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Article: Cajal-Retzius cell physiology: just in time to bridge the 20th century.

Mienville, J M

Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)

1999 Volume 9, Issue 8, Page(s) 776–782

Abstract: Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells were discovered at the end of the 19th century but, surprisingly, the exploration of their physiological properties is only now beginning, as we near the end of the 20th century. A few papers addressing these properties have ... ...

Abstract	Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells were discovered at the end of the 19th century but, surprisingly, the exploration of their physiological properties is only now beginning, as we near the end of the 20th century. A few papers addressing these properties have appeared recently, but incomplete data generally give the arguably misleading impression that CR cells are similar to other neocortical neurons, and therefore may perform analogous functions. It is one of the motives of this review to dispel such conceptions. Although CR cells display features of 'regular' neurons, including excitability and responsiveness to neurotransmitters, their function is probably limited to the primary implementation of cortical circuits. A strong indication in support of this idea is the fact that CR cells appear at the onset of neocorticogenesis and disappear at the end of neuronal migration.
MeSH term(s)	Action Potentials/drug effects ; Action Potentials/physiology ; Animals ; N-Methylaspartate/pharmacology ; Neocortex/cytology ; Neocortex/drug effects ; Neurons/cytology ; Neurons/drug effects ; Neurons/physiology ; Rats ; Receptors, GABA/drug effects ; Receptors, GABA/physiology ; Receptors, Glutamate/drug effects ; Receptors, Glutamate/physiology ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	Receptors, GABA ; Receptors, Glutamate ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (56-12-2) ; N-Methylaspartate (6384-92-5)
Language	English
Publishing date	1999-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1077450-6
ISSN	1460-2199 ; 1047-3211
ISSN (online)	1460-2199
ISSN	1047-3211
DOI	10.1093/cercor/9.8.776
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Article: Persistent depolarizing action of GABA in rat Cajal-Retzius cells.

Mienville, J M

The Journal of physiology

1998 Volume 512 Pt 3, Page(s) 809–817

Abstract: 1. To characterize membrane properties that might be relevant to the function and fate of Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells, the pharmacological and physiological effects of GABA acting at GABAA receptors were studied in CR cells from embryonic (E18) and ... ...

Abstract	1. To characterize membrane properties that might be relevant to the function and fate of Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells, the pharmacological and physiological effects of GABA acting at GABAA receptors were studied in CR cells from embryonic (E18) and postnatal (P11-13) slices of rat neocortex. 2. From the embryonic to the postnatal stage, GABA-induced maximum current almost tripled, the EC50 increased from 38 to 74 microM, and the Hill number increased from 1.4 to 1.9. Muscimol-elicited currents were qualitatively and quantitatively similar to those produced by GABA. 3. GABA-induced changes in the amplitude of large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel current recorded on-cell from E18 CR cells were consistent with depolarization. 4. GABA-mediated depolarization of embryonic and postnatal CR cells was studied directly with perforated-patch recording techniques. Ten micromolar and 1 mM GABA, respectively, depolarized E18 CR cells to -27 +/- 1 and -25 +/- 3 mV. These same concentrations of GABA depolarized P11 CR cells to -36 +/- 3 and -23 +/- 3 mV. 5. In postnatal cortex, GABA (100 microM) increased the firing rate of CR cells 7.3-fold. By contrast, the firing of hippocampal pyramidal cells from slices of the same age (P12) was totally and reversibly blocked by GABA. 6. These experiments suggest that contrary to its postnatal inhibitory shift observed in other cells, the depolarizing effect of GABA remains in CR cells from E18 until their virtual disappearance.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Calcium/physiology ; Electrophysiology ; Female ; GABA Agonists/pharmacology ; Hippocampus/cytology ; Hippocampus/drug effects ; Hippocampus/embryology ; Membrane Potentials/drug effects ; Membrane Potentials/physiology ; Muscimol/pharmacology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Potassium Channels/drug effects ; Potassium Channels/physiology ; Pregnancy ; Rats ; Receptors, Bradykinin/metabolism ; Receptors, GABA-A/drug effects ; Receptors, GABA-A/physiology ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	GABA Agonists ; Potassium Channels ; Receptors, Bradykinin ; Receptors, GABA-A ; Muscimol (2763-96-4) ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (56-12-2) ; Calcium (SY7Q814VUP)
Language	English
Publishing date	1998-11-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3115-x
ISSN	1469-7793 ; 0022-3751
ISSN (online)	1469-7793
ISSN	0022-3751
DOI	10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.809bd.x
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Article: Gating mode conversion by proteolysis in a large-conductance K+ channel from embryonic rat telencephalon.

Mienville, J M

The Journal of physiology

1994 Volume 481 Pt 2, Page(s) 293–298

Abstract: 1. In situ patch-clamp recordings of early embryonic large-conductance K+ channels consistently revealed (86% of patches) a complex behaviour characterized by noisy fluctuations between open and closed states of relatively short duration. 2. This ... ...

Abstract	1. In situ patch-clamp recordings of early embryonic large-conductance K+ channels consistently revealed (86% of patches) a complex behaviour characterized by noisy fluctuations between open and closed states of relatively short duration. 2. This behaviour is similar to the buzz mode, a type of gating observed only very rarely in some channels. Its prevalence in proliferative neuroepithelium may thus constitute a criterion of immaturity. 3. In 89% of patches, the buzz mode was converted to a 'normal' mode by intracellular exposure to trypsin. 4. These observations suggest that the immature channel protein includes (or is affected by) a cytoplasmic component, the presence or absence of which determines certain sets of conformational transitions.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Calcium/physiology ; Female ; Hydrolysis ; In Vitro Techniques ; Ion Channel Gating/physiology ; Kinetics ; Membrane Potentials/drug effects ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Potassium Channels/drug effects ; Potassium Channels/physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Telencephalon/cytology ; Telencephalon/embryology ; Telencephalon/metabolism ; Trypsin/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	Potassium Channels ; Trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) ; Calcium (SY7Q814VUP)
Language	English
Publishing date	1994-12-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3115-x
ISSN	1469-7793 ; 0022-3751
ISSN (online)	1469-7793
ISSN	0022-3751
DOI	10.1113/jphysiol.1994.sp020439
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Article: Kainate-induced K+ efflux and plasma membrane depolarization in cultured cerebellar granule cells.

Kiedrowski, L / Mienville, J M

Neuroreport

2003 Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 59–62

Abstract: It is becoming increasingly evident that activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors leads to significant changes in cytosolic [K+] ([K+]c), a major determinant of the plasma membrane (PM) potential, Em. Since Em affects fluxes of key cations, such as ... ...

Abstract	It is becoming increasingly evident that activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors leads to significant changes in cytosolic [K+] ([K+]c), a major determinant of the plasma membrane (PM) potential, Em. Since Em affects fluxes of key cations, such as Ca2+, it is important to precisely quantify [K+]c and Em in neurons exposed to glutamate receptor agonists. Here we studied the relationships between [K+]c and Em in primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells, and found that kainate elicits a rapid drop in [K+]c below 10 mM. Using patch electrodes containing 10 or 150 mM K+, we determined that kainate depolarizes the PM to -2 or -28 mV, respectively. Therefore, the actual PM depolarization elicited by kainate is much larger than that routinely measured with K+-rich electrodes.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Cell Membrane/drug effects ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cerebellum/cytology ; Cerebellum/drug effects ; Cerebellum/metabolism ; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists/pharmacology ; Kainic Acid/pharmacology ; Membrane Potentials/drug effects ; Membrane Potentials/physiology ; Potassium/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Chemical Substances	Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists ; Potassium (RWP5GA015D) ; Kainic Acid (SIV03811UC)
Language	English
Publishing date	2003-07-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1049746-8
ISSN	1473-558X ; 0959-4965
ISSN (online)	1473-558X
ISSN	0959-4965
DOI	10.1097/00001756-200101220-00020
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Article: Voltage-clamp study of calcium currents during differentiation in the NCB-20 neuronal cell line.

Mienville, J M

Cellular and molecular neurobiology

1992 Volume 12, Issue 4, Page(s) 285–295

Abstract: 1. Calcium currents (ICa) were studied in voltage-clamped NCB-20 cells. In undifferentiated cells, voltage steps from hyperpolarized potentials (-80/-100 mV) essentially revealed transient ICa showing characteristics classically described for "T-type" ... ...

Abstract	1. Calcium currents (ICa) were studied in voltage-clamped NCB-20 cells. In undifferentiated cells, voltage steps from hyperpolarized potentials (-80/-100 mV) essentially revealed transient ICa showing characteristics classically described for "T-type" channels. In about 50% of the cells, there was a residual current at the end of the step; no ICa was elicited from a holding potential of -50 mV. 2. In contrast, 100% of the cells differentiated with dibutyryl cyclic AMP (cAMP) displayed a residual current in addition to the transient one, and depolarizing steps from a holding potential of -50 mV induced a sustained current. In these cells, Bay K 8644 elicited both a negative shift in voltage dependence and a moderate increase of the sustained component. 3. Although these changes in Ca2+ channel physiology result from chemically induced differentiation, they might not be directly related to the concomitant morphologic differentiation. 4. In undifferentiated NCB-20 cells, T-type Ca2+ currents can be elicited in relative isolation.
MeSH term(s)	3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester/pharmacology ; Animals ; Bucladesine/pharmacology ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium Channels/drug effects ; Calcium Channels/physiology ; Cell Differentiation/drug effects ; Cricetinae ; Cricetulus ; Hybrid Cells ; Ion Channel Gating/drug effects ; Membrane Potentials/drug effects ; Mice ; Neuroblastoma ; Neurons/cytology ; Neurons/drug effects ; Neurons/physiology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
Chemical Substances	Calcium Channels ; Bucladesine (63X7MBT2LQ) ; 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester (71145-03-4) ; Calcium (SY7Q814VUP)
Language	English
Publishing date	1992-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	283404-2
ISSN	0272-4340
ISSN	0272-4340
DOI	10.1007/bf00734929
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Zs.A 1727: Show issues

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Article: Comparison of fast responses to serotonin and 2-methyl-serotonin in voltage-clamped N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells.

Mienville, J M

Neuroscience letters

1991 Volume 133, Issue 1, Page(s) 41–44

Abstract: The activation of 5-HT3 receptors by 5-HT and 2-methyl-5-HT was studied with 'concentration-jump' techniques in voltage-clamped N1E-115 cells grown in culture. When applied to single cells with a fast perfusion technique, both agonists induced currents ... ...

Abstract	The activation of 5-HT3 receptors by 5-HT and 2-methyl-5-HT was studied with 'concentration-jump' techniques in voltage-clamped N1E-115 cells grown in culture. When applied to single cells with a fast perfusion technique, both agonists induced currents the on-rate kinetics of which were concentration-dependent. Based on the time constants of current kinetics and subsequent estimates of agonist association and dissociation rates, an apparent Kd of 1.3 microM was determined for 5-HT, a value in agreement with binding and functional studies. Receptor activation by 2-methyl-5-HT was slower, consistent with its lower potency as compared to the parent compound. In addition, the rise time of 2-methyl-5-HT-mediated currents was affected by hyperpolarizing membrane potential. The results show evidence of different molecular behaviors for the two agonists.
MeSH term(s)	Action Potentials/drug effects ; Animals ; Electrophysiology ; Kinetics ; Membrane Potentials/drug effects ; Mice ; Neuroblastoma/physiopathology ; Serotonin/analogs & derivatives ; Serotonin/pharmacology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
Chemical Substances	Serotonin (333DO1RDJY) ; 2-methyl-5-HT (78263-90-8)
Language	English
Publishing date	1991-11-25
Publishing country	Ireland
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	194929-9
ISSN	1872-7972 ; 0304-3940
ISSN (online)	1872-7972
ISSN	0304-3940
DOI	10.1016/0304-3940(91)90052-u
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Article: Low resting potential and postnatal upregulation of NMDA receptors may cause Cajal-Retzius cell death.

Mienville, J M / Pesold, C

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

1999 Volume 19, Issue 5, Page(s) 1636–1646

Abstract: Using in situ patch-clamp techniques in rat telencephalic slices, we have followed resting potential (RP) properties and the functional expression of NMDA receptors in neocortical Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells from embryonic day 18 to postnatal day 13, the ... ...

Abstract	Using in situ patch-clamp techniques in rat telencephalic slices, we have followed resting potential (RP) properties and the functional expression of NMDA receptors in neocortical Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells from embryonic day 18 to postnatal day 13, the time around which these cells normally disappear. We find that throughout their lives CR cells have a relatively depolarized RP (approximately -50 mV), which can be made more hyperpolarized (approximately -70 mV) by stimulation of the Na/K pump with intracellular ATP. The NMDA receptors of CR cells are subjected to intense postnatal upregulation, but their similar properties (EC50, Hill number, sensitivity to antagonists, conductance, and kinetics) throughout development suggest that their subunit composition remains relatively homogeneous. The low RP of CR cells is within a range that allows for the relief of NMDA channels from Mg2+ blockade. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that CR cells may degenerate and die subsequent to uncontrolled overload of intracellular Ca2+ via NMDA receptor activation by ambient glutamate. In support of this hypothesis we have obtained evidence showing the protection of CR cells via in vivo blockade of NMDA receptors with dizocilpine.
MeSH term(s)	2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate/pharmacology ; Action Potentials/physiology ; Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacology ; Aging ; Animals ; Cell Death/drug effects ; Cerebral Cortex/drug effects ; Cerebral Cortex/physiology ; Dizocilpine Maleate/pharmacology ; Embryo, Mammalian ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology ; Immunohistochemistry ; In Vitro Techniques ; Meglumine/pharmacology ; Membrane Potentials/drug effects ; Membrane Potentials/physiology ; N-Methylaspartate/agonists ; N-Methylaspartate/metabolism ; Neurons/drug effects ; Neurons/metabolism ; Neurons/physiology ; Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Piperazines/pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred F344 ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/genetics ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/physiology ; Tetrodotoxin/pharmacology ; Up-Regulation/physiology
Chemical Substances	Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists ; Neuroprotective Agents ; Piperazines ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate ; 3-(2-carboxypiperazine-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphate (152218-61-6) ; Tetrodotoxin (4368-28-9) ; N-Methylaspartate (6384-92-5) ; Meglumine (6HG8UB2MUY) ; Dizocilpine Maleate (6LR8C1B66Q) ; 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate (76726-92-6) ; Adenosine Triphosphate (8L70Q75FXE)
Language	English
Publishing date	1999-03-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	604637-x
ISSN	1529-2401 ; 0270-6474
ISSN (online)	1529-2401
ISSN	0270-6474
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Zs.A 1668: Show issues

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Article: Putative physiological significance of vasopressin V1a receptor activation in rat pituicytes.

Rosso, L / Peteri-Brunbäck, B / Mienville, J-M

Journal of neuroendocrinology

2004 Volume 16, Issue 4, Page(s) 313–318

Abstract: Physiological stimuli operative during, for example, dehydration or lactation, induce neurohypophysial astrocytes (pituicytes) to undergo reversible morphological changes, which in turn may modulate the release of vasopressin and oxytocin. To study the ... ...

Abstract	Physiological stimuli operative during, for example, dehydration or lactation, induce neurohypophysial astrocytes (pituicytes) to undergo reversible morphological changes, which in turn may modulate the release of vasopressin and oxytocin. To study the molecular mechanisms of this morphological plasticity, we used primary cultures of rat pituicytes. During stimulation with adenosine, pituicytes become stellate, which is characterized by a round, phase-bright soma and complex arborization, implying major cytoskeletal modifications. Following addition of vasopressin or oxytocin, stellate pituicytes revert to a flat shape. The effects of both hormones are mediated by V(1a) receptor activation, which also induces biphasic Ca(2+) (i) signals in pituicytes. Stellation reversal requires Ca(2+)-dependent activation of Cdc42, a small GTPase known to impact on the cytoskeleton. V(1a) receptor activation by vasopressin or oxytocin also stimulates [(3)H]taurine efflux from cultured pituicytes. As taurine inhibits vasopressin output from neurohypophysial terminals, we postulate a negative-feedback mechanism whereby secreted vasopressin limits its own availability. This stop signal might be reinforced by shape changes elicited by vasopressin in pituicytes. These results support the concept that, during specific physiological states, pituicyte V(1a) receptor activation modulates the release of neurohypophysial hormones.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Pituitary Gland/metabolism ; Pituitary Hormones/metabolism ; Rats ; Receptors, Vasopressin/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Pituitary Hormones ; Receptors, Vasopressin
Language	English
Publishing date	2004-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1007517-3
ISSN	1365-2826 ; 0953-8194
ISSN (online)	1365-2826
ISSN	0953-8194
DOI	10.1111/j.0953-8194.2004.01160.x
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Zs.A 2634: Show issues

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Article: Ion conductance of the Ca(2+)-activated maxi-K+ channel from the embryonic rat brain.

Mienville, J M / Clay, J R

Biophysical journal

1997 Volume 72, Issue 1, Page(s) 188–192

Abstract: By using single-channel recording techniques, we measured the conductance (gK) of the Ca(2+)-activated Maxi-K+ channel from the embryonic rat brain, and examined its dependence on K+ ions present in equimolar concentrations on both sides of the membrane ... ...

Abstract	By using single-channel recording techniques, we measured the conductance (gK) of the Ca(2+)-activated Maxi-K+ channel from the embryonic rat brain, and examined its dependence on K+ ions present in equimolar concentrations on both sides of the membrane patch. With ionic strength maintained constant by substitution of N-methyl-D-glucamine for K+, gK has a sigmoidal dependence upon [K+]. This result has been obscured in previous work by variations in ionic strength, which has a marked effect on single-channel conductance, especially in the limit for which this variable approaches zero. The gK versus [K+] relationship is described, theoretically, by a three-barrier, two-binding-site model in which the barrier that an ion must cross to leave the channel is decreased as [K+] is increased.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Brain/physiology ; Electric Conductivity ; Embryo, Mammalian ; Kinetics ; Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels ; Meglumine/pharmacology ; Membrane Potentials/drug effects ; Osmolar Concentration ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Potassium/pharmacology ; Potassium Channels/drug effects ; Potassium Channels/physiology ; Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated ; Rats
Chemical Substances	Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels ; Potassium Channels ; Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated ; Meglumine (6HG8UB2MUY) ; Potassium (RWP5GA015D)
Language	English
Publishing date	1997-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	218078-9
ISSN	1542-0086 ; 0006-3495
ISSN (online)	1542-0086
ISSN	0006-3495
DOI	10.1016/S0006-3495(97)78657-0
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Article: Potassium current expression during prenatal corticogenesis in the rat.

Mienville, J M / Barker, J L

Neuroscience

1997 Volume 81, Issue 1, Page(s) 163–172

Abstract: Using in situ patch-clamp techniques, we have studied K current expression in rat telencephalon from embryonic day 12 to 21. For cells recorded in the ventricular zone, the K current consisted of a delayed rectifier and a large-conductance calcium- ... ...

Abstract	Using in situ patch-clamp techniques, we have studied K current expression in rat telencephalon from embryonic day 12 to 21. For cells recorded in the ventricular zone, the K current consisted of a delayed rectifier and a large-conductance calcium-activated component, and displayed little variation from embryonic day 12 to 21. Cells recorded in pial regions could be separated into two classes: radially oriented, putatively migrating cells, and cells tangentially oriented in layer I, which were assumed to be Cajal-Retzius cells. When using a voltage-clamp protocol that included a prepulse to -120 mV, Cajal-Retzius cells displayed a larger density of total K current than radial cells, and both types revealed an inactivating component (IA). The proportion of this component increased from embryonic day 18 to 21 in both cell types, although the amplitude of total K current, in the respective cell type, did not vary. This suggested a concomitant decrease in delayed rectifier current, which was verified directly with an appropriate protocol. The activation rate of the delayed rectifier current was slower for ventricular zone cells than for radial or Cajal-Retzius cells. IA was studied in Cajal-Retzius cells and displayed a strikingly negative (approximately -100 mV) voltage of half-maximal steady-state inactivation. Tetraethylammonium ions only blocked the non-inactivating component(s) of K current whereas 4-aminopyridine appeared to decrease both inactivating and non-inactivating components. The quantitative changes in K current expression are likely to underlie the overall increase in excitability of differentiating cells. On the other hand, the observation of qualitative differences among channel properties opens an interesting area of investigation into their physiological significance.
MeSH term(s)	4-Aminopyridine/pharmacology ; Age Factors ; Animals ; Calcium/pharmacology ; Cell Differentiation/physiology ; Cerebral Cortex/chemistry ; Cerebral Cortex/cytology ; Cerebral Cortex/embryology ; Delayed Rectifier Potassium Channels ; Female ; Fetus/chemistry ; Fetus/cytology ; Fetus/physiology ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Isoquinolines ; Membrane Potentials/drug effects ; Neurons/chemistry ; Neurons/cytology ; Neurons/physiology ; Organ Culture Techniques ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Potassium/metabolism ; Potassium Channel Blockers ; Potassium Channels/physiology ; Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated ; Pregnancy ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Tetraethylammonium/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	Delayed Rectifier Potassium Channels ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Isoquinolines ; Potassium Channel Blockers ; Potassium Channels ; Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated ; Tetraethylammonium (66-40-0) ; lucifer yellow (9654F8OVKE) ; 4-Aminopyridine (BH3B64OKL9) ; Potassium (RWP5GA015D) ; Calcium (SY7Q814VUP)
Language	English
Publishing date	1997-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	196739-3
ISSN	1873-7544 ; 0306-4522
ISSN (online)	1873-7544
ISSN	0306-4522
DOI	10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00171-1
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