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Article ; Online: Corrigendum to "A Comparative Study on Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from Channel Catfish and Related Freshwater Fish Species" [J. Food Protect. 87(1) (2023) 100192].

Soku, Yesutor K / Mohamed, Abdelrahman / Samuel, Temesgen / Dessai, Uday / Walls, Isabel / Rockwell, Catherine / Fortenberry, Gamola / Berutti, Tracy / Nieves-Miranda, Sharon / Nawrocki, Erin M / Fu, Yezhi / Dudley, Edward / Mamber, Stephen W / Hicks, John

Journal of food protection

2024 Volume 87, Issue 2, Page(s) 100225

Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Published Erratum
ZDB-ID	243284-5
ISSN	1944-9097 ; 0362-028X
ISSN (online)	1944-9097
ISSN	0362-028X
DOI	10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100225
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Article ; Online: Low-dose Oral Thimerosal for the Treatment of Oral Herpes: Clinical Trial Results and Improved Outcome After Post-hoc Analysis.

Mamber, Stephen W / Hatch, Thomas / Miller, Craig S / Murray, John V / Strout, Cynthia / McMichael, John

Journal of evidence-based integrative medicine

2022 Volume 27, Page(s) 2515690X221078004

Abstract: Background: Thimerosal (TML) is an organomercury antimicrobial. Low doses (1/250: Methods: BTL-TML was evaluated in a Phase IIa trial for its ability to block progression to lesion in subjects with recurrent oral herpes caused by dental trauma. ... ...

Abstract	Background: Thimerosal (TML) is an organomercury antimicrobial. Low doses (1/250 Methods: BTL-TML was evaluated in a Phase IIa trial for its ability to block progression to lesion in subjects with recurrent oral herpes caused by dental trauma. Subjects were administered BTL-TML or a saline control over a 7-day period. In a Phase IIb trial, BTL-TML was evaluated for its ability to block progression to lesion over a 7-day period in subjects with herpes lip infections induced by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Results: Progression to lesion post-dental procedure was prevented in 54.5% (12/22) TML subjects versus 22.2% (2/9) control subjects (p = 0.106). Progression to lesion post-UV irradiation was blocked in 47.8% (11/23) BTL-TML treatment subjects and 42.8% (6/14) control subjects. A post-hoc analysis yielded 52.2% (12/23) BTL-TML subjects with no progression to lesion versus 28.6% (6/21) control subjects with no progression (p = 0.099). There were no significant differences in adverse effects between treatment and control groups in either trial. Conclusions: Neither clinical trial showed a statistically significant effect of BTL-TML on progression to lesion. However, the post-hoc analysis suggested there is a 48-hour period following UV radiation exposure during which the anti-herpes activity of antivirals such as BTL-TML is reduced. Accordingly, BTL-TML may have promise in subsequent, properly designed and powered clinical trials.
MeSH term(s)	Administration, Oral ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; Double-Blind Method ; Herpes Labialis/drug therapy ; Humans ; Thimerosal/therapeutic use
Chemical Substances	Antiviral Agents ; Thimerosal (2225PI3MOV)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Clinical Trial, Phase II ; Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	2515-690X
ISSN (online)	2515-690X
DOI	10.1177/2515690X221078004
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Article ; Online: A Comparative Study on Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from Channel Catfish and Related Freshwater Fish Species.

Journal of food protection

2023 Volume 87, Issue 1, Page(s) 100192

Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) trends in 114 generic Escherichia coli isolated from channel catfish and related fish species were investigated in this study. Of these, 45 isolates were from commercial-sized channel catfish harvested from fishponds in ... ...

Abstract	Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) trends in 114 generic Escherichia coli isolated from channel catfish and related fish species were investigated in this study. Of these, 45 isolates were from commercial-sized channel catfish harvested from fishponds in Alabama, while 69 isolates were from Siluriformes products, accessed from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service' (FSIS) National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) program. Antibiotic susceptibility testing and whole genome sequencing were performed using the GenomeTrakr protocol. Upon analysis, the fishpond isolates showed resistance to ampicillin (44%), meropenem (7%) and azithromycin (4%). The FSIS NARMS isolates showed resistance to tetracycline (31.9%), chloramphenicol (20.3%), sulfisoxazole (17.4%), ampicillin (5.8%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, azithromycin and cefoxitin below 5% each. There was no correlation between genotypic and phenotypic resistance in the fishpond isolates, however, there was in NARMS isolates for folate pathway antagonists: Sulfisoxazole vs. sul1 and sul2 (p = 0.0042 and p < 0.0001, respectively) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole vs. dfrA16 and sul1 (p = 0.0290 and p = 0.013, respectively). Furthermore, correlations were found for tetracyclines: Tetracycline vs. tet(A) and tet(B) (p < 0.0001 each), macrolides: Azithromycin vs. mph(E) and msr(E) (p = 0.0145 each), phenicols: Chloramphenicol vs. mdtM (p < 0.0001), quinolones: Nalidixic acid vs. gyrA_S83L=POINT (p = 0.0004), and β-lactams: Ampicillin vs. blaTEM-1 (p < 0.0001). Overall, we recorded differences in antimicrobial susceptibility testing profiles, phenotypic-genotypic concordance, and resistance to critically important antimicrobials, which may be a public health concern.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Escherichia coli ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Ictaluridae ; Azithromycin/pharmacology ; Tetracycline/pharmacology ; Nalidixic Acid/pharmacology ; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination/pharmacology ; Sulfisoxazole/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Ampicillin/pharmacology ; Chloramphenicol
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Azithromycin (83905-01-5) ; Tetracycline (F8VB5M810T) ; Nalidixic Acid (3B91HWA56M) ; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination (8064-90-2) ; Sulfisoxazole (740T4C525W) ; Ampicillin (7C782967RD) ; Chloramphenicol (66974FR9Q1)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	243284-5
ISSN	1944-9097 ; 0362-028X
ISSN (online)	1944-9097
ISSN	0362-028X
DOI	10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100192
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Effects of cannabis oil extract on immune response gene expression in human small airway epithelial cells (HSAEpC): implications for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Mamber, Stephen W / Gurel, Volkan / Lins, Jeremy / Ferri, Fred / Beseme, Sarah / McMichael, John

Journal of cannabis research

2020 Volume 2, Issue 1, Page(s) 5

Abstract: Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is commonly associated with both a pro-inflammatory and a T-helper 1 (Th1) immune response. It was hypothesized that cannabis oil extract can alleviate COPD symptoms by eliciting an anti- ... ...

Abstract	Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is commonly associated with both a pro-inflammatory and a T-helper 1 (Th1) immune response. It was hypothesized that cannabis oil extract can alleviate COPD symptoms by eliciting an anti-inflammatory Th2 immune response. Accordingly, the effects of cannabis oil extract on the expression of 84 Th2 and related immune response genes in human small airways epithelial cells (HSAEpC) were investigated. Methods: HSAEpC from a single donor were treated with three dilutions of a standardized cannabis oil extract (1:400, 1:800 and 1:1600) along with a solvent control (0.25% [2.5 ul/ml] ethanol) for 24 h. There were four replicates per treatment dilution, and six for the control. RNA isolated from cells were employed in pathway-focused quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) microarray assays. Results: The extract induced significant (P < 0.05) changes in expression of 37 tested genes. Six genes (CSF2, IL1RL1, IL4, IL13RA2, IL17A and PPARG) were up-regulated at all three dilutions. Another two (CCL22 and TSLP) were up-regulated while six (CLCA1, CMA1, EPX, LTB4R, MAF and PMCH) were down-regulated at the 1:400 and 1:800 dilutions. The relationship of differentially-expressed genes of interest to biologic pathways was explored using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). Conclusions: This exploratory investigation indicates that cannabis oil extract may affect expression of specific airway epithelial cell genes that could modulate pro-inflammatory or Th1 processes in COPD. These results provide a basis for further investigations and have prompted in vivo studies of the effects of cannabis oil extract on pulmonary function. Trial registration: NONE (all in vitro experiments).
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-31
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2522-5782
ISSN (online)	2522-5782
DOI	10.1186/s42238-019-0014-9
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Article ; Online: Low-dose Oral Thimerosal for the Treatment of Oral Herpes

Stephen W. Mamber / Thomas Hatch / Craig S. Miller / John V. Murray / Cynthia Strout / John McMichael

Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine, Vol

Clinical Trial Results and Improved Outcome After Post-hoc Analysis

2022 Volume 27

Abstract: Background Thimerosal (TML) is an organomercury antimicrobial. Low doses (1/250 th of the amount in a typical vaccine dose) may promote an antiviral immune response. Low-dose TML (BTL-TML) was evaluated for safety and efficacy against herpes labialis in ... ...

Abstract	Background Thimerosal (TML) is an organomercury antimicrobial. Low doses (1/250 th of the amount in a typical vaccine dose) may promote an antiviral immune response. Low-dose TML (BTL-TML) was evaluated for safety and efficacy against herpes labialis in two FDA-approved, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Methods BTL-TML was evaluated in a Phase IIa trial for its ability to block progression to lesion in subjects with recurrent oral herpes caused by dental trauma. Subjects were administered BTL-TML or a saline control over a 7-day period. In a Phase IIb trial, BTL-TML was evaluated for its ability to block progression to lesion over a 7-day period in subjects with herpes lip infections induced by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Results Progression to lesion post-dental procedure was prevented in 54.5% (12/22) TML subjects versus 22.2% (2/9) control subjects (p = 0.106). Progression to lesion post-UV irradiation was blocked in 47.8% (11/23) BTL-TML treatment subjects and 42.8% (6/14) control subjects. A post-hoc analysis yielded 52.2% (12/23) BTL-TML subjects with no progression to lesion versus 28.6% (6/21) control subjects with no progression (p = 0.099). There were no significant differences in adverse effects between treatment and control groups in either trial. Conclusions Neither clinical trial showed a statistically significant effect of BTL-TML on progression to lesion. However, the post-hoc analysis suggested there is a 48-hour period following UV radiation exposure during which the anti-herpes activity of antivirals such as BTL-TML is reduced. Accordingly, BTL-TML may have promise in subsequent, properly designed and powered clinical trials.
Keywords	Other systems of medicine ; RZ201-999 ; Homeopathy ; RX1-681
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	SAGE Publishing
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Occurrence of Salmonella in Ready-to-Eat Meat and Poultry Product Samples from U.S. Department of Agriculture–Regulated Producing Establishments. I. Results from the ALLRTE and RTE001 Random and Risk-Based Sampling Projects, from 2005 to 2012

Mamber, Stephen W / Tim Mohr / Carrie Leathers / Evelyne Mbandi / Phil Bronstein / Kristina Barlow

Journal of food protection. 2018 Oct., v. 81, no. 10

2018

Abstract: Ready-to-eat (RTE) meat and poultry product samples collected from RTE-producing establishments for the ALLRTE (random) and RTE001 (risk-based) sampling projects of the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) were tested for both Salmonella and ... ...

Abstract	Ready-to-eat (RTE) meat and poultry product samples collected from RTE-producing establishments for the ALLRTE (random) and RTE001 (risk-based) sampling projects of the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) were tested for both Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes. The FSIS analyzed Salmonella results for RTE meat and poultry product samples collected for the two sampling projects from 2005 to 2012. Data for 24,385 ALLRTE samples collected from 3,023 establishments and 66,653 RTE001 samples collected from 2,784 establishments were evaluated for the percentages of Salmonella-positive samples, product types of positive samples, and Salmonella serotypes. There also were descriptive summaries with respect to establishment hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) size, production volumes, L. monocytogenes control alternatives, geographic location, and season or month of sample collection. Results showed low occurrences of Salmonella-positive samples from the ALLRTE and RTE001 sampling projects, with 14 positive samples (0.06%) for ALLRTE and 33 positive samples (0.05%) for RTE001. Percentages of establishments with at least one Salmonella-positive sample averaged 0.46% for ALLRTE and 1.11% for RTE001. Three product types—sausage products, pork barbecue, and head cheese—accounted for 62% of all positive samples. There were 27 distinct serotypes from 48 Salmonella isolates, with serotypes Infantis and Typhimurium being the most common (5 isolates each). All but one of the Salmonella-positive samples were obtained from establishments with HACCP sizes of small or very small. More than half of the positive samples were obtained from establishments using L. monocytogenes control alternative 3 (sanitation only, highest-risk category). Positive Salmonella samples were found in all geographic regions at all times of the year. Information obtained from these sampling projects is relevant to the prevention of foodborne Salmonella illnesses from RTE meat and poultry products.
Keywords	Food Safety and Inspection Service ; HACCP ; Listeria monocytogenes ; Salmonella ; bacterial contamination ; food contamination ; pork ; poultry products ; ready-to-eat foods ; sanitation ; serotypes ; United States
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-10
Size	p. 1729-1736.
Publishing place	International Association of Milk, Food, and Environmental Sanitarians.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	243284-5
ISSN	1944-9097 ; 0362-028X
ISSN (online)	1944-9097
ISSN	0362-028X
DOI	10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-18-025
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Occurrence of Salmonella in Ready-to-Eat Meat and Poultry Product Samples from U.S. Department of Agriculture–Regulated Producing Establishments. II. Salmonella in Ready-to-Eat Pork Barbecue Products, from 2005 to 2012

Mamber, Stephen W / Tim Mohr / Kristina Barlow / Philip A. Bronstein / Carrie Leathers / Nelson Clinch

Journal of food protection. 2018 Oct., v. 81, no. 10

2018

Abstract: Ready-to-eat (RTE) meat and poultry product samples from the random ALLRTE and risk-based RTE001 sampling projects of the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) were tested for both Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella. In the course of analyzing ... ...

Abstract	Ready-to-eat (RTE) meat and poultry product samples from the random ALLRTE and risk-based RTE001 sampling projects of the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) were tested for both Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella. In the course of analyzing Salmonella data for calendar years 2005 to 2012, it was observed that 8 (17.0%) of 47 positive samples were from pork barbecue. The eight Salmonella-positive samples, from seven establishments in a single state, were from 1,085 pork barbecue samples tested nationwide (0.74% positive) and from 296 samples tested from that one state (2.7% positive). The seven establishments represented 30.4% of 23 federal establishments in that state that had pork barbecue samples tested for Salmonella. A follow-up sample from intensified verification testing at one of the seven establishments also was positive for Salmonella. Upon further examination, contamination appeared to be influenced by regional differences in production methods. Notably, the style of pork barbecue that tested positive for Salmonella used a vinegar- and pepper-based sauce in which the ingredients were mixed without cooking. All the establishments with Salmonella-positive samples followed the practice of first cooking the pork and then adding the barbecue sauce ingredients (vinegar, pepper, other spices, etc.) after cooking (postlethality exposure). In addition to the sauce ingredients, other possible sources of contamination included employee hygiene and food handling practices and cross-contamination from other Salmonella-contaminated products and from commonly used equipment. Based on these findings, the FSIS issued guidelines recommending changes in production methods that would minimize or eliminate pork barbecue as a potential source of foodborne Salmonella infections.
Keywords	Food Safety and Inspection Service ; Listeria monocytogenes ; Salmonella ; cooking ; cross contamination ; equipment ; food handling ; guidelines ; hygiene ; ingredients ; pepper ; pork ; poultry products ; ready-to-eat foods ; salmonellosis ; vinegars ; United States
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-10
Size	p. 1737-1742.
Publishing place	International Association of Milk, Food, and Environmental Sanitarians.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	243284-5
ISSN	1944-9097 ; 0362-028X
ISSN (online)	1944-9097
ISSN	0362-028X
DOI	10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-18-026
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Occurrence of Salmonella in Ready-to-Eat Meat and Poultry Product Samples from U.S. Department of Agriculture-Regulated Producing Establishments. II. Salmonella in Ready-to-Eat Pork Barbecue Products, from 2005 to 2012.

Mamber, Stephen W / Mohr, Tim / Barlow, Kristina / Bronstein, Philip A / Leathers, Carrie / Clinch, Nelson

Journal of food protection

2018 Volume 81, Issue 10, Page(s) 1737–1742

Abstract	Ready-to-eat (RTE) meat and poultry product samples from the random ALLRTE and risk-based RTE001 sampling projects of the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) were tested for both Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella. In the course of analyzing Salmonella data for calendar years 2005 to 2012, it was observed that 8 (17.0%) of 47 positive samples were from pork barbecue. The eight Salmonella-positive samples, from seven establishments in a single state, were from 1,085 pork barbecue samples tested nationwide (0.74% positive) and from 296 samples tested from that one state (2.7% positive). The seven establishments represented 30.4% of 23 federal establishments in that state that had pork barbecue samples tested for Salmonella. A follow-up sample from intensified verification testing at one of the seven establishments also was positive for Salmonella. Upon further examination, contamination appeared to be influenced by regional differences in production methods. Notably, the style of pork barbecue that tested positive for Salmonella used a vinegar- and pepper-based sauce in which the ingredients were mixed without cooking. All the establishments with Salmonella-positive samples followed the practice of first cooking the pork and then adding the barbecue sauce ingredients (vinegar, pepper, other spices, etc.) after cooking (postlethality exposure). In addition to the sauce ingredients, other possible sources of contamination included employee hygiene and food handling practices and cross-contamination from other Salmonella-contaminated products and from commonly used equipment. Based on these findings, the FSIS issued guidelines recommending changes in production methods that would minimize or eliminate pork barbecue as a potential source of foodborne Salmonella infections.
MeSH term(s)	Agriculture ; Animals ; Consumer Product Safety ; Food Contamination/analysis ; Food Microbiology ; Listeria monocytogenes/isolation & purification ; Meat ; Meat Products/microbiology ; Poultry Products ; Red Meat ; Salmonella/isolation & purification ; Swine
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-09-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	243284-5
ISSN	1944-9097 ; 0362-028X
ISSN (online)	1944-9097
ISSN	0362-028X
DOI	10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-18-026
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Occurrence of Salmonella in Ready-to-Eat Meat and Poultry Product Samples from U.S. Department of Agriculture-Regulated Producing Establishments. I. Results from the ALLRTE and RTE001 Random and Risk-Based Sampling Projects, from 2005 to 2012.

Mamber, Stephen W / Mohr, Tim / Leathers, Carrie / Mbandi, Evelyne / Bronstein, Phil / Barlow, Kristina

Journal of food protection

2018 Volume 81, Issue 10, Page(s) 1729–1736

Abstract	Ready-to-eat (RTE) meat and poultry product samples collected from RTE-producing establishments for the ALLRTE (random) and RTE001 (risk-based) sampling projects of the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) were tested for both Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes. The FSIS analyzed Salmonella results for RTE meat and poultry product samples collected for the two sampling projects from 2005 to 2012. Data for 24,385 ALLRTE samples collected from 3,023 establishments and 66,653 RTE001 samples collected from 2,784 establishments were evaluated for the percentages of Salmonella-positive samples, product types of positive samples, and Salmonella serotypes. There also were descriptive summaries with respect to establishment hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) size, production volumes, L. monocytogenes control alternatives, geographic location, and season or month of sample collection. Results showed low occurrences of Salmonella-positive samples from the ALLRTE and RTE001 sampling projects, with 14 positive samples (0.06%) for ALLRTE and 33 positive samples (0.05%) for RTE001. Percentages of establishments with at least one Salmonella-positive sample averaged 0.46% for ALLRTE and 1.11% for RTE001. Three product types-sausage products, pork barbecue, and head cheese-accounted for 62% of all positive samples. There were 27 distinct serotypes from 48 Salmonella isolates, with serotypes Infantis and Typhimurium being the most common (5 isolates each). All but one of the Salmonella-positive samples were obtained from establishments with HACCP sizes of small or very small. More than half of the positive samples were obtained from establishments using L. monocytogenes control alternative 3 (sanitation only, highest-risk category). Positive Salmonella samples were found in all geographic regions at all times of the year. Information obtained from these sampling projects is relevant to the prevention of foodborne Salmonella illnesses from RTE meat and poultry products.
MeSH term(s)	Agriculture ; Consumer Product Safety ; Food Contamination/analysis ; Food Microbiology ; Listeria monocytogenes/isolation & purification ; Meat ; Meat Products/microbiology ; Poultry Products/microbiology ; Salmonella/isolation & purification
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-09-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	243284-5
ISSN	1944-9097 ; 0362-028X
ISSN (online)	1944-9097
ISSN	0362-028X
DOI	10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-18-025
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Can Unconventional Immunomodulatory Agents Help Alleviate COVID-19 Symptoms and Severity?

Mamber, Stephen W / Krakowka, Steven / Osborn, Jeffrey / Saberski, Lloyd / Rhodes, Ryan G / Dahlberg, Albert E / Pond-Tor, Sunthorn / Fitzgerald, Kara / Wright, Neal / Beseme, Sarah / McMichael, John

mSphere

2020 Volume 5, Issue 3

Abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS coronavirus 2, or SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of the respiratory infection known as COVID-19. From an immunopathological standpoint, coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2 induce increased levels of a variety ... ...

Abstract	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS coronavirus 2, or SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of the respiratory infection known as COVID-19. From an immunopathological standpoint, coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2 induce increased levels of a variety of T-helper 1 (Th1) and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, CCL2 protein, and CXCL10 protein. In the absence of proven antiviral agents or an effective vaccine, substances with immunomodulatory activity may be able to inhibit inflammatory and Th1 cytokines and/or yield an anti-inflammatory and/or Th2 immune response to counteract COVID-19 symptoms and severity. This report briefly describes the following four unconventional but commercially accessible immunomodulatory agents that can be employed in clinical trials to evaluate their effectiveness at alleviating disease symptoms and severity: low-dose oral interferon alpha, microdose DNA, low-dose thimerosal, and phytocannabinoids.
MeSH term(s)	Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Cannabinoids/therapeutic use ; Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy ; Cytokines/immunology ; DNA/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Immunomodulation ; Interferon-alpha/therapeutic use ; Pandemics ; Phytochemicals/therapeutic use ; Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Thimerosal/therapeutic use ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Chemical Substances	Cannabinoids ; Cytokines ; Interferon-alpha ; Phytochemicals ; Thimerosal (2225PI3MOV) ; DNA (9007-49-2)
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-05-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2379-5042
ISSN (online)	2379-5042
DOI	10.1128/mSphere.00288-20
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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