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Article ; Online: Cabinet of Curiosities: Venom Systems and Their Ecological Function in Mammals, with a Focus on Primates.

Rode-Margono, Johanna E / Nekaris, K Anne-Isola

2015 Volume 7, Issue 7, Page(s) 2639–2658

Abstract: Venom delivery systems (VDS) are common in the animal kingdom, but rare amongst mammals. New definitions of venom allow us to reconsider its diversity amongst mammals by reviewing the VDS of Chiroptera, Eulipotyphla, Monotremata, and Primates. All orders ...

Abstract	Venom delivery systems (VDS) are common in the animal kingdom, but rare amongst mammals. New definitions of venom allow us to reconsider its diversity amongst mammals by reviewing the VDS of Chiroptera, Eulipotyphla, Monotremata, and Primates. All orders use modified anterior dentition as the venom delivery apparatus, except Monotremata, which possesses a crural system. The venom gland in most taxa is a modified submaxillary salivary gland. In Primates, the saliva is activated when combined with brachial gland exudate. In Monotremata, the crural spur contains the venom duct. Venom functions include feeding, intraspecific competition, anti-predator defense and parasite defense. Including mammals in discussion of venom evolution could prove vital in our understanding protein functioning in mammals and provide a new avenue for biomedical and therapeutic applications and drug discovery.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Primates/anatomy & histology ; Primates/physiology ; Salivary Glands/anatomy & histology ; Salivary Glands/secretion ; Tooth/anatomy & histology ; Tooth/secretion ; Venoms/secretion
Chemical Substances	Venoms
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-07-17
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	2518395-3
ISSN	2072-6651 ; 2072-6651
ISSN (online)	2072-6651
ISSN	2072-6651
DOI	10.3390/toxins7072639
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: First Ecological Study of the Bawean Warty Pig (Sus blouchi), One of the Rarest Pigs on Earth.

Rademaker, Mark / Meijaard, Erik / Semiadi, Gono / Blokland, Simen / Neilson, Eric W / Rode-Margono, Eva Johanna

PloS one

2016 Volume 11, Issue 4, Page(s) e0151732

Abstract: The Bawean warty pig (Sus blouchi) is an endemic pig species confined to the 192 km(2) large island of Bawean in the Java Sea, Indonesia. Due to a lack of quantitative ecological research, understanding of natural history and conservation requirements ... ...

Abstract	The Bawean warty pig (Sus blouchi) is an endemic pig species confined to the 192 km(2) large island of Bawean in the Java Sea, Indonesia. Due to a lack of quantitative ecological research, understanding of natural history and conservation requirements have so far been based solely on anecdotal information from interviews with local people and study of captive and museum specimens. In this study we provide the first assessment of population and habitat preferences for S. blouchi by using camera trapping. From the 4th of November 2014 to January 8th 2015, we placed camera traps at 100 locations in the forested protected areas on Bawean. In 690.31 camera days (16567.45 hours) we captured 92 independent videos showing S. blouchi. Variation in S. blouchi trapping rates with cumulative trap effort stabilized after 500 camera days. An important outcome is that, in contrast to the suggestion of previous assessments, only S. blouchi was detected and no S. scrofa was found, which excludes hybridization threats. We fitted a Random Encounter Model, which does not require the identification of individual animals, to our camera-trapping data and estimated 172-377 individuals to be present on the island. Activity patterns and habitat data indicate that S. blouchi is mainly nocturnal and prefers community forests and areas near forest borders. Next to this, we found a positive relationship between S. blouchi occupancy, distance to nearest border, litter depth and tree density in the highest ranking occupancy models. Although these relationships proved non-significant based on model averaging, their presence in the top ranking models suggests that these covariables do play a role in predicting S. blouchi occurrence on Bawean. The estimated amount of sites occupied reached 58%. Based on our results, especially the estimation of the population size and area of occupancy, we determine that the species is Endangered according to the IUCN/SSC Red List criteria.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Earth (Planet) ; Ecosystem ; Indonesia ; Photography ; Population Dynamics ; Swine
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-04-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0151732
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Ecology of Nepenthes clipeata on Gunung Kelam, Indonesian Borneo

Mansur, Muhammad / Brearley, Francis Q. / Esseen, Philip J. / Rode-Margono, E. Johanna / Tarigan, M. Rafi’i Ma’arif

Plant ecology & diversity. 2021 July 04, v. 14, no. 3-4

2021

Abstract: Nepenthes clipeata is a Critically Endangered plant species with the population at its only location in the wild, Gunung (Mount) Kelam in Kalimantan, Indonesia, under threat – its nutrient relationships have not been studied. To improve understanding of ... ...

Abstract	Nepenthes clipeata is a Critically Endangered plant species with the population at its only location in the wild, Gunung (Mount) Kelam in Kalimantan, Indonesia, under threat – its nutrient relationships have not been studied. To improve understanding of the autecology of N. clipeata by assessing the current population and providing information on its mineral nutrient relationships. A survey was undertaken in 2019 when population numbers and habitat preferences of N. clipeata were recorded. Nutrient concentrations in soil, leaves and pitcher fluid were analysed and compared with those in other Nepenthes species. Eighteen individuals of N. clipeata were found on Gunung Kelam (only one of which was female). Seven other Nepenthes species were found and hybrids with two of these and N. clipeata were observed. Although the foliar nutrient concentrations (‘ionome’) of N. clipeata appeared distinct from that of other Nepenthes species, with N. clipeata having greater nutrient concentrations, particularly nitrogen, potassium and calcium, nitrogen limitation was still prevalent. N. clipeata still persists in the wild but with very low numbers, indicating that conservation actions are required. Along with other species of Nepenthes, it is limited by soil nitrogen concentrations although it has a distinct ionome derived from high foliar nutrient concentrations.
Keywords	Borneo ; calcium ; endangered species ; females ; habitats ; ionome ; nitrogen ; plant ecology ; population ecology ; potassium ; soil ; surveys ; Indonesia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0704
Size	p. 195-204.
Publishing place	Taylor & Francis
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2451208-4
ISSN	1755-1668 ; 1755-0874
ISSN (online)	1755-1668
ISSN	1755-0874
DOI	10.1080/17550874.2021.1984602
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Cabinet of Curiosities

Johanna E. Rode-Margono / K. Anne-Isola Nekaris

Toxins, Vol 7, Iss 7, Pp 2639-

Venom Systems and Their Ecological Function in Mammals, with a Focus on Primates

2015 Volume 2658

Abstract	Venom delivery systems (VDS) are common in the animal kingdom, but rare amongst mammals. New definitions of venom allow us to reconsider its diversity amongst mammals by reviewing the VDS of Chiroptera, Eulipotyphla, Monotremata, and Primates. All orders use modified anterior dentition as the venom delivery apparatus, except Monotremata, which possesses a crural system. The venom gland in most taxa is a modified submaxillary salivary gland. In Primates, the saliva is activated when combined with brachial gland exudate. In Monotremata, the crural spur contains the venom duct. Venom functions include feeding, intraspecific competition, anti-predator defense and parasite defense. Including mammals in discussion of venom evolution could prove vital in our understanding protein functioning in mammals and provide a new avenue for biomedical and therapeutic applications and drug discovery.
Keywords	Nycticebus ; primates ; Chiroptera ; Eulipotyphla ; Monotremata ; venom delivery system ; evolution ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	616
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Slow lorises use venom as a weapon in intraspecific competition.

Nekaris, K A I / Campera, Marco / Nijman, Vincent / Birot, Hélène / Rode-Margono, Eva Johanna / Fry, Bryan Grieg / Weldon, Ariana / Wirdateti, Wirdateti / Imron, Muhammad Ali

Current biology : CB

2020 Volume 30, Issue 20, Page(s) R1252–R1253

Abstract: ... for agonistic intraspecific competition (e.g. ghost shrimp, Caprella spp.; sea anemones, Actinia equina; cone ...

Abstract	Animals have evolved an array of spectacular weapons, including antlers, forceps, proboscises, stingers, tusks and horns [1]. Weapons can be present in males and females of species needing to defend critical limiting resources, including food (rhinoceros beetles, Trypoxylus) and territories (fang blennies, Meiacanthus) [1-3]. Chemicals, including sprays, ointments and injected venoms, are another defence system used by animals. As with morphological weapons, venom can serve multiple purposes, including to facilitate feeding, in predation, and in defence when attacked [4]. Although rare, several taxa use venom for agonistic intraspecific competition (e.g. ghost shrimp, Caprella spp.; sea anemones, Actinia equina; cone snails, Conidae; male platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus) [4-6]. Another group of venomous mammals are the nocturnal slow lorises (Nycticebus) [7]. Slow loris bites often result in dramatic diagnostic wounds characterised by necrotic gashes to the head and extremities. Although these bites are the major cause of death of lorises in captivity, the function of this aggressive behaviour has never been studied in the wild [7]. Here, through an 8-year study of wounding patterns, territorial behaviour, and agonistic encounters of a wild population of Javan slow lorises (Nycticebus javanicus), we provide strong evidence that venom is used differentially by both sexes to defend territories and mates. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
MeSH term(s)	Aggression/physiology ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Female ; Lorisidae/physiology ; Male ; Venoms/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Venoms
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Letter ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1071731-6
ISSN	1879-0445 ; 0960-9822
ISSN (online)	1879-0445
ISSN	0960-9822
DOI	10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.084
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: First Ecological Study of the Bawean Warty Pig (Sus blouchi), One of the Rarest Pigs on Earth.

Mark Rademaker / Erik Meijaard / Gono Semiadi / Simen Blokland / Eric W Neilson / Eva Johanna Rode-Margono

PLoS ONE, Vol 11, Iss 4, p e

2016 Volume 0151732

Abstract	The Bawean warty pig (Sus blouchi) is an endemic pig species confined to the 192 km(2) large island of Bawean in the Java Sea, Indonesia. Due to a lack of quantitative ecological research, understanding of natural history and conservation requirements have so far been based solely on anecdotal information from interviews with local people and study of captive and museum specimens. In this study we provide the first assessment of population and habitat preferences for S. blouchi by using camera trapping. From the 4th of November 2014 to January 8th 2015, we placed camera traps at 100 locations in the forested protected areas on Bawean. In 690.31 camera days (16567.45 hours) we captured 92 independent videos showing S. blouchi. Variation in S. blouchi trapping rates with cumulative trap effort stabilized after 500 camera days. An important outcome is that, in contrast to the suggestion of previous assessments, only S. blouchi was detected and no S. scrofa was found, which excludes hybridization threats. We fitted a Random Encounter Model, which does not require the identification of individual animals, to our camera-trapping data and estimated 172-377 individuals to be present on the island. Activity patterns and habitat data indicate that S. blouchi is mainly nocturnal and prefers community forests and areas near forest borders. Next to this, we found a positive relationship between S. blouchi occupancy, distance to nearest border, litter depth and tree density in the highest ranking occupancy models. Although these relationships proved non-significant based on model averaging, their presence in the top ranking models suggests that these covariables do play a role in predicting S. blouchi occurrence on Bawean. The estimated amount of sites occupied reached 58%. Based on our results, especially the estimation of the population size and area of occupancy, we determine that the species is Endangered according to the IUCN/SSC Red List criteria.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Pangolins in global camera trap data

Khwaja, Hannah / Buchan, Claire / Wearn, Oliver R. / Bahaa-el-din, Laila / Bantlin, Drew / Bernard, Henry / Bitariho, Robert / Bohm, Torsten / Borah, Jimmy / Brodie, Jedediah / Chutipong, Wanlop / du Preez, Byron / Ebang-Mbele, Alex / Edwards, Sarah / Fairet, Emilie / Frechette, Jackson L. / Garside, Adrian / Gibson, Luke / Giordano, Anthony /

Veeraswami Gopi, Govindan / Granados, Alys / Gubbi, Sanjay / Harich, Franziska / Haurez, Barbara / Havmøller, Rasmus W. / Helmy, Olga / Isbell, Lynne A. / Jenks, Kate / Kalle, Riddhika / Kamjing, Anucha / Khamcha, Daphawan / Kiebou-Opepa, Cisquet / Kinnaird, Margaret / Kruger, Caroline / Laudisoit, Anne / Lynam, Antony / Macdonald, Suzanne E. / Mathai, John / Sienne, Julia Metsio / Meier, Amelia / Mills, David / Mohd-Azlan, Jayasilan / Nakashima, Yoshihiro / Nash, Helen C. / Ngoprasert, Dusit / Nguyen, An / O'Brien, Tim / Olson, David / Orbell, Christopher / Poulsen, John / Ramesh, Tharmalingam / Reeder, Dee Ann / Reyna, Rafael / Rich, Lindsey N. / Rode-Margono, Johanna / Rovero, Francesco / Sheil, Douglas / Shirley, Matthew H. / Stratford, Ken / Sukumal, Niti / Suwanrat, Saranphat / Tantipisanuh, Naruemon / Tilker, Andrew / Van Berkel, Tim / Van der Weyde, Leanne K. / Varney, Matthew / Weise, Florian / Wiesel, Ingrid / Wilting, Andreas / Wong, Seth T. / Waterman, Carly / Challender, Daniel W.S.

Global Ecology and Conservation

Implications for ecological monitoring

2019 Volume 20

Abstract: Despite being heavily exploited, pangolins (Pholidota: Manidae) have been subject to limited research, resulting in a lack of reliable population estimates and standardised survey methods for the eight extant species. Camera trapping represents a unique ... ...

Abstract	Despite being heavily exploited, pangolins (Pholidota: Manidae) have been subject to limited research, resulting in a lack of reliable population estimates and standardised survey methods for the eight extant species. Camera trapping represents a unique opportunity for broad-scale collaborative species monitoring due to its largely non-discriminatory nature, which creates considerable volumes of data on a relatively wide range of species. This has the potential to shed light on the ecology of rare, cryptic and understudied taxa, with implications for conservation decision-making. We undertook a global analysis of available pangolin data from camera trapping studies across their range in Africa and Asia. Our aims were (1) to assess the utility of existing camera trapping efforts as a method for monitoring pangolin populations, and (2) to gain insights into the distribution and ecology of pangolins. We analysed data collated from 103 camera trap surveys undertaken across 22 countries that fell within the range of seven of the eight pangolin species, which yielded more than half a million trap nights and 888 pangolin encounters. We ran occupancy analyses on three species (Sunda pangolin Manis javanica, white-bellied pangolin Phataginus tricuspis and giant pangolin Smutsia gigantea). Detection probabilities varied with forest cover and levels of human influence for P. tricuspis, but were low (<0.05) for all species. Occupancy was associated with distance from rivers for M. javanica and S. gigantea, elevation for P. tricuspis and S. gigantea, forest cover for P. tricuspis and protected area status for M. javanica and P. tricuspis. We conclude that camera traps are suitable for the detection of pangolins and large-scale assessment of their distributions. However, the trapping effort required to monitor populations at any given study site using existing methods appears prohibitively high. This may change in the future should anticipated technological and methodological advances in camera trapping facilitate greater ...
Keywords	Camera trap ; Detection ; Macroecology ; Monitoring ; Occupancy modelling ; Pangolin
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing country	nl
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2814786-8
ISSN	2351-9894
ISSN	2351-9894
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Pangolins in global camera trap data: Implications for ecological monitoring

Khwaja, Hannah / Bahaa-EL-Din, Laila / Bantlin, Drew / Berkel, Tim Van / Bernard, Henry / Bitariho, Robert / Bohm, Torsten / Borah, Jimmy / Brodie, Jedediah / Buchan, Claire / Challender, DanielW.S / Chutipong, Wanlop / David, M.I.L.L.S / Ebang-Mbele, Alex / Edwards, Sarah / Fairet, Emilie / Frechette, Jackson L / Garside, Adrian / Gibson, Luke /

Giordano, Anthony / Granados, Alys / Gubbi, Sanjay / Harich, Franziska / Haurez, Barbara / Havmøller, Rasmus W / Helmy, Olga / Isbell, Lynne A / Jenks, Kate / Kalle, Riddhika / Kamjing, Anucha / Khamcha, Daphawan / Kiebou-Opepa, Cisquet / Kinnaird, Margaret / Kruger, Caroline / Laudisoit, Anne / Lynam, Antony / Macdonald, Suzanne E / Mathai, John / Meier, Amelia / Mohd-Azlan, Jayasilan / Nakashima, Yoshihiro / Nash, Helen C / Ngoprasert, Dusit / Nguyen, An / O’Brien, Tim / Olson, David / Orbell, Christopher / Poulsen, John / Preez, Byron DU / Ramesh, Tharmalingam / Reeder, DeeAnn / Reyna, Rafael / Rich, Lindsey N / Rode-Margono, Johanna / Rovero, Francesco / Sheil, Douglas / Shirley, Matthew H / Sienne, Julia Metsio / Stratford, Ken / Sukumal, Niti / Suwanrat, Saranphat / Tantipisanuh, Naruemon / Tilker, Andrew / Varney, Matthew / Veeraswami GOPI, Govindan / Waterman, Carly / Wearn, Oliver R / Weise, Florian / Weyde, LeanneK. Vander / Wiesel, Ingrid / Wilting, Andreas / Wong, Seth T

Global ecology and conservation. 2019 Aug. 31,

2019

Abstract	Despite being heavily exploited, pangolins (Pholidota: Manidae) have been subject to limited research, resulting in a lack of reliable population estimates and standardised survey methods for the eight extant species. Camera trapping represents a unique opportunity for broad-scale collaborative species monitoring due to its largely non-discriminatory nature, which creates considerable volumes of data on a relatively wide range of species. This has the potential to shed light on the ecology of rare, cryptic and understudied taxa, with implications for conservation decision-making. We undertook a global analysis of available pangolin data from camera trapping studies across their range in Africa and Asia. Our aims were (1) to assess the utility of existing camera trapping efforts as a method for monitoring pangolin populations, and (2) to gain insights into the distribution and ecology of pangolins. We analysed data collated from 103 camera trap surveys undertaken across 22 countries that fell within the range of seven of the eight pangolin species, which yielded more than half a million trap nights and 888 pangolin encounters. We ran occupancy analyses on three species (Sunda pangolin Manis javanica, white-bellied pangolin Phataginus tricuspis and giant pangolin Smutsia gigantea). Detection probabilities varied with forest cover and levels of human influence for P. tricuspis, but were low (<0.05) for all species. Occupancy was associated with distance from rivers for M. javanica and S. gigantea, elevation for P. tricuspis and S. gigantea, forest cover for P. tricuspis and protected area status for M. javanica and P. tricuspis. We conclude that camera traps are suitable for the detection of pangolins and large-scale assessment of their distributions. However, the trapping effort required to monitor populations at any given study site using existing methods appears prohibitively high. This may change in the future should anticipated technological and methodological advances in camera trapping facilitate greater sampling efforts and/or higher probabilities of detection. In particular, targeted camera placement for pangolins is likely to make pangolin monitoring more feasible with moderate sampling efforts.
Keywords	camera trapping ; cameras ; conservation areas ; decision making ; ecology ; forests ; humans ; Manis gigantea ; Manis javanica ; rivers ; surveys ; trapping ; Africa ; Asia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-0831
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
Note	Pre-press version
ZDB-ID	2814786-8
ISSN	2351-9894
ISSN	2351-9894
DOI	10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00769
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Noxious arthropods as potential prey of the venomous Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus) in a West Javan volcanic agricultural system

Rode-Margono, E. Johanna / Rademaker, M. / Wirdateti / Strijkstra, A. / Nekaris, K.A.I.

Journal of natural history

Volume v. 49,, Issue no. 3

Abstract: Arthropods play a significant role in ecosystems as prey for animals such as insectivorous primates ...

Abstract	Arthropods play a significant role in ecosystems as prey for animals such as insectivorous primates. The venomous Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus) is a nocturnal primate endemic to the island of Java, Indonesia. It remains unknown if its venom is partially sequestered from noxious arthropod prey. We studied the little-known arthropod community in a rural agriculture system in West Java, Indonesia, in order to investigate the potential prey and source for sequestration of venom. We found specimens of the partially noxious insect orders Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera and of the class Arachnida in slow loris foraging trees in an agricultural area in West Java, Indonesia. To examine the effects of environmental conditions on the abundance of this food source, arthropods were trapped every two weeks for five months, using sweep net transects, Malaise and pitfall traps. Trap type had a significant effect on taxa caught. Wind strength negatively affected the number of Lepidoptera captured in the Malaise trap and humidity had a confounding effect on Orthoptera caught by sweep net. Despite the short-term nature of our study, by using a combination of trapping methods, we identified a relatively high diversity of insects in a human-dominated landscape. Our results can be used as a basis to understand the proximate and ultimate factors shaping the use of venom by the slow loris as a primate.
Keywords	environmental factors ; pitfall traps ; Arachnida ; Coleoptera ; ecosystems ; insects ; Primates ; Hemiptera ; Lepidoptera ; humidity ; trapping ; Orthoptera ; sweep nets ; arthropods ; arthropod communities ; foraging ; venoms ; trees ; landscapes ; Hymenoptera ; insectivores
Language	English
Document type	Article
ISSN	1464-5262
Database	AGRIS - International Information System for the Agricultural Sciences and Technology

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