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Article ; Online: Mesocarnivores vary in their spatiotemporal avoidance strategies at communications hubs of an apex carnivore.

Allen, Maximilian L / Avrin, Alexandra C / Wittmer, Heiko U / Wang, Yiwei / Wilmers, Christopher C

2024

Abstract: Mesocarnivores face interspecific competition and risk intraguild predation when sharing resources with apex carnivores. Within a landscape, carnivores across trophic levels may use the same communication hubs, which provide a mix of risks (injury/death) ...

Abstract	Mesocarnivores face interspecific competition and risk intraguild predation when sharing resources with apex carnivores. Within a landscape, carnivores across trophic levels may use the same communication hubs, which provide a mix of risks (injury/death) and rewards (gaining information) for subordinate species. We predicted that mesocarnivores would employ different strategies to avoid apex carnivores at shared communication hubs, depending on their trophic position. To test our prediction, we examined how different subordinate carnivore species in the Santa Cruz Mountains of California, USA, manage spatial overlap with pumas (Puma concolor), both at communication hubs and across a landscape-level camera trap array. We estimated species-specific occurrence, visitation rates, temporal overlap, and Avoidance-Attraction Ratios from camera traps and tested for differences between the two types of sites. We found that mesocarnivores generally avoided pumas at communication hubs, and this became more pronounced when pumas scent-marked during their most recent visit. Coyotes (Canis latrans), the pumas' closest subordinate competitor in our system, exhibited the strongest avoidance at communication hubs. Gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) avoided pumas the least, which may suggest possible benefits from pumas suppressing coyotes. Overall, mesocarnivores exhibited various spatiotemporal avoidance strategies at communication hubs rather than outright avoidance, likely because they benefit from information gained while 'eavesdropping' on puma activity. Variability in avoidance strategies may be due to differential predation risks, as apex carnivores often interact more aggressively with their closest competitors. Combined, our results show how apex carnivores trigger complex species interactions across the entire carnivore guild and how trophic position determines behavioral responses and subsequent space use of subordinate mesocarnivores across the landscape.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-02
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	123369-5
ISSN	1432-1939 ; 0029-8549
ISSN (online)	1432-1939
ISSN	0029-8549
DOI	10.1007/s00442-024-05541-y
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Article: Habitat fragmentation reduces survival and drives source-sink dynamics for a large carnivore.

Nisi, Anna C / Benson, John F / King, Richard / Wilmers, Christopher C

Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America

2023 Volume 33, Issue 4, Page(s) e2822

Abstract: Rigorous understanding of how environmental conditions impact population dynamics is essential for species conservation, especially in mixed-use landscapes where source-sink dynamics may be at play. Conservation of large carnivore populations in ... ...

Abstract	Rigorous understanding of how environmental conditions impact population dynamics is essential for species conservation, especially in mixed-use landscapes where source-sink dynamics may be at play. Conservation of large carnivore populations in fragmented, human-dominated landscapes is critical for their long-term persistence. However, living in human-dominated landscapes comes with myriad costs, including direct anthropogenic mortality and sublethal energetic costs. How these costs impact individual fitness and population dynamics are not fully understood, partly due to the difficulty in collecting long-term demographic data for these species. Here, we analyzed an 11-year dataset on puma (Puma concolor) space use, mortality, and reproduction in the Santa Cruz Mountains, California, USA, to quantify how living in a fragmented landscape impacts individual survival and population dynamics. Long-term exposure to housing density drove mortality risk for female pumas, resulting in an 18-percentage-point reduction in annual survival for females in exurban versus remote areas. While the overall population growth rate appeared stable, reduced female survival in more developed areas resulted in source-sink dynamics across the study area, with 42.1% of the Santa Cruz Mountains exhibiting estimated population growth rates <1. Since habitat selection is often used as a proxy for habitat quality, we also assessed whether puma habitat selection predicted source and sink areas. Patterns of daytime puma habitat selection predicted source areas, while time-of-day-independent habitat selection performed less well as a proxy. These results illuminate the individual- and population-level consequences of habitat fragmentation for large carnivores, illustrating that habitat fragmentation can produce source-sink dynamics that may not be apparent from other metrics of habitat quality. Locally, conserving high-quality source habitat within the Santa Cruz Mountains is necessary to support long-term puma population persistence. More broadly, source-sink dynamics may at play for other carnivore populations in similar fragmented systems, and linking landscape conditions to population dynamics is essential for effective conservation. Caution should be used in inferring habitat quality from habitat selection alone, but these results shed light on metrics of selection that may be better or worse proxies to identify source areas for large carnivores.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Female ; Puma ; Ecosystem ; Population Dynamics ; Population Growth ; Reproduction
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1074505-1
ISSN	1939-5582 ; 1051-0761
ISSN (online)	1939-5582
ISSN	1051-0761
DOI	10.1002/eap.2822
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Article ; Online: COVID-19 suppression of human mobility releases mountain lions from a landscape of fear.

Wilmers, Christopher C / Nisi, Anna C / Ranc, Nathan

Current biology : CB

2021 Volume 31, Issue 17, Page(s) 3952–3955.e3

Abstract: Humans have outsized effects on ecosystems, in part by initiating trophic cascades that impact all levels of the food chain. ...

Abstract	Humans have outsized effects on ecosystems, in part by initiating trophic cascades that impact all levels of the food chain.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Automobile Driving/statistics & numerical data ; Behavior, Animal ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; California ; Cities ; Ecosystem ; Fear ; Female ; Geographic Information Systems ; Humans ; Male ; Physical Distancing ; Puma ; Quarantine
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1071731-6
ISSN	1879-0445 ; 0960-9822
ISSN (online)	1879-0445
ISSN	0960-9822
DOI	10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.050
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Article: How territoriality and sociality influence the habitat selection and movements of a large carnivore.

Hansen, K Whitney / Ranc, Nathan / Morgan, John / Jordan, Neil R / McNutt, J Weldon / Wilson, Alan / Wilmers, Christopher C

Ecology and evolution

2024 Volume 14, Issue 4, Page(s) e11217

Abstract: While territoriality is one of the key mechanisms influencing carnivore space use, most studies quantify resource selection and movement in the absence of conspecific influence or territorial structure. Our analysis incorporated social information in a ... ...

Abstract	While territoriality is one of the key mechanisms influencing carnivore space use, most studies quantify resource selection and movement in the absence of conspecific influence or territorial structure. Our analysis incorporated social information in a resource selection framework to investigate mechanisms of territoriality and intra-specific competition on the habitat selection of a large, social carnivore. We fit integrated step selection functions to 3-h GPS data from 12 collared African wild dog packs in the Okavango Delta and estimated selection coefficients using a conditional Poisson likelihood with random effects. Packs selected for their neighbors' 30-day boundary (defined as their 95% kernel density estimate) and for their
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2635675-2
ISSN	2045-7758
ISSN	2045-7758
DOI	10.1002/ece3.11217
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Article ; Online: Energetics and fear of humans constrain the spatial ecology of pumas.

Nickel, Barry A / Suraci, Justin P / Nisi, Anna C / Wilmers, Christopher C

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2021 Volume 118, Issue 5

Abstract: Energetic demands and fear of predators are considered primary factors shaping animal behavior, and both are likely drivers of movement decisions that ultimately determine the spatial ecology of wildlife. Yet energetic constraints on movement imposed by ... ...

Abstract	Energetic demands and fear of predators are considered primary factors shaping animal behavior, and both are likely drivers of movement decisions that ultimately determine the spatial ecology of wildlife. Yet energetic constraints on movement imposed by the physical landscape have only been considered separately from those imposed by risk avoidance, limiting our understanding of how short-term movement decisions scale up to affect long-term space use. Here, we integrate the costs of both physical terrain and predation risk into a common currency, energy, and then quantify their effects on the short-term movement and long-term spatial ecology of a large carnivore living in a human-dominated landscape. Using high-resolution GPS and accelerometer data from collared pumas (
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Ecosystem ; Energy Metabolism ; Fear/physiology ; Female ; Geography ; Humans ; Male ; Movement ; Puma/physiology ; Risk
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.2004592118
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Article ; Online: Anthropogenic activities and age class mediate carnivore habitat selection in a human-dominated landscape.

Serieys, Laurel E K / Bishop, Jacqueline M / Rogan, Matthew S / Smith, Justine A / Suraci, Justin P / O'Riain, M Justin / Wilmers, Christopher C

iScience

2023 Volume 26, Issue 7, Page(s) 107050

Abstract: Human activities increasingly challenge wild animal populations by disrupting ecological connectivity and population persistence. Yet, human-modified habitats can provide resources, resulting in selection of disturbed areas by generalist species. To ... ...

Abstract	Human activities increasingly challenge wild animal populations by disrupting ecological connectivity and population persistence. Yet, human-modified habitats can provide resources, resulting in selection of disturbed areas by generalist species. To investigate spatial and temporal responses of a generalist carnivore to human disturbance, we investigated habitat selection and diel activity patterns in caracals (
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2589-0042
ISSN (online)	2589-0042
DOI	10.1016/j.isci.2023.107050
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Article: Season, prey availability, sex, and age explain prey size selection in a large solitary carnivore.

Bates-Mundell, Logan / Williams, Sara H / Sager-Fradkin, Kim / Wittmer, Heiko U / Allen, Maximilian L / Cristescu, Bogdan / Wilmers, Christopher C / Elbroch, L Mark

Ecology and evolution

2024 Volume 14, Issue 3, Page(s) e11080

Abstract: Prey selection is a fundamental aspect of ecology that drives evolution and community structure, yet the impact of intraspecific variation on the selection for prey size remains largely unaccounted for in ecological theory. Here, we explored puma ( ...

Abstract	Prey selection is a fundamental aspect of ecology that drives evolution and community structure, yet the impact of intraspecific variation on the selection for prey size remains largely unaccounted for in ecological theory. Here, we explored puma (
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2635675-2
ISSN	2045-7758
ISSN	2045-7758
DOI	10.1002/ece3.11080
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Article ; Online: Habitat fragmentation reduces survival and drives source–sink dynamics for a large carnivore

Nisi, Anna C. / Benson, John F. / King, Richard / Wilmers, Christopher C.

Ecological Applications. 2023 June, v. 33, no. 4 p.e2822-

2023

Abstract: Rigorous understanding of how environmental conditions impact population dynamics is essential for species conservation, especially in mixed‐use landscapes where source–sink dynamics may be at play. Conservation of large carnivore populations in ... ...

Abstract	Rigorous understanding of how environmental conditions impact population dynamics is essential for species conservation, especially in mixed‐use landscapes where source–sink dynamics may be at play. Conservation of large carnivore populations in fragmented, human‐dominated landscapes is critical for their long‐term persistence. However, living in human‐dominated landscapes comes with myriad costs, including direct anthropogenic mortality and sublethal energetic costs. How these costs impact individual fitness and population dynamics are not fully understood, partly due to the difficulty in collecting long‐term demographic data for these species. Here, we analyzed an 11‐year dataset on puma (Puma concolor) space use, mortality, and reproduction in the Santa Cruz Mountains, California, USA, to quantify how living in a fragmented landscape impacts individual survival and population dynamics. Long‐term exposure to housing density drove mortality risk for female pumas, resulting in an 18‐percentage‐point reduction in annual survival for females in exurban versus remote areas. While the overall population growth rate appeared stable, reduced female survival in more developed areas resulted in source–sink dynamics across the study area, with 42.1% of the Santa Cruz Mountains exhibiting estimated population growth rates <1. Since habitat selection is often used as a proxy for habitat quality, we also assessed whether puma habitat selection predicted source and sink areas. Patterns of daytime puma habitat selection predicted source areas, while time‐of‐day‐independent habitat selection performed less well as a proxy. These results illuminate the individual‐ and population‐level consequences of habitat fragmentation for large carnivores, illustrating that habitat fragmentation can produce source–sink dynamics that may not be apparent from other metrics of habitat quality. Locally, conserving high‐quality source habitat within the Santa Cruz Mountains is necessary to support long‐term puma population persistence. More broadly, source–sink dynamics may at play for other carnivore populations in similar fragmented systems, and linking landscape conditions to population dynamics is essential for effective conservation. Caution should be used in inferring habitat quality from habitat selection alone, but these results shed light on metrics of selection that may be better or worse proxies to identify source areas for large carnivores.
Keywords	Puma concolor ; carnivores ; chronic exposure ; data collection ; females ; habitat fragmentation ; habitat preferences ; habitats ; landscapes ; mortality ; population growth ; reproduction ; risk ; California
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-06
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1074505-1
ISSN	1939-5582 ; 1051-0761
ISSN (online)	1939-5582
ISSN	1051-0761
DOI	10.1002/eap.2822
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Incorporating vertical dimensionality improves biological interpretation of hidden Markov model outputs

Heit, David R. / Wilmers, Christopher C. / Ortiz‐Calo, Waldemar / Montgomery, Robert A.

Oikos. 2023 May, v. 2023, no. 5 p.e09820-

2023

Abstract: Quantifying animal movement is a central component of ecological inquiry. Movement patterns provide insights into how animals make habitat decisions in pursuit of their life‐history requirements. Within this context, animals are expected to modulate ... ...

Abstract	Quantifying animal movement is a central component of ecological inquiry. Movement patterns provide insights into how animals make habitat decisions in pursuit of their life‐history requirements. Within this context, animals are expected to modulate their movement when navigating landscape complexities like steep or uneven slopes. However, the analytical tendency to predict animal movement as a function of bivariate (x, y) telemetry data (i.e. 2D methods) excludes such complexities and presumes that the landscapes over which this movement occurs are completely flat. Failure to consider vertical dimensionality may inhibit quantification and interpretation of animal behaviors, such as outputs of hidden Markov models (HMMs) built upon geometric measurements of animal movement like step length and turning angle. To explore the analytical consequences of this assumption, we utilized a dataset of GPS collared pumas Puma concolor in the Santa Cruz mountains of central California. We fit HMMs using traditional 2D step lengths and turning angles and compared them to HMMs built upon movement geometries in which we incorporated vertical dimensionality (i.e. 2D+). We then used a combination of quantitative inspection of model outputs and visual evaluation in 3D rendering software to understand what new states and biological interpretations can be facilitated by using 2D+ data. We found that 2D+ HMMs outperformed 2D HMMs in their ability to explain variation in vertical dimensionality. Furthermore, 2D+ models were able to isolate distinctive behavioral states associated with vertical dimensionality, such as movements on and off ridgelines. Our results show that 2D+ techniques enable researchers to directly investigate variation in animal movement and behavioral states across complex landscapes. We discuss the implications of our results for future study of animal behavior and energetics as well as illustrate how our methods can be tractably incorporated into HMMs to enable researchers to gain greater insights into animal movement ecology.
Keywords	Markov chain ; Puma concolor ; animal behavior ; animals ; computer software ; data collection ; geometry ; habitats ; landscapes ; life history ; telemetry ; California
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-05
Publishing place	Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	207359-6
ISSN	0030-1299
ISSN	0030-1299
DOI	10.1111/oik.09820
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Mixed-species herding levels the landscape of fear.

Stears, Keenan / Schmitt, Melissa H / Wilmers, Christopher C / Shrader, Adrian M

Proceedings. Biological sciences

2020 Volume 287, Issue 1922, Page(s) 20192555

Abstract: Prey anti-predator behaviours are influenced by perceived predation risk in a landscape and social information gleaned from herd mates regarding predation risk. It is well documented that high-quality social information about risk can come from ... ...

Abstract	Prey anti-predator behaviours are influenced by perceived predation risk in a landscape and social information gleaned from herd mates regarding predation risk. It is well documented that high-quality social information about risk can come from heterospecific herd mates. Here, we integrate social information with the landscape of fear to quantify how these landscapes are modified by mixed-species herding. To do this, we investigated zebra vigilance in single- and mixed-species herds across different levels of predation risk (lion versus no lion), and assessed how they manage herd size and the competition-information trade-off associated with grouping behaviour. Overall, zebra performed higher vigilance in high-risk areas. However, mixed-species herding reduced vigilance levels. We estimate that zebra in single-species herds would have to feed for approximately 35 min more per day in low-risk areas and approximately 51 min more in high-risk areas to compensate for the cost of higher vigilance. Furthermore, zebra benefitted from the competition-information trade-off by increasing the number of heterospecifics while keeping the number of zebra in a herd constant. Ultimately, we show that mixed-species herding reduces the effects of predation risk, whereby zebra in mixed-species herds, under high predation risk, perform similar levels of vigilance compared with zebra in low-risk scenarios.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Equidae ; Fear ; Lions ; Predatory Behavior ; Wakefulness
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-03-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	209242-6
ISSN	1471-2954 ; 0080-4649 ; 0962-8452 ; 0950-1193
ISSN (online)	1471-2954
ISSN	0080-4649 ; 0962-8452 ; 0950-1193
DOI	10.1098/rspb.2019.2555
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