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  1. Article ; Online: Deforestation and Bovine Rabies Outbreaks in Costa Rica, 1985-2020.

    Jones, Christie / Vicente-Santos, Amanda / Clennon, Julie A / Gillespie, Thomas R

    Emerging infectious diseases

    2024  Volume 30, Issue 5, Page(s) 1039–1042

    Abstract: In Latin America, rabies virus has persisted in a cycle between Desmodus rotundus vampire bats and cattle, potentially enhanced by deforestation. We modeled bovine rabies virus outbreaks in Costa Rica relative to land-use indicators and found spatial- ... ...

    Abstract In Latin America, rabies virus has persisted in a cycle between Desmodus rotundus vampire bats and cattle, potentially enhanced by deforestation. We modeled bovine rabies virus outbreaks in Costa Rica relative to land-use indicators and found spatial-temporal relationships among rabies virus outbreaks with deforestation as a predictor.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Costa Rica/epidemiology ; Rabies/epidemiology ; Rabies/veterinary ; Cattle ; Disease Outbreaks ; Cattle Diseases/epidemiology ; Cattle Diseases/virology ; Rabies virus ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Chiroptera/virology ; History, 21st Century
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Historical Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 1380686-5
    ISSN 1080-6059 ; 1080-6040
    ISSN (online) 1080-6059
    ISSN 1080-6040
    DOI 10.3201/eid3005.230927
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  2. Article ; Online: Xenopsylla cheopis (rat flea).

    Boyer, Sebastien / Gillespie, Thomas R / Miarinjara, Adélaïde

    Trends in parasitology

    2022  Volume 38, Issue 7, Page(s) 607–608

    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Insect Vectors ; Rats ; Siphonaptera ; Xenopsylla
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-05-05
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2036227-4
    ISSN 1471-5007 ; 1471-4922
    ISSN (online) 1471-5007
    ISSN 1471-4922
    DOI 10.1016/j.pt.2022.03.006
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  3. Article ; Online: COVID-19: protect great apes during human pandemics.

    Gillespie, Thomas R / Leendertz, Fabian H

    Nature

    2020  Volume 579, Issue 7800, Page(s) 497

    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Coronavirus OC43, Human ; Cote d'Ivoire ; Humans ; Pan troglodytes ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral ; SARS-CoV-2
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-03-23
    Publishing country England
    Document type Letter ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 120714-3
    ISSN 1476-4687 ; 0028-0836
    ISSN (online) 1476-4687
    ISSN 0028-0836
    DOI 10.1038/d41586-020-00859-y
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  4. Article ; Online: Host-pathogen interactions under pressure: A review and meta-analysis of stress-mediated effects on disease dynamics.

    Vicente-Santos, Amanda / Willink, Beatriz / Nowak, Kacy / Civitello, David J / Gillespie, Thomas R

    Ecology letters

    2023  Volume 26, Issue 11, Page(s) 2003–2020

    Abstract: Human activities have increased the intensity and frequency of natural stressors and created novel stressors, altering host-pathogen interactions and changing the risk of emerging infectious diseases. Despite the ubiquity of such anthropogenic impacts, ... ...

    Abstract Human activities have increased the intensity and frequency of natural stressors and created novel stressors, altering host-pathogen interactions and changing the risk of emerging infectious diseases. Despite the ubiquity of such anthropogenic impacts, predicting the directionality of outcomes has proven challenging. Here, we conduct a review and meta-analysis to determine the primary mechanisms through which stressors affect host-pathogen interactions and to evaluate the impacts stress has on host fitness (survival and fecundity) and pathogen infectivity (prevalence and intensity). We assessed 891 effect sizes from 71 host species (representing seven taxonomic groups) and 78 parasite taxa from 98 studies. We found that infected and uninfected hosts had similar sensitivity to stressors and that responses varied according to stressor type. Specifically, limited resources compromised host fecundity and decreased pathogen intensity, while abiotic environmental stressors (e.g., temperature and salinity) decreased host survivorship and increased pathogen intensity, and pollution increased mortality but decreased pathogen prevalence. We then used our meta-analysis results to develop susceptible-infected theoretical models to illustrate scenarios where infection rates are expected to increase or decrease in response to resource limitations or environmental stress gradients. Our results carry implications for conservation and disease emergence and reveal areas for future work.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Humans ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Parasites ; Models, Theoretical ; Host Specificity ; Stress, Physiological ; Host-Parasite Interactions
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-07
    Publishing country England
    Document type Meta-Analysis ; Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1441608-6
    ISSN 1461-0248 ; 1461-023X
    ISSN (online) 1461-0248
    ISSN 1461-023X
    DOI 10.1111/ele.14319
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  5. Article ; Online: The comparative interrupted time series design for assessment of diagnostic impact: methodological considerations and an example using point-of-care C-reactive protein testing.

    Fanshawe, Thomas R / Turner, Philip J / Gillespie, Marjorie M / Hayward, Gail N

    Diagnostic and prognostic research

    2022  Volume 6, Issue 1, Page(s) 3

    Abstract: Background: In diagnostic evaluation, it is necessary to assess the clinical impact of a new diagnostic as well as its diagnostic accuracy. The comparative interrupted time series design has been proposed as a quasi-experimental approach to evaluating ... ...

    Abstract Background: In diagnostic evaluation, it is necessary to assess the clinical impact of a new diagnostic as well as its diagnostic accuracy. The comparative interrupted time series design has been proposed as a quasi-experimental approach to evaluating interventions. We show how it can be used in the design of a study to evaluate a point-of-care diagnostic test for C-reactive protein in out-of-hours primary care services, to guide antibiotic prescribing among patients presenting with possible respiratory tract infection. This study consisted of a retrospective phase that used routinely collected monthly antibiotic prescribing data from different study sites, and a prospective phase in which antibiotic prescribing rates were monitored after the C-reactive protein diagnostic was introduced at some of the sites.
    Methods: Of 8 study sites, 3 were assigned to receive the diagnostic and 5 were assigned as controls. We obtained retrospective monthly time series of respiratory tract targeted antibiotic prescriptions at each site. Separate ARIMA models at each site were used these to forecast monthly prescription counts that would be expected in the prospective phase, using simulation to obtain a set of 1-year predictions alongside their standard errors. We show how these forecasts can be combined to test for a change in prescription rates after introduction of the diagnostic and estimate power to detect this change.
    Results: Fitted time series models at each site were stationary and showed second-order annual seasonality, with a clear December peak in prescriptions, although the timing and extent of the peak varied between sites and between years. Mean one-year predictions of antibiotic prescribing rates based on the retrospective time series analysis differed between sites assigned to receive the diagnostic and those assigned to control. Adjusting for the trend in the retrospective time series at each site removed these differences.
    Conclusions: Quasi-experimental designs such as comparative interrupted time series can be used in diagnostic evaluation to estimate effect sizes before conducting a full randomised controlled trial or if a randomised trial is infeasible. In multi-site studies, existing retrospective data should be used to adjust for underlying differences between sites to make outcome data from different sites comparable, when possible.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-02
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2397-7523
    ISSN (online) 2397-7523
    DOI 10.1186/s41512-022-00118-w
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  7. Article ; Online: COVID-19

    Gillespie, Thomas R. / Leendertz, Fabian H.

    Nature

    protect great apes during human pandemics

    2020  Volume 579, Issue 7800, Page(s) 497–497

    Keywords Multidisciplinary ; covid19
    Language English
    Publisher Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publishing country us
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 120714-3
    ISSN 1476-4687 ; 0028-0836
    ISSN (online) 1476-4687
    ISSN 0028-0836
    DOI 10.1038/d41586-020-00859-y
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  8. Article ; Online: Potentially Zoonotic Enteric Infections in Gorillas and Chimpanzees, Cameroon and Tanzania.

    Strahan, Emily K / Witherbee, Jacob / Bergl, Richard / Lonsdorf, Elizabeth V / Mwacha, Dismas / Mjungu, Deus / Arandjelovic, Mimi / Ikfuingei, Romanus / Terio, Karen / Travis, Dominic A / Gillespie, Thomas R

    Emerging infectious diseases

    2024  Volume 30, Issue 3, Page(s) 577–580

    Abstract: Despite zoonotic potential, data are lacking on enteric infection diversity in wild apes. We employed a novel molecular diagnostic platform to detect enteric infections in wild chimpanzees and gorillas. Prevalent Cryptosporidium parvum, adenovirus, and ... ...

    Abstract Despite zoonotic potential, data are lacking on enteric infection diversity in wild apes. We employed a novel molecular diagnostic platform to detect enteric infections in wild chimpanzees and gorillas. Prevalent Cryptosporidium parvum, adenovirus, and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli across divergent sites and species demonstrates potential widespread circulation among apes in Africa.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Gorilla gorilla ; Pan troglodytes ; Cameroon/epidemiology ; Tanzania/epidemiology ; Cryptosporidiosis ; Cryptosporidium ; Escherichia coli
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1380686-5
    ISSN 1080-6059 ; 1080-6040
    ISSN (online) 1080-6059
    ISSN 1080-6040
    DOI 10.3201/eid3003.230318
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  9. Article ; Online: Genetic Diversity of Bartonella spp. in Cave-Dwelling Bats and Bat Flies, Costa Rica, 2018.

    Mitchell, Miranda M / Vicente-Santos, Amanda / Rodríguez-Herrera, Bernal / Corrales-Aguilar, Eugenia / Gillespie, Thomas R

    Emerging infectious diseases

    2022  Volume 28, Issue 2, Page(s) 488–491

    Abstract: To determine Bartonella spp. dynamics, we sampled bats and bat flies across 15 roosts in Costa Rica. PCR indicated prevalence of 10.7% in bats and 29.0% in ectoparasite pools. Phylogenetic analysis of 8 sequences from bats and 5 from bat fly pools ... ...

    Abstract To determine Bartonella spp. dynamics, we sampled bats and bat flies across 15 roosts in Costa Rica. PCR indicated prevalence of 10.7% in bats and 29.0% in ectoparasite pools. Phylogenetic analysis of 8 sequences from bats and 5 from bat fly pools revealed 11 distinct genetic variants, including 2 potentially new genotypes.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Bartonella/genetics ; Bartonella Infections/epidemiology ; Bartonella Infections/veterinary ; Chiroptera ; Costa Rica/epidemiology ; Genetic Variation ; Phylogeny
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-18
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1380686-5
    ISSN 1080-6059 ; 1080-6040
    ISSN (online) 1080-6059
    ISSN 1080-6040
    DOI 10.3201/eid2802.211686
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  10. Article ; Online: Gut microbial shifts in vampire bats linked to immunity due to changed diet in human disturbed landscapes.

    Fleischer, Ramona / Jones, Christie / Ledezma-Campos, Paula / Czirják, Gábor Á / Sommer, Simone / Gillespie, Thomas R / Vicente-Santos, Amanda

    The Science of the total environment

    2023  Volume 907, Page(s) 167815

    Abstract: Anthropogenic land-use change alters wildlife habitats and modifies species composition, diversity, and contacts among wildlife, livestock, and humans. Such human-modified ecosystems have been associated with emerging infectious diseases, threatening ... ...

    Abstract Anthropogenic land-use change alters wildlife habitats and modifies species composition, diversity, and contacts among wildlife, livestock, and humans. Such human-modified ecosystems have been associated with emerging infectious diseases, threatening human and animal health. However, human disturbance also creates new resources that some species can exploit. Common vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) in Latin America constitute an important example, as their adaptation to human-modified habitats and livestock blood-feeding has implications for e.g., rabies transmission. Despite the well-known links between habitat degradation and disease emergence, few studies have explored how human-induced disturbance influences wildlife behavioural ecology and health, which can alter disease dynamics. To evaluate links among habitat disturbance, diet shifts, gut microbiota, and immunity, we quantified disturbance around roosting caves of common vampire bats in Costa Rica, measured their long-term diet preferences (livestock or wildlife blood) using stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen, evaluated innate and adaptive immune markers, and characterized their gut microbiota. We observed that bats from roosting caves with more cattle farming nearby fed more on cattle blood. Moreover, gut microbial richness and the abundance of specific gut microbes differed according to feeding preferences. Interestingly, bats feeding primarily on wildlife blood harboured a higher abundance of the bacteria Edwardsiella sp., which tended to be associated with higher immunoglobulin G levels. Our results highlight how human land-use change may indirectly affect wildlife health and emerging infectious diseases through diet-induced shifts in microbiota, with implications for host immunity and potential consequences for susceptibility to pathogens.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Animals ; Cattle ; Ecosystem ; Chiroptera ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging ; Rabies ; Livestock ; Animals, Wild
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-16
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 121506-1
    ISSN 1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
    ISSN (online) 1879-1026
    ISSN 0048-9697
    DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167815
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