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  1. Article: The Immune System and Depression: From Epidemiological to Clinical Evidence.

    Sørensen, Nina Vindegaard / Benros, Michael Eriksen

    Current topics in behavioral neurosciences

    2022  Volume 61, Page(s) 15–34

    Abstract: Depression is a frequent mental disorder with a substantial contribution to years lived with disability worldwide. In the search for new treatment targets, the immune system's contribution to the pathogenesis of depression has received increased ... ...

    Abstract Depression is a frequent mental disorder with a substantial contribution to years lived with disability worldwide. In the search for new treatment targets, the immune system's contribution to the pathogenesis of depression has received increased attention as immune activation has been associated with depression in various epidemiological and case-control studies. Epidemiological studies have shown that immune exposures such as severe infections and autoimmune disorders increase the risk of depression. Furthermore, immune system activation has been indicated in case-control studies of depression revealing higher levels of key pro-inflammatory cytokines among patients with depression than healthy controls, particularly in blood and to some extent in the cerebrospinal fluid. Moreover, brain imaging studies indicate increased microglial activity during depression, and gut microbiota studies have documented alterations of gut microbiota composition to be associated with depression. Based on findings from animal and human studies, several immune-mediated molecular mechanisms have been suggested to underlie the association between increased immunological activity and depression. However, the research is challenged by the heterogeneity of the depression diagnosis and - to some extent - the precision of currently available technology for immune biomarker quantification, particularly regarding the assessment of low-grade neuroinflammation. Nonetheless, an enhanced understanding of the complex interactions between the immune system and the brain in the context of depression could pave the way for precision medicine approaches with immune-modulating treatment as a promising additional option in the treatment of depression.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Humans ; Depression ; Brain ; Cytokines ; Immune System ; Microglia
    Chemical Substances Cytokines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-17
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1866-3370
    ISSN 1866-3370
    DOI 10.1007/7854_2022_369
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  2. Article ; Online: COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence.

    Vindegaard, Nina / Benros, Michael Eriksen

    Brain, behavior, and immunity

    2020  Volume 89, Page(s) 531–542

    Abstract: Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic general medical complications have received the most attention, whereas only few studies address the potential direct effect on mental health of SARS-CoV-2 and the neurotropic potential. Furthermore, the indirect ...

    Abstract Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic general medical complications have received the most attention, whereas only few studies address the potential direct effect on mental health of SARS-CoV-2 and the neurotropic potential. Furthermore, the indirect effects of the pandemic on general mental health are of increasing concern, particularly since the SARS-CoV-1 epidemic (2002-2003) was associated with psychiatric complications.
    Methods: We systematically searched the database Pubmed including studies measuring psychiatric symptoms or morbidities associated with COVID-19 among infected patients and among none infected groups the latter divided in psychiatric patients, health care workers and non-health care workers.
    Results: A total of 43 studies were included. Out of these, only two studies evaluated patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection, whereas 41 evaluated the indirect effect of the pandemic (2 on patients with preexisting psychiatric disorders, 20 on medical health care workers, and 19 on the general public). 18 of the studies were case-control studies/compared to norm, while 25 of the studies had no control groups. The two studies investigating COVID-19 patients found a high level of post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) (96.2%) and significantly higher level of depressive symptoms (p = 0.016). Patients with preexisting psychiatric disorders reported worsening of psychiatric symptoms. Studies investigating health care workers found increased depression/depressive symptoms, anxiety, psychological distress and poor sleep quality. Studies of the general public revealed lower psychological well-being and higher scores of anxiety and depression compared to before COVID-19, while no difference when comparing these symptoms in the initial phase of the outbreak to four weeks later. A variety of factors were associated with higher risk of psychiatric symptoms and/or low psychological well-being including female gender, poor-self-related health and relatives with COVID-19.
    Conclusion: Research evaluating the direct neuropsychiatric consequences and the indirect effects on mental health is highly needed to improve treatment, mental health care planning and for preventive measures during potential subsequent pandemics.
    MeSH term(s) Anxiety/psychology ; Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/psychology ; Depression/psychology ; Disease Progression ; Health Personnel/psychology ; Humans ; Mental Disorders/psychology ; Mental Health ; Mentally Ill Persons/psychology ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology ; Pneumonia, Viral/psychology ; Psychological Distress ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-05-30
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Systematic Review
    ZDB-ID 639219-2
    ISSN 1090-2139 ; 0889-1591
    ISSN (online) 1090-2139
    ISSN 0889-1591
    DOI 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.048
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  3. Article ; Online: COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences

    Vindegaard, Nina / Benros, Michael Eriksen

    Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

    Systematic review of the current evidence

    2020  Volume 89, Page(s) 531–542

    Keywords Immunology ; Behavioral Neuroscience ; Endocrine and Autonomic Systems ; covid19
    Language English
    Publisher Elsevier BV
    Publishing country us
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 639219-2
    ISSN 0889-1591
    ISSN 0889-1591
    DOI 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.048
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  4. Article: COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence

    Vindegaard, Nina / Benros, Michael Eriksen

    Brain Behav Immun

    Abstract: BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic general medical complications have received the most attention, whereas only few studies address the potential direct effect on mental health of SARS-CoV-2 and the neurotropic potential. Furthermore, the indirect ... ...

    Abstract BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic general medical complications have received the most attention, whereas only few studies address the potential direct effect on mental health of SARS-CoV-2 and the neurotropic potential. Furthermore, the indirect effects of the pandemic on general mental health are of increasing concern, particularly since the SARS-CoV-1 epidemic (2002-2003) was associated with psychiatric complications. METHODS: We systematically searched the database Pubmed including studies measuring psychiatric symptoms or morbidities associated with COVID-19 among infected patients and among none infected groups the latter divided in psychiatric patients, health care workers and non-health care workers. RESULTS: A total of 43 studies were included. Out of these, only two studies evaluated patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection, whereas 41 evaluated the indirect effect of the pandemic (2 on patients with preexisting psychiatric disorders, 20 on medical health care workers, and 19 on the general public). 18 of the studies were case-control studies/compared to norm, while 25 of the studies had no control groups. The two studies investigating COVID-19 patients found a high level of post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) (96.2%) and significantly higher level of depressive symptoms (p = 0.016). Patients with preexisting psychiatric disorders reported worsening of psychiatric symptoms. Studies investigating health care workers found increased depression/depressive symptoms, anxiety, psychological distress and poor sleep quality. Studies of the general public revealed lower psychological well-being and higher scores of anxiety and depression compared to before COVID-19, while no difference when comparing these symptoms in the initial phase of the outbreak to four weeks later. A variety of factors were associated with higher risk of psychiatric symptoms and/or low psychological well-being including female gender, poor-self-related health and relatives with COVID-19. CONCLUSION: Research evaluating the direct neuropsychiatric consequences and the indirect effects on mental health is highly needed to improve treatment, mental health care planning and for preventive measures during potential subsequent pandemics.
    Keywords covid19
    Publisher WHO
    Document type Article
    Note WHO #Covidence: #436666
    Database COVID19

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  5. Article ; Online: Infectious mononucleosis as a risk factor for depression: A nationwide cohort study.

    Vindegaard, Nina / Petersen, Liselotte V / Lyng-Rasmussen, Bodil Ingrid / Dalsgaard, Søren / Benros, Michael Eriksen

    Brain, behavior, and immunity

    2021  Volume 94, Page(s) 259–265

    Abstract: Background: Infectious mononucleosis is a clinical diagnosis characterized by fever, sore throat, lymph node enlargement and often prolonged fatigue, most commonly caused by Epstein-Barr virus infection. Previous studies have indicated that infectious ... ...

    Abstract Background: Infectious mononucleosis is a clinical diagnosis characterized by fever, sore throat, lymph node enlargement and often prolonged fatigue, most commonly caused by Epstein-Barr virus infection. Previous studies have indicated that infectious mononucleosis can be followed by depression; however, large-scale studies are lacking. We used nationwide registry data to investigate the association between infectious mononucleosis and subsequent depression in this first large-scale study.
    Methods: Prospective cohort study using nationwide Danish registers covering all 1,440,590 singletons born (1977-2005) in Denmark by Danish born parents (21,830,542 person-years' follow-up until 2016); where 12,510 individuals had a hospital contact with infectious mononucleosis. The main outcome measures were a diagnosis of major depressive disorder (ICD-8: 296.09, 298.09, 300.4; ICD-10: F32) requiring hospital contact.
    Results: Infectious mononucleosis was associated with a 40% increased hazard ratio (HR) for a subsequent depression diagnosis in the fully adjusted model (HR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.26-1.56;n = 358), when compared to unexposed individuals. The increased risk of being diagnosed with depression was significant to the periods one to four years after the infectious mononucleosis diagnosis (HR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.17-1.67;n = 121) and ≥ five years (HR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.22-1.61;n = 207). We did not find any differences according to age (p = 0.61) nor sex (p = 0.30).
    Conclusion: In this largest study to date, infectious mononucleosis in childhood or adolescence was associated with an increased risk of a subsequent depression. Our findings have important clinical implications and identifies youth with infectious mononucleosis as a group at high risk of later depression in young adulthood.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Cohort Studies ; Depression/epidemiology ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections ; Herpesvirus 4, Human ; Humans ; Infectious Mononucleosis/epidemiology ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-09
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 639219-2
    ISSN 1090-2139 ; 0889-1591
    ISSN (online) 1090-2139
    ISSN 0889-1591
    DOI 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.01.035
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  6. Article ; Online: Immunological investigations of the cerebrospinal fluid in patients with recent onset psychotic disorders: A study protocol.

    Jeppesen, Rose / Orlovska-Waast, Sonja / Vindegaard Sørensen, Nina / Christensen, Rune Haubo Bojesen / Benros, Michael Eriksen

    PloS one

    2021  Volume 16, Issue 9, Page(s) e0257946

    Abstract: Background: Though many previous studies have indicated immunological alterations in psychotic disorders, the role and prevalence of neuroinflammation is still unknown. Studies previously investigating immune related biomarkers in the cerebrospinal ... ...

    Abstract Background: Though many previous studies have indicated immunological alterations in psychotic disorders, the role and prevalence of neuroinflammation is still unknown. Studies previously investigating immune related biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of these patients are mainly small studies on few markers, and many have not compared patients to healthy controls.
    Methods: We will conduct a large case-control study including at least 100 patients with recent onset psychotic disorders and 100 sex- and age matched healthy controls. The cases will include patients diagnosed with a psychotic disorder according to ICD-10 (F20/F22-29) within a year prior to inclusion. We will collect both CSF, blood and fecal samples, to gain insight into possible immunological alterations. The psychopathology of all participants will thoroughly be evaluated using the SCAN interview, and multiple rating scales covering different symptom groups. All participants will partake in a detailed neurological examination, including the Neurological Evaluation Scale assessing neurological soft signs. Additionally, we will assess cognitive functioning, evaluate quality of life and level of functioning, and collect data on a broad array of possible confounders. Our primary outcomes will include CSF leucocytes, CSF/serum albumin ratio, CSF total protein, IgG index, CSF levels of IL-6 and IL-8, and presence of antineuronal autoantibodies in CSF and blood. For our secondary outcomes, exploratory analyses will be performed on a broader panel of neuroimmunological markers. All participants will be invited for a follow-up visit to assess longitudinal changes. The current study is part of a larger CSF biobank build-up for severe mental disorders (PSYCH-FLAME).
    Discussion: This study will represent the largest investigation of CSF in patients with psychotic disorders compared to healthy controls to date. We expect the study to contribute with new, important knowledge on pathophysiological mechanisms, and to help pave the way for future investigations of individualized treatment options.
    Trial registration: The study is approved by The Regional Committee on Health Research Ethics (Capital Region, j.no: H-16030985) and The Danish Data Protection Agency (j.no: RHP-2016-020, I-Suite no.: 04945).
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Age of Onset ; Antibodies, Antinuclear/blood ; Antibodies, Antinuclear/cerebrospinal fluid ; Biomarkers/cerebrospinal fluid ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Interleukin-6/cerebrospinal fluid ; Interleukin-8/cerebrospinal fluid ; Leukocytes/metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Psychotic Disorders/cerebrospinal fluid ; Psychotic Disorders/immunology ; Quality of Life ; Serum Albumin, Human/cerebrospinal fluid ; Young Adult
    Chemical Substances Antibodies, Antinuclear ; Biomarkers ; CXCL8 protein, human ; IL6 protein, human ; Interleukin-6 ; Interleukin-8 ; Serum Albumin, Human (ZIF514RVZR)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-09-29
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2267670-3
    ISSN 1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    ISSN 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0257946
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  7. Article ; Online: Gut microbial changes of patients with psychotic and affective disorders: A systematic review.

    Vindegaard, Nina / Speyer, Helene / Nordentoft, Merete / Rasmussen, Simon / Benros, Michael Eriksen

    Schizophrenia research

    2020  Volume 234, Page(s) 1–10

    Abstract: Background: Many diverse inflammatory pathophysiologic mechanisms have been linked to mental disorders, and through the past decade an increasing interest in the gut microbiota and its relation to mental health has been arising. We aimed to ... ...

    Abstract Background: Many diverse inflammatory pathophysiologic mechanisms have been linked to mental disorders, and through the past decade an increasing interest in the gut microbiota and its relation to mental health has been arising. We aimed to systematically review studies of alterations in gut microbiota of patients suffering from psychotic disorders, bipolar disorder or depression compared to healthy controls.
    Methods: We systematically searched the databases CENTRAL, PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO and LILACS. Primary outcome was to compare the gut microbiota of patients suffering from psychotic disorders, bipolar disorder or depression with healthy controls.
    Results: We identified 17 studies, covering 744 patients and 620 healthy controls. The most consistent microbiota changes were a tendency towards higher abundance of Actinobacteria and lower abundance of Firmicutes at the phylum level, lower abundance of Lachnospiraceae at family level and lower abundance of Faecalibacterium at genus level for the mental disorders overall. However, we found that all studies had risk of bias and that the included studies displayed great variability in methods of storage, analysis of the fecal samples, reporting of results and statistics used.
    Conclusion: Due to the many limitations of the included studies the findings should be interpreted with caution. Larger studies (especially of schizophrenia and major depressive disorder) are needed, but it is also of great importance to gather information of and control for factors that influence the result of a microbiota analysis including body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol consumption, diet habits, antibiotics, sample handling, wet laboratory methods and statistics.
    MeSH term(s) Bipolar Disorder/epidemiology ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Humans ; Mental Disorders ; Microbiota
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-01-14
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Systematic Review
    ZDB-ID 639422-x
    ISSN 1573-2509 ; 0920-9964
    ISSN (online) 1573-2509
    ISSN 0920-9964
    DOI 10.1016/j.schres.2019.12.014
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  8. Article ; Online: Neuroimmunological investigations of cerebrospinal fluid in patients with recent onset depression - a study protocol.

    Sørensen, Nina Vindegaard / Orlovska-Waast, Sonja / Jeppesen, Rose / Christensen, Rune Haubo / Benros, Michael Eriksen

    BMC psychiatry

    2022  Volume 22, Issue 1, Page(s) 35

    Abstract: Background: A proinflammatory response has been suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of depression in a subgroup of patients. However, comprehensive largescale studies on neuroimmunological investigations of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are ... ...

    Abstract Background: A proinflammatory response has been suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of depression in a subgroup of patients. However, comprehensive largescale studies on neuroimmunological investigations of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are lacking and no largescale longitudinal CSF studies comparing patients with depression to healthy controls currently exist.
    Methods: A longitudinal case-control study including at least 100 patients with first time depression (ICD-10: F32) within the past year with ongoing symptoms and at least 100 sex and age matched healthy controls with collection of CSF, blood, and fecal samples. All individuals will be evaluated by neurological examination including neurological soft signs, interviewed for psychopathology assessment and have symptomatology evaluated by relevant rating scales. Level of functioning and quality of life will be evaluated by a panel of interview questions and rating scales, and cognitive function assessed by a relevant test battery. In addition, a large number of potential confounders will be registered (BMI, smoking status, current medication etc.). Primary outcomes: CSF white cell count, CSF/serum albumin ratio, CSF total protein levels, IgG index, CSF levels of IL-6 and IL-8, and the prevalence of any CNS-reactive autoantibody in CSF and/or blood.
    Secondary outcomes: exploratory analyses of a wide range of neuroimmunological markers and specific autoantibodies. Power calculations are computed for all primary outcomes based on previous CSF studies including patients with depression and healthy controls.
    Discussion: This study will represent the hitherto largest investigation of CSF in patients with recent onset depression compared to healthy controls. We expect to elucidate neuroimmunological alterations in individuals with depression and characterize an immunological profile paving the way for the development of effective treatments based on biomarkers.
    Trial registration: The study is approved by The Regional Committee on Health Research Ethics (Capital Region, j.no: H-16030985) and The Danish Data Protection Agency (j.no: RHP-2016-020, I-Suite no.: 04945).
    MeSH term(s) Autoantibodies ; Biomarkers ; Case-Control Studies ; Depression/diagnosis ; Humans ; Quality of Life
    Chemical Substances Autoantibodies ; Biomarkers
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-12
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2050438-X
    ISSN 1471-244X ; 1471-244X
    ISSN (online) 1471-244X
    ISSN 1471-244X
    DOI 10.1186/s12888-021-03633-0
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  9. Article ; Online: Cerebrospinal Fluid and Blood Biomarkers of Neuroinflammation and Blood-Brain Barrier in Psychotic Disorders and Individually Matched Healthy Controls.

    Jeppesen, Rose / Orlovska-Waast, Sonja / Sørensen, Nina Vindegaard / Christensen, Rune Haubo Bojesen / Benros, Michael Eriksen

    Schizophrenia bulletin

    2022  Volume 48, Issue 6, Page(s) 1206–1216

    Abstract: Background and hypothesis: Neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction have been observed in patients with psychotic disorders. However, previous studies have mainly focused on selected patients and broad screenings of cerebrospinal ... ...

    Abstract Background and hypothesis: Neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction have been observed in patients with psychotic disorders. However, previous studies have mainly focused on selected patients and broad screenings of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with recent onset psychosis compared to healthy controls are lacking.
    Study design: We included 104 patients with recent onset psychotic disorder and 104 individually matched healthy controls. CSF and blood were analyzed for readily available markers assessing neuroinflammation and BBB dysfunction. Primary outcomes were CSF white blood cell count (WBC), total protein, IgG Index, and CSF/serum albumin ratio. Secondary outcomes included additional markers of inflammation and BBB, and analyses of association with clinical variables.
    Study results: CSF/serum albumin ratio (Relative Mean Difference (MD): 1.11; 95%CI: 1.00-1.23; P = .044) and CSF/serum IgG ratio (MD: 1.17; 95%CI: 1.01-1.36; P = .036) was increased in patients compared to controls. A higher number of patients than controls had CSF WBC >3 cells/µl (seven vs. one, OR: 7.73, 95%CI: 1.33-146.49, P = .020), while WBC>5 cells/µl was found in two patients (1.9%) and no controls. Inpatients had higher serum WBC and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (all p-values for effect heterogeneity < .011). Mean CSF WBC (MD: 1.10; 95%CI: 0.97-1.26), protein (MD: 1.06; 95%CI: 0.98-1.15) and IgG index (MD: 1.05; 95%CI: 0.96-1.15) were not significantly elevated.
    Conclusions: When comparing a broad group of patients with psychotic disorders with healthy controls, patients had increased BBB permeability, more patients had high CSF WBC levels, and inpatients had increased peripheral inflammation, consistent with the hypothesis of a subgroup of patients with increased activation of the immune system.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Blood-Brain Barrier/chemistry ; Blood-Brain Barrier/metabolism ; Neuroinflammatory Diseases ; Psychotic Disorders ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; Inflammation ; Serum Albumin/analysis ; Serum Albumin/metabolism ; Immunoglobulin G ; Cerebrospinal Fluid/chemistry ; Cerebrospinal Fluid/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Biomarkers ; Serum Albumin ; Immunoglobulin G
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-08-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 439173-1
    ISSN 1745-1701 ; 0586-7614
    ISSN (online) 1745-1701
    ISSN 0586-7614
    DOI 10.1093/schbul/sbac098
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  10. Article ; Online: Antineuronal antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of 104 patients with psychotic disorders compared to 104 individually matched healthy controls.

    Jeppesen, Rose / Nilsson, Anna Christine / Sørensen, Nina Vindegaard / Orlovska-Waast, Sonja / Christensen, Rune Haubo Bojesen / Benros, Michael Eriksen

    Schizophrenia research

    2023  Volume 252, Page(s) 39–45

    Abstract: Background: Antineuronal antibodies can cause psychotic symptoms, particularly NMDAR antibodies; however, studies on the prevalence of antineuronal antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of patients with psychotic disorders compared to ... ...

    Abstract Background: Antineuronal antibodies can cause psychotic symptoms, particularly NMDAR antibodies; however, studies on the prevalence of antineuronal antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of patients with psychotic disorders compared to matched healthy controls are sparse.
    Methods: We included 104 patients with a first-time diagnosis of a psychotic disorder within one year prior to inclusion (50 % outpatients) and 104 individually matched healthy controls, all without any known immunological conditions. CSF and serum were tested for IgG antibodies (Abs) against NMDAR NR1-subunit, GAD65, LGI1, CASPR2, AMPAR1, AMPAR2 and GABAb-receptor B1/B2 using commercial fixed cell-based assays (CBAs) (Euroimmun). Positive samples were retested with CBA twice, and tested with tissue-based assays (TBA). Primary outcomes were the presence of any of the seven anti-neuronal antibodies in CSF or serum. Secondarily, we analyzed the prevalence of each autoantibody.
    Results: No antineuronal IgG antibodies were consistently found in any CSF sample and NMDAR-antibodies were not consistently present in any of the 208 participants, neither in CSF nor serum. CASPR2-Abs were consistently found in the serum of one patient and one control, and one healthy control, without diabetes, was seropositive for GAD65-Abs. CASPR2 borderline seropositivity was additionally found in one patient and two controls. All samples positive on CBA were negative on TBA.
    Conclusions: We found no significant differences between patients and controls. Antineuronal IgG antibodies are very rare when screening a broad group of individuals with recent-onset psychotic disorders without other indications of autoimmune encephalitis. Thus, much larger studies are needed to conclude on potential contrasts in prevalence compared to healthy controls.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Psychotic Disorders ; Encephalitis ; Autoantibodies ; Immunoglobulin G ; Hashimoto Disease
    Chemical Substances Autoantibodies ; Immunoglobulin G
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-06
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 639422-x
    ISSN 1573-2509 ; 0920-9964
    ISSN (online) 1573-2509
    ISSN 0920-9964
    DOI 10.1016/j.schres.2022.12.029
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