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Article ; Online: Scaling up preexposure prophylaxis to maximize HIV prevention impact.

Grulich, Andrew E / Bavinton, Benjamin R

2022 Volume 17, Issue 4, Page(s) 173–178

Abstract: Purpose of review: Ten years since the first regulatory approval of oral HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP), this review summarizes PrEP uptake, the role of ambitious PrEP targets, emerging evidence of impact on the HIV epidemic and innovative ... ...

Abstract	Purpose of review: Ten years since the first regulatory approval of oral HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP), this review summarizes PrEP uptake, the role of ambitious PrEP targets, emerging evidence of impact on the HIV epidemic and innovative approaches to increasing PrEP uptake. Recent findings: PrEP uptake among people at risk of HIV has been slow, but has accelerated in recent years, particularly in gay and bisexual men in a limited number of high-income settings and recently in heterosexuals at risk of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. However, UNAIDS 2020 PrEP targets and HIV prevention targets were missed by large margins. Although UNAIDS testing and treatment targets have galvanised public health action, in contras, PrEP targets have been lower profile and insufficiently ambitious. Parts of the USA, Australia and the UK with high PrEP coverage have demonstrated striking reductions in HIV infection at the population level, as PrEP is introduced at scale. Scaling up PrEP uptake will require innovations in PrEP promotion, simplified models of care, improved adherence interventions, improved choice in the form of longer-acting PrEP and interventions to ensure that all those who can benefit from PrEP can access it. Summary: PrEP is a revolutionary HIV prevention tool, which if ambitiously scaled up could drive HIV transmission towards elimination. Highly publicized and ambitious PrEP targets could help drive this.
MeSH term(s)	Africa South of the Sahara ; Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use ; Epidemics ; HIV Infections/epidemiology ; Humans ; Male ; Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis
Chemical Substances	Anti-HIV Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2502511-9
ISSN	1746-6318 ; 1746-630X
ISSN (online)	1746-6318
ISSN	1746-630X
DOI	10.1097/COH.0000000000000739
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Article: HIV diagnoses in Australia fall as clinicians embrace pre-exposure prophylaxis.

Medland, Nicholas A / Grulich, Andrew E

Australian prescriber

2020 Volume 43, Issue 6, Page(s) 182–183

Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-01
Publishing country	Australia
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	1075442-8
ISSN	0312-8008
ISSN	0312-8008
DOI	10.18773/austprescr.2020.048
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Article ; Online: HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis: scaling up for impact now and in the future.

Bavinton, Benjamin R / Grulich, Andrew E

The Lancet. Public health

2021 Volume 6, Issue 7, Page(s) e528–e533

Abstract: More than a decade after the first efficacy evidence for oral HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) was reported, PrEP uptake globally has been inadequate and global HIV prevention targets have been missed. Access to PrEP is still highly concentrated in a ... ...

Abstract	More than a decade after the first efficacy evidence for oral HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) was reported, PrEP uptake globally has been inadequate and global HIV prevention targets have been missed. Access to PrEP is still highly concentrated in a fairly small number of countries and, even within countries with widespread PrEP access, inequalities have emerged. More ambitious, high-priority global targets for PrEP uptake are required and could accelerate the HIV prevention response in a similar way to the success of the 90-90-90 testing and treatment targets. Health systems must be PrEP-friendly and allow PrEP to be prescribed in settings already attended by large numbers of HIV-negative individuals who are at risk. Several models have been advanced for the greater demedicalisation of PrEP. Individual-level barriers to PrEP uptake and persistence have been characterised, such as low awareness, low willingness to use PrEP, and the gap between self-perceived and actual HIV risk. Overcoming these barriers will require further efforts to understand and address them first. New PrEP modalities are emerging; as more options become available, we need to develop a greater understanding of the long-term patterns of PrEP use in different populations and to develop models of such use that can accommodate people alternating through periods of use and non-use, as well as switching between dosing regimens or modalities as they become available. Scaling up PrEP is crucial to achieving the UNAIDS prevention targets for 2030. Simply getting more people onto PrEP cannot be the only goal: the big-picture definition of success for PrEP programmes must be their impact on the HIV epidemic.
MeSH term(s)	Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use ; Biomedical Research ; HIV Infections/prevention & control ; HIV Infections/transmission ; Humans ; Outcome Assessment, Health Care ; Patient Acceptance of Health Care/statistics & numerical data ; Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis/trends ; Prognosis
Chemical Substances	Anti-HIV Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	2468-2667
ISSN (online)	2468-2667
DOI	10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00112-2
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Article ; Online: Bio-Based Valorization of Lignin-Derived Phenolic Compounds: A Review.

Martínková, Ludmila / Grulich, Michal / Pátek, Miroslav / Křístková, Barbora / Winkler, Margit

Biomolecules

2023 Volume 13, Issue 5

Abstract: ... Therefore, in this review, we focus on biocatalyzed reactions of lignin monomers, e.g., vanillin, vanillic acid ...

Abstract	Lignins are the most abundant biopolymers that consist of aromatic units. Lignins are obtained by fractionation of lignocellulose in the form of "technical lignins". The depolymerization (conversion) of lignin and the treatment of depolymerized lignin are challenging processes due to the complexity and resistance of lignins. Progress toward mild work-up of lignins has been discussed in numerous reviews. The next step in the valorization of lignin is the conversion of lignin-based monomers, which are limited in number, into a wider range of bulk and fine chemicals. These reactions may need chemicals, catalysts, solvents, or energy from fossil resources. This is counterintuitive to green, sustainable chemistry. Therefore, in this review, we focus on biocatalyzed reactions of lignin monomers, e.g., vanillin, vanillic acid, syringaldehyde, guaiacols, (iso)eugenol, ferulic acid,
MeSH term(s)	Lignin/chemistry ; Phenols/chemistry ; Solvents/chemistry ; Catalysis
Chemical Substances	Lignin (9005-53-2) ; Phenols ; Solvents
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-22
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2701262-1
ISSN	2218-273X ; 2218-273X
ISSN (online)	2218-273X
ISSN	2218-273X
DOI	10.3390/biom13050717
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Article ; Online: Is Australia ready for monkeypox?

MacIntyre, C Raina / Grulich, Andrew E

The Medical journal of Australia

2022 Volume 217, Issue 4, Page(s) 193–194

MeSH term(s)	Australia ; Humans ; Mpox (monkeypox)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-17
Publishing country	Australia
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	186082-3
ISSN	1326-5377 ; 0025-729X
ISSN (online)	1326-5377
ISSN	0025-729X
DOI	10.5694/mja2.51647
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Article ; Online: A proposal for a simplified measure of HIV preexposure prophylaxis prevention-effective adherence in self-report questionnaires.

Fraser, Doug / Holt, Martin / Ong, Jason J / Bourne, Christopher / Chan, Curtis / Grulich, Andrew E / Bavinton, Benjamin R

AIDS (London, England)

2024 Volume 38, Issue 5, Page(s) 765–767

Abstract: Evaluating HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use and HIV risk events concurrently remains challenging. We developed a single question method for measuring prevention-effective adherence with PrEP in self-report questionnaires. In a questionnaire ... ...

Abstract	Evaluating HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use and HIV risk events concurrently remains challenging. We developed a single question method for measuring prevention-effective adherence with PrEP in self-report questionnaires. In a questionnaire completed by 409 gay and bisexual men, 46% reported condomless anal sex that was not covered by their own PrEP use, and this was more common among younger, lower-income participants. Refining this questionnaire item could improve measurement of prevention-effective adherence.
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Humans ; HIV Infections/prevention & control ; HIV Infections/drug therapy ; Homosexuality, Male ; Self Report ; Sexual Behavior ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis/methods
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	639076-6
ISSN	1473-5571 ; 0269-9370 ; 1350-2840
ISSN (online)	1473-5571
ISSN	0269-9370 ; 1350-2840
DOI	10.1097/QAD.0000000000003823
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Article ; Online: Sexual pleasure and HIV-related worry in female sex workers on oral pre-exposure prophylaxis in south-western Uganda.

Nakiganda, Lydia Jacenta / Bavinton, Benjamin R / Poynten, Isobel Mary / Serwadda, David / Bazaale, Jeremiah Mulamba / Grulich, Andrew E

Sexual health

2024 Volume 21

Abstract: Background: Female sex workers (FSWs) contribute disproportionately to HIV transmission in Uganda, and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is effective in preventing HIV among cisgender women. Psychological factors are important for PrEP uptake, but few ... ...

Abstract	Background: Female sex workers (FSWs) contribute disproportionately to HIV transmission in Uganda, and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is effective in preventing HIV among cisgender women. Psychological factors are important for PrEP uptake, but few studies have examined psychosocial changes due to PrEP use in Uganda. Methods: In 2021, we recruited 524 FSWs in three Trans-African Highway towns and four fishing communities in south-western Uganda. We conducted structured interviews among women who were attending routine PrEP follow-up visits in six health units. Bivariable and multivariable modified regression using a robust covariance matrix estimator were used to identify factors associated with experiencing increased sexual pleasure and less worry about HIV because of PrEP. Results: Overall, 80.9% participants reported that sex was more pleasurable because of taking PrEP. There were statistical trends for sex being more pleasurable when taking PrEP or when having condomless sex with casual paying partners (aPR=1.19, 95% CI=1.07-1.32, P =0.001). Almost three-quarters of the participants (76.3%) were less worried about getting HIV because of PrEP. Condomless sex with casual paying partners (aPR=1.17, 95% CI=1.05-1.31, P =0.032, P =0.003) and being On PrEP for the past 1-2years (aPR=1.18, 95% CI=1.00-1.38, P =0.032) was significantly associated with HIV-related worry (aPR=1.17, 95% CI=1.05-1.31, P =0.032, P =0.003) Conclusions : We found a positive impact of PrEP in Ugandan FSWs on two key psychosocial dimensions: (1) more pleasurable sex; and (2) less worry about acquiring HIV. Interventions aiming to increase PrEP uptake may find it useful to focus on psychosocial dimensions.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Female ; HIV Infections/drug therapy ; Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis/methods ; Uganda ; Sex Workers ; Pleasure ; Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use
Chemical Substances	Anti-HIV Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-25
Publishing country	Australia
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2256731-8
ISSN	1449-8987 ; 1448-5028
ISSN (online)	1449-8987
ISSN	1448-5028
DOI	10.1071/SH23056
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Article ; Online: HIV treatment and anal cancer: emerging clarity.

Jin, Fengyi / Poynten, I Mary / Grulich, Andrew E

The lancet. HIV

2020 Volume 7, Issue 4, Page(s) e220–e221

MeSH term(s)	Anus Neoplasms ; HIV Infections ; HIV-1 ; Humans ; Kenya ; Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis ; Prospective Studies ; Uganda
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-02-25
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Comment
ISSN	2352-3018
ISSN (online)	2352-3018
DOI	10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30027-8
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Article ; Online: Sustaining sexual and reproductive health through COVID-19 pandemic restrictions: qualitative interviews with Australian clinicians.

Newman, Christy E / Fraser, Doug / Ong, Jason J / Bourne, Christopher / Grulich, Andrew E / Bavinton, Benjamin R

Sexual health

2022 Volume 19, Issue 6, Page(s) 525–532

Abstract: Background: The sexual and reproductive health care of people with HIV and those at risk of HIV has largely been delivered face-to-face in Australia. These services adapted to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic with a commitment to ... ...

Abstract	Background: The sexual and reproductive health care of people with HIV and those at risk of HIV has largely been delivered face-to-face in Australia. These services adapted to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic with a commitment to continued care despite major impacts on existing models and processes. Limited attention has been paid to understanding the perspectives of the sexual and reproductive health care workforce in the research on COVID-19 adaptations. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted between June and September 2021 with 15 key informants representing a diverse range of service settings and professional roles in the Australian sexual and reproductive health sector. Inductive themes were generated through a process of reflexive thematic analysis, informed by our deductive interest in clinical adaptations. Results: The major adaptations were: triage (rapidly adapting service models to protect the most essential forms of care); teamwork (working together to overcome ongoing threats to service quality and staff wellbeing), and the intwined themes of telehealth and trust (remaining connected to marginalised communities through remote care). Despite impacts on care models and client relationships, there were sustained benefits from the scaleup of remote care, and attention to service safety, teamwork and communication. Conclusions: Attending to the experiences of those who worked at the frontline of the COVID-19 response provides essential insights to inform sustained, meaningful system reform over time. The coming years will provide important evidence of longer-term impacts of COVID-19 interruptions on both the users and providers of sexual and reproductive health services.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Pandemics ; Reproductive Health ; COVID-19 ; Australia ; HIV Infections
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-16
Publishing country	Australia
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2256731-8
ISSN	1449-8987 ; 1448-5028
ISSN (online)	1449-8987
ISSN	1448-5028
DOI	10.1071/SH22109
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Article ; Online: Identification of Rhodococcus erythropolis Promoters Controlled by Alternative Sigma Factors Using In Vivo and In Vitro Systems and Heterologous RNA Polymerase.

Blumenstein, Jan / Rädisch, Robert / Štěpánek, Václav / Grulich, Michal / Dostálová, Hana / Pátek, Miroslav

Current microbiology

2022 Volume 79, Issue 2, Page(s) 55

Abstract: ... activated by various extreme conditions, e.g., heat, cell surface, and oxidative stress. These assays are ...

Abstract	Rhodococcus erythropolis CCM2595 is a bacterial strain, which has been studied for its capability to degrade phenol and other toxic aromatic compounds. Its cell wall contains mycolic acids, which are also an attribute of other bacteria of the Mycolata group, such as Corynebacterium and Mycobacterium species. We suppose that many genes upregulated by phenol stress in R. erythropolis are controlled by the alternative sigma factors of RNA polymerase, which are active in response to the cell envelope or oxidative stress. We developed in vitro and in vivo assays to examine the connection between the stress sigma factors and genes activated by various extreme conditions, e.g., heat, cell surface, and oxidative stress. These assays are based on the procedures of such tests carried out in the related species, Corynebacterium glutamicum. We showed that the R. erythropolis CCM2595 genes frmB1 and frmB2, which encode S-formylglutathione hydrolases (named corynomycolyl transferases in C. glutamicum), are controlled by SigD, just like the homologous genes cmt1 and cmt2 in C. glutamicum. The new protocol of the in vivo and in vitro assays will enable us to classify R. erythropolis promoters according to their connection to sigma factors and to assign the genes to the corresponding sigma regulons. The complex stress responses, such as that induced by phenol, could, thus, be analyzed with respect to the gene regulation by sigma factors.
MeSH term(s)	Corynebacterium glutamicum/genetics ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/genetics ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Rhodococcus/enzymology ; Rhodococcus/genetics ; Sigma Factor/genetics
Chemical Substances	Sigma Factor ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases (EC 2.7.7.6)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	134238-1
ISSN	1432-0991 ; 0343-8651
ISSN (online)	1432-0991
ISSN	0343-8651
DOI	10.1007/s00284-021-02747-8
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