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  1. Article: Agribusiness and policy failures

    Richards, Timothy J.

    Applied economic perspectives and policy. 2022 Mar., v. 44, no. 1

    2022  

    Abstract: There is often a clear need for business regulation, as the market fails in many ways that are well understood. However, there are also important examples of policy failure, or cases where policy intervention seemed like a good idea at one time, but ... ...

    Abstract There is often a clear need for business regulation, as the market fails in many ways that are well understood. However, there are also important examples of policy failure, or cases where policy intervention seemed like a good idea at one time, but likely caused more problems than it solved. I consider three examples of failed regulatory interventions, in labor, antitrust, and disaster response. In reviewing the literature on each topic, some of which is our own, I hope to draw general conclusions regarding the value of careful economic analysis in policy design, particularly in the regulation of agribusiness enterprises.
    Keywords agribusiness ; economic analysis ; issues and policy ; labor ; markets
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-03
    Size p. 350-363.
    Publishing place Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
    Document type Article
    Note JOURNAL ARTICLE
    ZDB-ID 2518384-9
    ISSN 2040-5790
    ISSN 2040-5790
    DOI 10.1002/aepp.13205
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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    Z 4435: Show issues

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  2. Article ; Online: Food system labor and bargaining power

    Richards, Timothy J. / Rutledge, Zachariah

    Food Policy. 2023 Aug., v. 119 p.102502-

    2023  

    Abstract: Historically, pandemics lead to labor shortages, and the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020-21 proved to be no different. While there are many explanations for supply-chain issues reported in a number of industries, the proximate cause for ongoing problems in ... ...

    Abstract Historically, pandemics lead to labor shortages, and the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020-21 proved to be no different. While there are many explanations for supply-chain issues reported in a number of industries, the proximate cause for ongoing problems in producing, processing, and delivering food to consumers has been attributed to a lack of labor. If this is the case, then the apparent shortage is likely to manifest in greater bargaining power by workers in the food and agriculture industry, defined generally, during the COVID pandemic. In this paper, we test whether the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with greater bargaining power among food and agriculture workers using a structural model of labor search-and-bargaining, and examine the effect of policy responses to COVID-19 on labor-market outcomes. Using data from the American Community Survey (ACS, Bureau of Census) for wage outcomes in 2019 and 2020, we find that the COVID pandemic was responsible for a 5.7% increase in bargaining power for employed workers. Our counterfactual simulations examine the impact of two labor-market interventions – minimum-wages and unemployment insurance – on equilibrium wages. We find that lower minimum wages leave more employment surplus to employers, allowing them to bid up equilibrium wages, while more generous unemployment insurance reduces the supply of labor, and increases equilibrium wages.
    Keywords COVID-19 infection ; agricultural industry ; employment ; food policy ; insurance ; labor ; labor market ; models ; pandemic ; supply chain ; surveys ; unemployment ; Codes ; J22 ; Q12 ; Q18 ; Bargaining power ; Food system labor ; Search-and-matching
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2023-08
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 194840-4
    ISSN 0306-9192
    ISSN 0306-9192
    DOI 10.1016/j.foodpol.2023.102502
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    Z 3017: Show issues
    Zs Lan Food: Show issues

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  3. Article: Income Targeting and Farm Labor Supply

    Richards, Timothy J

    American journal of agricultural economics. 2020 Mar., v. 102, no. 2

    2020  

    Abstract: There is considerable anecdotal evidence that farm workers who are paid by piece rate tend to “income target,” or work only until they achieve a certain amount of daily income, and then stop work. We estimate reduced‐form and structural models derived ... ...

    Abstract There is considerable anecdotal evidence that farm workers who are paid by piece rate tend to “income target,” or work only until they achieve a certain amount of daily income, and then stop work. We estimate reduced‐form and structural models derived from the reference‐dependent preference model of Koszegi and Rabin (2006) to test the income‐targeting hypothesis using data from the National Agricultural Workers Survey (NAWS). We find evidence that supports the income‐targeting hypothesis, in both the reduced‐form and structural econometric models. Our findings suggest that even higher piece rates may not help the widely reported shortage of agricultural labor on the intensive margin as labor‐supply curves can be backward bending.
    Keywords agricultural economics ; econometric models ; farm labor ; income ; surveys
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2020-03
    Size p. 419-438.
    Publishing place Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
    Document type Article
    Note JOURNAL ARTICLE
    ZDB-ID 218188-5
    ISSN 0002-9092
    ISSN 0002-9092
    DOI 10.1002/ajae.12032
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    Zs Lan AJAE: Show issues
    Z 814: Show issues
    Z 159: Show issues

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  4. Article: Inventory management and loss in beer retailing

    Richards, Timothy J. / Hamilton, Stephen F.

    Agribusiness. 2022 July, v. 38, no. 3

    2022  

    Abstract: Food waste, or loss, at the wholesale and retail levels accounts for some 40% of the total amount of supply‐chain waste. While zero waste is never optimal, there are managerial variables that contribute to the level of loss. In this paper, we use data ... ...

    Abstract Food waste, or loss, at the wholesale and retail levels accounts for some 40% of the total amount of supply‐chain waste. While zero waste is never optimal, there are managerial variables that contribute to the level of loss. In this paper, we use data from a large beverage distributor to estimate the most important causes of loss, and investigate which can be controlled in an economically‐viable way. Controlling for a range of important environmental (uncontrollable) variables, we find that competitive pricing, case sets, assortment size, package size, and inefficiency are the most important determinants of loss. However, our most important finding highlights the importance of “discretion over rules” in inventory management as salesforce discretion in delivering less‐than‐ordered amounts is statistically important and one of the only ways management can directly influence supply‐chain loss. Our findings contribute to the growing literature on food and beverage supply‐chain sustainability, food loss and waste, and inventory management. As such, our findings are likely to be of interest to both managers in the food and beverage supply chain (manufacturers, distributors, and retailers) and policy makers interested in reducing food and beverage loss and improving food system sustainability. [EconLit Citations: D43, L13, M31].
    Keywords agribusiness ; beers ; food waste ; inventories ; issues and policy ; supply chain ; zero wastes
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-07
    Size p. 461-485.
    Publishing place John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
    Document type Article
    Note JOURNAL ARTICLE
    ZDB-ID 743656-7
    ISSN 0742-4477
    ISSN 0742-4477
    DOI 10.1002/agr.21740
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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    Z 4188: Show issues

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  5. Article: COVID‐19 impact on fruit and vegetable markets

    Richards, Timothy J / Rickard, Bradley

    Canadian journal of agricultural economics. 2020 June, v. 68, no. 2

    2020  

    Abstract: Canadian fruit and vegetable markets were significantly impacted by the spread of the novel coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2 (and COVID‐19 disease), beginning in March 2020. Due to the closure of restaurants, bars, and schools, produce growers and distributors ... ...

    Abstract Canadian fruit and vegetable markets were significantly impacted by the spread of the novel coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2 (and COVID‐19 disease), beginning in March 2020. Due to the closure of restaurants, bars, and schools, produce growers and distributors were forced to shift supplies almost entirely from the foodservice to the retail channel. Shippers reported labor and logistical constraints in making the change, but the fresh produce supply chain remained robust. In the long term, we expect lasting changes in consumers’ online food‐purchasing habits, heightened constraints on immigrant labor markets, and tighter concentration in fresh produce distribution and perhaps retailing.
    Keywords COVID-19 infection ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; agricultural economics ; food purchasing ; fresh produce ; fruits ; labor ; supply chain ; vegetables
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2020-06
    Size p. 189-194.
    Publishing place John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
    Document type Article
    Note NAL-AP-2-clean ; JOURNAL ARTICLE
    ZDB-ID 417256-5
    ISSN 0008-3976
    ISSN 0008-3976
    DOI 10.1111/cjag.12231
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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    In stock of ZB MED Bonn / Germany

    Z 2697: Show issues

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  6. Article: Dynamic model of beer pricing and buyouts

    Richards, Timothy J. / Rickard, Bradley J.

    Agribusiness. 2021 Oct., v. 37, no. 4

    2021  

    Abstract: The beer industry in the United States is in a period of dramatic transformation. Major breweries are acquiring much smaller craft breweries in an attempt to purchase growth, but it is not clear whether these acquisitions are economically viable. In this ...

    Abstract The beer industry in the United States is in a period of dramatic transformation. Major breweries are acquiring much smaller craft breweries in an attempt to purchase growth, but it is not clear whether these acquisitions are economically viable. In this paper, we study the impact of craft brewery acquisitions on retail beer prices, and firm profitability in a dynamic, Markov‐perfect equilibrium pricing framework. We find that the estimated impact of mergers, or buyouts, is critically dependent upon estimates of the extent of state‐dependence in demand and is, in fact, negatively correlated with the initial shock to demand. That is, if the demand shock is positive, the effect of a buyout will be under‐estimated by not accounting for state‐dependence in demand, while it is over‐estimated if the demand shock is negative. This finding is intuitive as the static model will not properly account for the long‐term positive effects of a demand shock that is initially positive, or the long‐term negative effects that are initially negative. Ultimately, we show that not all the craft‐beer buyouts in 2015 made economic sense from the acquirer's perspective. [EconLit Citations: D43, L13, M31].
    Keywords agribusiness ; beers ; brewing industry ; dynamic models ; economic sustainability ; profitability
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2021-10
    Size p. 685-712.
    Publishing place John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
    Document type Article
    Note JOURNAL ARTICLE
    ZDB-ID 743656-7
    ISSN 0742-4477
    ISSN 0742-4477
    DOI 10.1002/agr.21698
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    Z 4188: Show issues

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  7. Article: Immigration Reform and Farm Labor Markets

    Richards, Timothy J

    American journal of agricultural economics. 2018 July 01, v. 100, no. 4

    2018  

    Abstract: Farmers throughout the United States report a shortage of workers. At the same time, there are proposals to strengthen the enforcement of existing immigration laws. In this paper, we develop an equilibrium approach to examine the impact of removing ... ...

    Abstract Farmers throughout the United States report a shortage of workers. At the same time, there are proposals to strengthen the enforcement of existing immigration laws. In this paper, we develop an equilibrium approach to examine the impact of removing undocumented workers from the California agricultural labor market, and to infer whether there is evidence of shortages using individual-worker data. We find evidence that is consistent with a persistent shortage in some sub-sectors of the California farm labor market. Further, we conduct counter-factual policy simulations over a range of possible policy alternatives, and find that removing 50% all undocumented farm workers from the state would lead to an increase in wages of over 22%.
    Keywords agricultural economics ; farm labor ; farmers ; immigration ; issues and policy ; labor market ; California
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2018-0701
    Size p. 1050-1071.
    Publishing place Oxford University Press
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2026345-4
    ISSN 1467-8276 ; 0002-9092
    ISSN (online) 1467-8276
    ISSN 0002-9092
    DOI 10.1093/ajae/aay027
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  8. Article ; Online: Empirical industrial organization economics to analyze developing country food value chains

    Macchiavello, Rocco / Reardon, Thomas Anthony / Richards, Timothy J.

    Annual Review of Resource Economics

    2022  Volume 14, Issue :193-220

    Abstract: PR ... IFPRI3; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural Economies; ISI ... ...

    Abstract PR

    IFPRI3; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural Economies; ISI

    MTID
    Keywords WORLD ; value chains ; agricultural value chains ; developing countries ; development ; modelling ; food value chains ; empirical industrial organization ; relational contracting ; structural modelling ; J22 Time Allocation and Labor Supply ; Q12 Micro Analysis of Farm Firms ; Farm Households ; and Farm Input Markets ; Q18 Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Language English
    Publisher Annual Reviews
    Publishing country us
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  9. Article ; Online: COVID‐19 impact on fruit and vegetable markets

    Richards, Timothy J. / Rickard, Bradley

    Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie

    2020  Volume 68, Issue 2, Page(s) 189–194

    Keywords Agronomy and Crop Science ; Ecology ; Economics and Econometrics ; Animal Science and Zoology ; Global and Planetary Change ; covid19
    Language English
    Publisher Wiley
    Publishing country us
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 417256-5
    ISSN 0008-3976
    ISSN 0008-3976
    DOI 10.1111/cjag.12231
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

    Full text online

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    In stock of ZB MED Bonn / Germany

    Z 2697: Show issues

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  10. Article ; Online: Nitrous oxide responses to long-term phosphorus application on pasture soil

    Anderson, Fiona C. / Clough, Timothy J. / Condron, Leo M. / Richards, Karl G. / Rousset, Camille

    New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 2023 Mar. 04, v. 66, no. 2 p.171-188

    2023  

    Abstract: Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is a greenhouse gas emitted from grazed pasture systems. The influence of phosphorus (P) fertility on these emissions is not understood. This study examined if fertiliser P affected N₂O emissions following nitrate application to soil ... ...

    Abstract Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is a greenhouse gas emitted from grazed pasture systems. The influence of phosphorus (P) fertility on these emissions is not understood. This study examined if fertiliser P affected N₂O emissions following nitrate application to soil from the Winchmore long-term P fertiliser trial. We hypothesised increasing P fertility would enhance soil carbon (C) supply and N₂O emissions via denitrification. Using mesocosms, N₂O and CO₂ fluxes were measured over 29 days following KNO₃-¹⁵N and glucose additions, along with soil chemical and biological variables. Microbial biomass P increased (P < 0.001; R ² = 98.2%) with increasing Olsen-P. Fertiliser P enhanced net N mineralisation. Cumulative CO₂ fluxes were unaffected by P treatment regardless of KNO₃ addition. Fluxes of N₂O increased one day after KNO₃ addition with higher emissions at 250 kg ha⁻¹ of superphosphate. Relatively low N₂O-¹⁵N enrichment indicated minor denitrification contributions to the N₂O flux. Subsequently, glucose addition enhanced N₂O-¹⁵N enrichment and denitrification in the KNO₃ treatment. Following glucose addition, the emission factor increased with P fertiliser. Denitrification derived N₂O emissions will increase with P fertilisation but only if C limitation is overcome.
    Keywords agricultural research ; carbon dioxide ; denitrification ; emissions factor ; glucose ; greenhouse gases ; microbial biomass ; mineralization ; nitrates ; nitrous oxide ; pastures ; phosphorus ; phosphorus fertilizers ; soil ; soil carbon ; soil treatment ; superphosphate ; New Zealand ; Carbon ; greenhouse gas ; N2O ; nitrogen ; Olsen-P ; organic matter
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2023-0304
    Size p. 171-188.
    Publishing place Taylor & Francis
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 415628-6
    ISSN 1175-8775 ; 0028-8233
    ISSN (online) 1175-8775
    ISSN 0028-8233
    DOI 10.1080/00288233.2021.2014528
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    Z 976: Show issues

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