/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Berberine (0I8Y3P32UF) ; Alkaloids
Language	Chinese
Publishing date	2024-01-09
Publishing country	China
Document type	English Abstract ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1004649-5
ISSN	1001-5302 ; 0254-0029
ISSN	1001-5302 ; 0254-0029
DOI	10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20230616.202
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Article ; Online: Exploration of Simiao-Yongan Decoction on knee osteoarthritis based on network pharmacology and molecular docking.

Wang, Ying / Pan, Xiangyu / Wang, Junwei / Chen, Haixu / Chen, Lan

Medicine

2023 Volume 102, Issue 40, Page(s) e35193

Abstract: Use network pharmacology combined with molecular docking to study the effects of Simiao-Yongan ...

Abstract	Use network pharmacology combined with molecular docking to study the effects of Simiao-Yongan Decoction (SMYAD) intervenes in Knee Osteoarthritis (KOA) related targets and signaling pathways, and explores the molecular mechanism of SMYAD in treating KOA. The active ingredients and targets of SMYAD, which concluded 4 traditional Chinese medicines, were screened in TCMSP, and the related gene targets of KOA were screened in the disease databases GeneCards, MalaCards, DisGeNET, and Comparative Toxicogenomics Database, and their intersection data were obtained after integration. And used Cytoscape 3.9.1, the software topologies the network diagram of "compound-drug-active ingredient-target protein-disease." Obtains the protein-protein interaction network diagram through STRING, and enriches and analyzes the obtained core targets. Carry out molecular docking matching verification on the main active ingredients and key targets of the drug. 106 active ingredients and 175 targets were screened from SMYAD to intervene in KOA, 36 core targets were obtained through protein-protein interaction screening, and 10 key targets played an important role. The enrichment results showed that the biological process of gene ontology mainly involved positive regulation of gene expression, negative regulation of apoptosis process, and positive regulation of apoptosis process. KEGG signaling pathway mainly involves AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, TNF signaling pathway, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway. The pathway of Reactome mainly involves interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 signaling, cytokine signaling in immune system, immune system, apoptosis. Molecular docking showed that the mainly effective components of SMYAD can fully combine with TNF, IL1B, IL6, and CASP3. The results show that the main active ingredients and potential mechanism of action of SMYAD in the treatment of KOA have the characteristics of multiple targets and multiple pathways, which provides ideas and basis for further in-depth exploration of its specific mechanism.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Network Pharmacology ; Osteoarthritis, Knee/drug therapy ; Protein Interaction Maps ; Signal Transduction ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional
Chemical Substances	Drugs, Chinese Herbal
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	80184-7
ISSN	1536-5964 ; 0025-7974
ISSN (online)	1536-5964
ISSN	0025-7974
DOI	10.1097/MD.0000000000035193
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Article ; Online: Mechanism of Simiao Decoction in the treatment of atherosclerosis based on network pharmacology prediction and molecular docking.

Li, Qian / Chai, Yihui / Li, Wen / Guan, Liancheng / Fan, Yizi / Chen, Yunzhi

Medicine

2023 Volume 102, Issue 36, Page(s) e35109

Abstract: To explore the molecular mechanism of Simiao Decoction (SMD) intervening atherosclerosis ...

Abstract	To explore the molecular mechanism of Simiao Decoction (SMD) intervening atherosclerosis (AS). The main components and potential mechanisms of SMD remain unknown. This study aims to initially clarify the potential mechanism of SMD in the treatment of AS based on network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques. The principal components and corresponding protein targets of SMD were searched on Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform and the compound-target network was constructed by Cytoscape3.9.1. AS targets were searched on DrugBank, OMIM, and TTD databases. The intersection of compound target and disease target was obtained and the coincidence target was imported into STRING database to construct a protein-protein interaction network. We further performed Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis on the targets. The molecular docking method was used to verify the interaction between core components of SMD and targets. We created the active compounds-targets network and the active compounds-AS-targets network based on the network database containing Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform, DrugBank, OMIM, and TTD. We discovered that the therapy of AS with SMD involves 3 key substances-quercetin, kaempferol, and luteolin-as well as 5 crucial targets-ALB, AKT1, TNF, IL6, and TP53. The Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis revealed that the shared targets involved a number of signaling pathways, including the advanced glycosylation end product-receptor of AGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, Hepatitis B, Lipid and atherosclerosis, Chemical Carcinogenesis-Receptor Activation, and Pathways in Cancer. The molecular docking demonstrated that the binding energies of quercetin, kaempferol, and luteolin with 5 important targets were favorable. This study reveals the active ingredients and potential molecular mechanism of SMD in the treatment of AS, and provides a reference for subsequent basic research.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Kaempferols/pharmacology ; Network Pharmacology ; Luteolin ; Quercetin ; Atherosclerosis/drug therapy ; Atherosclerosis/genetics
Chemical Substances	Kaempferols ; Luteolin (KUX1ZNC9J2) ; Quercetin (9IKM0I5T1E)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	80184-7
ISSN	1536-5964 ; 0025-7974
ISSN (online)	1536-5964
ISSN	0025-7974
DOI	10.1097/MD.0000000000035109
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Article: Efficacy and safety of Simiao decoction in the treatment of cervical HPV infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Qiu, Lin / Chen, Ying / Wang, Jue / Yu, Lili / Wu, Qibiao / Mo, Hui

Heliyon

2023 Volume 9, Issue 11, Page(s) e21840

Abstract: ... of cervical cancer and its precancerous lesions. Many studies have shown that Simiao Decoction may be effective ... in treating HPV infection, but the efficacy and safety of Simiao Decoction for HPV infection have never been ... systematically evaluated.: Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Simiao Decoction in the treatment ...

Abstract	Background: Persistent HPV infection can easily lead to the occurrence and development of cervical cancer and its precancerous lesions. Many studies have shown that Simiao Decoction may be effective in treating HPV infection, but the efficacy and safety of Simiao Decoction for HPV infection have never been systematically evaluated. Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Simiao Decoction in the treatment of cervical HPV infection. Study design: A systematic review and meta-analysis of all randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing Simiao Decoction versus conventional treatment. Materials and methods: Seven databases were searched from their inception until May 14, 2023. All the RCTs comparing the efficacy and safety of Simiao Decoction versus conventional treatment were selected. Analyses were performed using Review Manager 5.3. HPV negative conversion rate (NCR) was defined as the primary endpoint, and treatment response rate (TRR), and adverse reaction (AR) were defined as the secondary endpoints. The quality of each endpoint was assessed by The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) system. Results: Ten RCTs recruiting 799 patients with HPV infection were included. The results showed that compared with conventional treatment, Simiao Decoction improved NCR (RR = 1.45, 95 % CI 1.31, 1.61, Conclusion: Simiao Decoction is safer and more effective than conventional treatment for HPV infection. However, the efficacy and safety of Simiao Decoction should be further assessed by more high-quality RCTs with the outcome of HPV viral load and long-term follow-ups.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2835763-2
ISSN	2405-8440
ISSN	2405-8440
DOI	10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21840
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Article ; Online: A Network Pharmacology Method Combined with Molecular Docking Verification to Explore the Therapeutic Mechanisms Underlying Simiao Pill Herbal Medicine against Hyperuricemia.

Qian, Yue / Yin, Jiazhen / Ni, Juemin / Chen, Xiaona / Shen, Yan

publication RETRACTED

BioMed research international

2023 Volume 2023, Page(s) 2507683

Abstract: ... metabolism. We aim to reveal the mechanisms underlying the anti-HUA function of Simiao pill and provide ... therapeutic targets.: Methods: Simiao pill-related targets were obtained using Herbal Ingredients' Targets ... compounds of Simiao pill.: Results: Simiao pill-HUA target network contained 80 targets. The key targets ...

Abstract	Objective: Hyperuricemia (HUA) is a common metabolic disease caused by disordered purine metabolism. We aim to reveal the mechanisms underlying the anti-HUA function of Simiao pill and provide therapeutic targets. Methods: Simiao pill-related targets were obtained using Herbal Ingredients' Targets (HIT), Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP), and Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Database (TCMID). HUA-associated targets were retrieved from GeneCards, DisGeNET, and Therapeutic Targets Database (TTD). Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) database, ggraph and igraph R packages. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were performed using ClusterProfiler. The top 10 core targets were identified through cytoHubba. Molecular docking was conducted using PyMOL and AutoDock high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) analysis was performed to identify effective compounds of Simiao pill. Results: Simiao pill-HUA target network contained 80 targets. The key targets were mainly involved in inflammatory responses. Insulin (INS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-6 (IL6), interleukin 1 beta (IL1B), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), leptin (LEP), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), interleukin-10 (IL10), and toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) were the top 10 targets in the PPI network. GO analysis demonstrated the main implication of the targets in molecular responses, production, and metabolism. KEGG analysis revealed that Simiao pill might mitigate HUA through advanced glycation end-product- (AGE-) receptor for AGE- (RAGE-) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1- (HIF-1-) associated pathways. IL1B, IL6, IL10, TLR4, and TNF were finally determined as the promising targets of Simiao pill treating HUA. Through molecular docking and HPLC analysis, luteolin, quercetin, rutaecarpine, baicalin, and atractylenolide I were the main active compounds. Conclusions: Simiao pill can mitigate HUA by restraining inflammation, mediating AGE-RAGE- and HIF-1-related pathways, and targeting IL1B, IL6, IL10, TLR4, and TNF.
MeSH term(s)	Molecular Docking Simulation ; Interleukin-10 ; Network Pharmacology ; Toll-Like Receptor 4 ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; Hyperuricemia ; Interleukin-6 ; Plants, Medicinal ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Plant Extracts ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional
Chemical Substances	Interleukin-10 (130068-27-8) ; Toll-Like Receptor 4 ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; Interleukin-6 ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Plant Extracts ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Retracted Publication
ZDB-ID	2698540-8
ISSN	2314-6141 ; 2314-6133
ISSN (online)	2314-6141
ISSN	2314-6133
DOI	10.1155/2023/2507683
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Article ; Online: Integrated Multi-Omics Techniques and Network Pharmacology Analysis to Explore the Material Basis and Mechanism of Simiao Pill in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Wang, Yuming / Zhang, Fangfang / Li, Xiaokai / Li, Xue / Wang, Jiayi / He, Junjie / Wu, Xiaoyan / Chen, Siyu / Zhang, Yanjun / Li, Yubo

ACS omega

2023 Volume 8, Issue 12, Page(s) 11138–11150

Abstract: The Simiao pill (SMP) is a classic prescription that has shown anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and ...

Abstract	The Simiao pill (SMP) is a classic prescription that has shown anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and immunomodulatory effects and is clinically used to treat inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and gouty arthritis, for which the effects and mechanism of action remain largely unknown. In this study, serum samples from RA rats were analyzed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry based metabolomics technology and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry proteomics technology together with network pharmacology to explore the pharmacodynamic substances of SMP. To further verify the above results, we constructed a fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS) cell model and administered phellodendrine for the test. All these clues suggested that SMP can significantly reduce the level of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in complete Freund's adjuvant rat serum and improve the degree of foot swelling; combined with metabolomics, proteomics, and network pharmacological technology, it is determined that SMP plays a therapeutic role through the inflammatory pathway, and phellodendrine is found to be one of the pharmacodynamic substances. By constructing an FLS model, it is further determined that phellodendrine could effectively inhibit the activity of synovial cells and reduce the expression level of inflammatory factors by downregulating the expression level of related proteins in the TLR4-MyD88-IRAK4-MAPK signal pathway to alleviate joint inflammation and cartilage injury. Overall, these findings suggested that phellodendrine is an effective component of SMP in the treatment of RA.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2470-1343
ISSN (online)	2470-1343
DOI	10.1021/acsomega.2c07959
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Article ; Online: Simiao Wan modulates the gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism during improving type 2 diabetes mellitus in mice.

Chen, Yimeng / Zhu, Lijuan / Hu, Wenxin / Wang, Yuping / Wen, Xiaodong / Yang, Jie

Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology

2022 Volume 104, Page(s) 154264

Abstract: ... in diabetic pathogenesis. Simiao Wan is a famous traditional Chinese formula consisting on Phellodendron ... the effects of the 75% ethanol extraction of Simiao Wan (SMW) on diabetes, gut microbiota and bile acids (BAs ...

Abstract	Background: Gut microbiota coupled with their metabolites (bile acids, BAs) get involved in diabetic pathogenesis. Simiao Wan is a famous traditional Chinese formula consisting on Phellodendron chinense C.K.Schneid. (Rutaceae), Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. (Asteraceae), Achyranthes bidentata Blume (Amaranthaceae) and Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen (Rom.Caill.) Stapf (Poaceae), and used to treat gouty arthritis and hyperuricemia for thousands of years. However, the mechanisms underlying its beneficial efficacy on diabetes still needs to be explored. Purpose: Our study was performed to reveal the effects of the 75% ethanol extraction of Simiao Wan (SMW) on diabetes, gut microbiota and bile acids (BAs) in diabetic mice. Methods: The effects of SMW on diabetes were evaluated in mice treated by high-fat diet (HFD)/streptozotocin (STZ). The 16S rDNA sequencing and BAs metabolomics were performed to assess the changes of BAs profiles and gut microbiota induced by SMW. Western blot and real-time quantitative PCR were conducted to evaluate the possible mechanism of SMW. Results: SMW significantly improved insulin resistance and hepatic lipid accumulation in HFD/STZ mice. It remarkably enriched in the bacteria Allobaculum, Clostridium, Akkermansia, Lactobacilus and Bilophila whereas decreased Coprococcus and Halomonas in diabetic mice. Furthermore, the profiles of BAs were also modulated by SMW, indicated by the reduction of conjugated BAs and 12α-OH/non-12α-OH BAs ratio in liver as well as the increase of primary BAs in feces. SMW also activated farnesoid X receptor and inhibited sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 expression, contributing to its beneficial actions on lipid accumulation in liver. Conclusion: Our results showed that SMW exerted its beneficial effects on insulin resistance and hepatic lipid accumulation indirectly through regulating profiles of gut microbe and BAs.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bile Acids and Salts ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology ; Insulin Resistance ; Lipid Metabolism ; Lipids ; Mice ; Streptozocin
Chemical Substances	Bile Acids and Salts ; Lipids ; Streptozocin (5W494URQ81)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-13
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1205240-1
ISSN	1618-095X ; 0944-7113
ISSN (online)	1618-095X
ISSN	0944-7113
DOI	10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154264
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Article ; Online: Simiao pill inhibits epithelial mesenchymal transition in a mouse model of chronic hyperuricemic nephropathy by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

Shui, Guangxing / Cai, Zheyi / Wang, Feng / Chen, Ting / Huang, Xueyuan / Cai, Yun / Mi, Xiuhua

BMC complementary medicine and therapies

2022 Volume 22, Issue 1, Page(s) 278

Abstract: Background: Simiao pill module (SMM), a traditional Chinese medicine formula, has been widely used ...

Abstract	Background: Simiao pill module (SMM), a traditional Chinese medicine formula, has been widely used to treat gout and gouty arthritis. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of SMM on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and activation of NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in a mouse model of potassium oxonate (PO)-induced chronic hyperuricemic nephropathy (HN). Methods: Mice were randomly divided into the following four groups: control, HN model (PO), febuxostat (FEB)-treated (PO + FEB), and SMM-treated (PO + SMM) groups. Following 6 weeks of treatment, blood samples were collected and mice were sacrificed to collect kidney samples to study the biochemical parameters associated with renal function and histopathological changes associated with HN, respectively. The samples were analyzed for the expression of markers of EMT (collagen type 3, α-smooth muscle actin [α-SMA], fibronectin, vimentin and E-cadherin) and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome (NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein [ASC], caspase-1, interleukin [IL]-1β, and IL-18). Results: Our results showed that hyperuricemia, impaired kidney function, and renal pathological characteristics induced by PO treatment were improved following treatment with SMM and FEB. Additionally, treatment with SMM and FEB decreased the expression of vimentin, collagen 3, fibronectin, and α-SMA, and increased the expression of E-cadherin. Moreover, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, as assessed by the increased expression of NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1, and secretion of IL-1β and IL-18, was inhibited by treatment with SMM and FEB. Conclusion: These results suggest that SMM inhibited EMT and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in chronic HN mice, and the beneficial effect of SMM was compared with a standard drug, FEB.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Mice ; Actins ; Cadherins/therapeutic use ; Caspases ; Disease Models, Animal ; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition ; Febuxostat ; Fibronectins ; Hyperuricemia/chemically induced ; Hyperuricemia/drug therapy ; Inflammasomes/metabolism ; Interleukin-18 ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; Uric Acid ; Vimentin
Chemical Substances	Actins ; Cadherins ; Caspases (EC 3.4.22.-) ; Febuxostat (101V0R1N2E) ; Fibronectins ; Inflammasomes ; Interleukin-18 ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein ; Nlrp3 protein, mouse ; Uric Acid (268B43MJ25) ; Vimentin ; potassium oxonate (4R7FFA00RX)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial, Veterinary
ISSN	2662-7671
ISSN (online)	2662-7671
DOI	10.1186/s12906-022-03757-0
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Article ; Online: Effective fraction from Simiao Wan prevents hepatic insulin resistant by inhibition of lipolysis via AMPK activation.

Jiang, Qi-Xin / Chen, Yi-Meng / Ma, Jing-Jie / Wang, Yu-Ping / Li, Ping / Wen, Xiao-Dong / Yang, Jie

Chinese journal of natural medicines

2022 Volume 20, Issue 3, Page(s) 161–176

Abstract: Simiao Wan (SMW) is a traditional Chinese formula, including Atractylodis Rhizoma, Achyranthis ...

Abstract	Simiao Wan (SMW) is a traditional Chinese formula, including Atractylodis Rhizoma, Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix, Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex and Coicis Semen at the ratio of 1:1:2:2. It can be used to the treatment of diabetes. However, its bioactive compounds and underlying mechanism are unclear. This study aimed to screen the antilipolytic fraction from SMW and investigate its therapeutic mechanisms on hepatic insulin resistance. Different fractions of SMW were prepared by membrane separation combined with macroporous resin and their antilipolytic activities were screened in fasted mice. The effects of 60% ethanol elution (ESMW) on lipolysis were investigated in 3T3-L1 adipocytes stimulated by palmitic acid (PA) and high fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. In our study, ESMW is the bioactive fraction responsible for the antilipolytic activity of SMW and 13 compounds were characterized from ESMW by UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. ESMW suppressed protein kinase A (PKA)-hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) related lipolysis and increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in PA challenged 3T3-L1 adipocytes. AMPKα knockdown abolished the inhibitory effects of ESMW on IL-6 and HSL pSer-660, revealing that the antilipolytic and anti-inflammatory activities of ESMW are AMPK dependent. Furthermore, ESMW ameliorated insulin resistance and suppressed lipolysis in HFD-fed mice. It inhibited diacylglycerol accumulation in the liver and inhibited hepatic gluconeogenesis. Conditional medium collected from ESMW-treated 3T3-L1 cells ameliorated insulin action on hepatic gluconeogenesis in liver cells, demonstrating the antilipolytic activity contributed to ESMW beneficial effects on hepatic glucose production. In conclusion, ESMW, as the antilipolytic fraction of SMW, inhibited PKA-HSL related lipolysis by activating AMPK, thus inhibiting diacylglycerol (DAG) accumulation in the liver and thereby improving insulin resistance and hepatic gluconeogenesis.
MeSH term(s)	AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Animals ; Insulin/metabolism ; Lipolysis/physiology ; Liver/metabolism ; Mice ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Chemical Substances	Insulin ; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases (EC 2.7.11.31)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-17
Publishing country	China
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2192577-X
ISSN	1875-5364 ; 2095-6975 ; 1672-3651
ISSN (online)	1875-5364
ISSN	2095-6975 ; 1672-3651
DOI	10.1016/S1875-5364(21)60115-2
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Article ; Online: Network pharmacology and in vivo experiments reveal the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of Simiao Powder in prevention and treatment for gout.

Xu, Huachong / Wu, Jialin / Wang, Shiqi / Xu, Lu / Liu, Pei / Shi, Yucong / Wu, Sizhi / Deng, Li / Chen, Xiaoyin

BMC complementary medicine and therapies

2022 Volume 22, Issue 1, Page(s) 152

Abstract: ... Simiao Powder, as a classic formula consisted of four common herbs, has been widely used in clinical ... practice since ancient times to prevent and treat gout. However, the pharmacological mechanism of Simiao ... Powder is still unclear.: Methods: Based on network pharmacology, Simiao Powder active compounds were ...

Abstract	Background: Gout is a common disease with high incidence due to unhealthy diet and living habits. Simiao Powder, as a classic formula consisted of four common herbs, has been widely used in clinical practice since ancient times to prevent and treat gout. However, the pharmacological mechanism of Simiao Powder is still unclear. Methods: Based on network pharmacology, Simiao Powder active compounds were identified in TCMSP, ETCM and BATMAN database, used to establish a network of interaction between potential targets of Simiao Powder and known therapeutic targets of gout. Subsequently, the key potential targets are being used for protein-protein interaction, GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis through several authoritative open databases. Molecular docking through AutoDockTools software can verify interaction between molecules. Finally, to validate the predicted results, in vivo experiments based on hyperuricemic-gout mice model were designed and treated with Simiao powder and allopurinol. Serum levels of uric acid (UA), creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and xanthine oxidase (XOD) were determined using a customized assay kit while the expression of PPAR-γ, PTGS1, IL-6 and Bcl2 mRNA were analyzed through qRT-PCR. Results: Disease-target-compound network was visualized basing on the 20 bioactive compounds and the 19 potential targets using Cytoscape software. The results of PPI analysis, GO enrichment and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicate that the potential mechanism of Simiao Powder in treating gout may be achieved by regulating immune and inflammatory reactions, improving metabolism and endocrine. The results of molecular docking show that most of the targets and components have good binding activity. In vivo experiments revealed that Simiao powder can decreased serum UA and XOD levels in hyperuricemic-gout mice, and improved renal function. Furthermore, Simiao powder certainly regulates the expression of PPAR-γ, PTGS1, IL-6 and Bcl2 mRNA in ankle tissue in hyperuricemic-gout mice. Conclusion: Collectively, this research predicted a multiple compounds, targets, and pathways model mechanism of Simiao Powder in the prevention and treatment of gout, providing new ideas and methods for in-depth research, via vivo experiments.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Arthritis, Gouty/drug therapy ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology ; Gout/drug therapy ; Interleukin-6 ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Mice ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Network Pharmacology ; Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors ; Powders ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; RNA, Messenger
Chemical Substances	Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Interleukin-6 ; Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors ; Powders ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; RNA, Messenger
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2662-7671
ISSN (online)	2662-7671
DOI	10.1186/s12906-022-03622-0
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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