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  1. Article: Mitochondria in disease: changes in shapes and dynamics.

    Jenkins, Brenita C / Neikirk, Kit / Katti, Prasanna / Claypool, Steven M / Kirabo, Annet / McReynolds, Melanie R / Hinton, Antentor

    Trends in biochemical sciences

    2024  Volume 49, Issue 4, Page(s) 346–360

    Abstract: Mitochondrial structure often determines the function of these highly dynamic, multifunctional, eukaryotic organelles, which are essential for maintaining cellular health. The dynamic nature of mitochondria is apparent in descriptions of different ... ...

    Abstract Mitochondrial structure often determines the function of these highly dynamic, multifunctional, eukaryotic organelles, which are essential for maintaining cellular health. The dynamic nature of mitochondria is apparent in descriptions of different mitochondrial shapes [e.g., donuts, megamitochondria (MGs), and nanotunnels] and crista dynamics. This review explores the significance of dynamic alterations in mitochondrial morphology and regulators of mitochondrial and cristae shape. We focus on studies across tissue types and also describe new microscopy techniques for detecting mitochondrial morphologies both in vivo and in vitro that can improve understanding of mitochondrial structure. We highlight the potential therapeutic benefits of regulating mitochondrial morphology and discuss prospective avenues to restore mitochondrial bioenergetics to manage diseases related to mitochondrial dysfunction.
    MeSH term(s) Prospective Studies ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Mitochondrial Membranes/metabolism ; Energy Metabolism
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-23
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 194216-5
    ISSN 1362-4326 ; 0968-0004 ; 0376-5067
    ISSN (online) 1362-4326
    ISSN 0968-0004 ; 0376-5067
    DOI 10.1016/j.tibs.2024.01.011
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: Mitochondrial compartmentalization: emerging themes in structure and function.

    Iovine, Joseph C / Claypool, Steven M / Alder, Nathan N

    Trends in biochemical sciences

    2021  Volume 46, Issue 11, Page(s) 902–917

    Abstract: Within cellular structures, compartmentalization is the concept of spatial segregation of macromolecules, metabolites, and biochemical pathways. Therefore, this concept bridges organellar structure and function. Mitochondria are morphologically complex, ... ...

    Abstract Within cellular structures, compartmentalization is the concept of spatial segregation of macromolecules, metabolites, and biochemical pathways. Therefore, this concept bridges organellar structure and function. Mitochondria are morphologically complex, partitioned into several subcompartments by a topologically elaborate two-membrane system. They are also dynamically polymorphic, undergoing morphogenesis events with an extent and frequency that is only now being appreciated. Thus, mitochondrial compartmentalization is something that must be considered both spatially and temporally. Here, we review new developments in how mitochondrial structure is established and regulated, the factors that underpin the distribution of lipids and proteins, and how they spatially demarcate locations of myriad mitochondrial processes. Consistent with its pre-eminence, disturbed mitochondrial compartmentalization contributes to the dysfunction associated with heritable and aging-related diseases.
    MeSH term(s) Mitochondria/metabolism ; Mitochondrial Membranes/metabolism ; Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Mitochondrial Proteins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-07-07
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Review
    ZDB-ID 194216-5
    ISSN 1362-4326 ; 0968-0004 ; 0376-5067
    ISSN (online) 1362-4326
    ISSN 0968-0004 ; 0376-5067
    DOI 10.1016/j.tibs.2021.06.003
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  3. Article: Emerging Roles in the Biogenesis of Cytochrome

    Ogunbona, Oluwaseun B / Claypool, Steven M

    Frontiers in cell and developmental biology

    2019  Volume 7, Page(s) 3

    Abstract: The mitochondrial carrier family (MCF) is a group of transport proteins that are mostly localized to the inner mitochondrial membrane where they facilitate the movement of various solutes across the membrane. Although these carriers represent potential ... ...

    Abstract The mitochondrial carrier family (MCF) is a group of transport proteins that are mostly localized to the inner mitochondrial membrane where they facilitate the movement of various solutes across the membrane. Although these carriers represent potential targets for therapeutic application and are repeatedly associated with human disease, research on the MCF has not progressed commensurate to their physiologic and pathophysiologic importance. Many of the 53 MCF members in humans are orphans and lack known transport substrates. Even for the relatively well-studied members of this family, such as the ADP/ATP carrier and the uncoupling protein, there exist fundamental gaps in our understanding of their biological roles including a clear rationale for the existence of multiple isoforms. Here, we briefly review this important family of mitochondrial carriers, provide a few salient examples of their diverse metabolic roles and disease associations, and then focus on an emerging link between several distinct MCF members, including the ADP/ATP carrier, and cytochrome
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-01-31
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2737824-X
    ISSN 2296-634X
    ISSN 2296-634X
    DOI 10.3389/fcell.2019.00003
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  4. Article ; Online: Phospholipid ebb and flow makes mitochondria go.

    Acoba, Michelle Grace / Senoo, Nanami / Claypool, Steven M

    The Journal of cell biology

    2020  Volume 219, Issue 8

    Abstract: Mitochondria, so much more than just being energy factories, also have the capacity to synthesize macromolecules including phospholipids, particularly cardiolipin (CL) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Phospholipids are vital constituents of ... ...

    Abstract Mitochondria, so much more than just being energy factories, also have the capacity to synthesize macromolecules including phospholipids, particularly cardiolipin (CL) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Phospholipids are vital constituents of mitochondrial membranes, impacting the plethora of functions performed by this organelle. Hence, the orchestrated movement of phospholipids to and from the mitochondrion is essential for cellular integrity. In this review, we capture recent advances in the field of mitochondrial phospholipid biosynthesis and trafficking, highlighting the significance of interorganellar communication, intramitochondrial contact sites, and lipid transfer proteins in maintaining membrane homeostasis. We then discuss the physiological functions of CL and PE, specifically how they associate with protein complexes in mitochondrial membranes to support bioenergetics and maintain mitochondrial architecture.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Biological Transport ; Cardiolipins/metabolism ; Energy Metabolism ; Humans ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Mitochondrial Membranes/metabolism ; Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism ; Phosphatidylethanolamines/metabolism ; Phospholipids/biosynthesis ; Phospholipids/metabolism ; Signal Transduction
    Chemical Substances Cardiolipins ; Mitochondrial Proteins ; Phosphatidylethanolamines ; Phospholipids ; phosphatidylethanolamine (39382-08-6)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-07-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 218154-x
    ISSN 1540-8140 ; 0021-9525
    ISSN (online) 1540-8140
    ISSN 0021-9525
    DOI 10.1083/jcb.202003131
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  5. Article ; Online: Cardiolipin's Remodeling Rules Revealed: The Role of the Cellular Lipidome.

    Sniezek, Olivia L / Anzmann, Arianna F / Claypool, Steven M / Vernon, Hilary J

    Cell reports

    2020  Volume 30, Issue 12, Page(s) 3949–3950

    Abstract: In this issue of Cell Reports, Oemer et al. (2020) define the acyl chain composition of cardiolipin and other lipid classes in murine tissues. They then employ artificial neural networks to predict mechanisms that govern cardiolipin tissue specificity, ... ...

    Abstract In this issue of Cell Reports, Oemer et al. (2020) define the acyl chain composition of cardiolipin and other lipid classes in murine tissues. They then employ artificial neural networks to predict mechanisms that govern cardiolipin tissue specificity, with implications for understanding cellular pathogenesis in human disease.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Cardiolipins ; Humans ; Lipidomics ; Mice ; Mitochondria ; Phospholipids
    Chemical Substances Cardiolipins ; Phospholipids
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-04-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 2649101-1
    ISSN 2211-1247 ; 2211-1247
    ISSN (online) 2211-1247
    ISSN 2211-1247
    DOI 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.010
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  6. Article ; Online: Proteolytic Control of Lipid Metabolism.

    Sam, Pingdewinde N / Avery, Erica / Claypool, Steven M

    ACS chemical biology

    2019  Volume 14, Issue 11, Page(s) 2406–2423

    Abstract: Synthesis and regulation of lipid levels and identities is critical for a wide variety of cellular functions, including structural and morphological properties of organelles, energy storage, signaling, and stability and function of membrane proteins. ... ...

    Abstract Synthesis and regulation of lipid levels and identities is critical for a wide variety of cellular functions, including structural and morphological properties of organelles, energy storage, signaling, and stability and function of membrane proteins. Proteolytic cleavage events regulate and/or influence some of these lipid metabolic processes and as a result help modulate their pleiotropic cellular functions. Proteins involved in lipid regulation are proteolytically cleaved for the purpose of their relocalization, processing, turnover, and quality control, among others. The scope of this review includes proteolytic events governing cellular lipid dynamics. After an initial discussion of the classic example of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins, our focus will shift to the mitochondrion, where a range of proteolytic events are critical for normal mitochondrial phospholipid metabolism and enforcing quality control therein. Recently, mitochondrial phospholipid metabolic pathways have been implicated as important for the proliferative capacity of cancers. Thus, the assorted proteases that regulate, monitor, or influence the activity of proteins that are important for phospholipid metabolism represent attractive targets to be manipulated for research purposes and clinical applications.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cholesterol/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Peptide Hydrolases/genetics ; Peptide Hydrolases/metabolism ; Phospholipids/chemistry ; Phospholipids/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Proteolysis ; Signal Transduction
    Chemical Substances Phospholipids ; Cholesterol (97C5T2UQ7J) ; Peptide Hydrolases (EC 3.4.-)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-09-30
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Review
    ISSN 1554-8937
    ISSN (online) 1554-8937
    DOI 10.1021/acschembio.9b00695
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  7. Article ; Online: Cardiolipin, Mitochondria, and Neurological Disease.

    Falabella, Micol / Vernon, Hilary J / Hanna, Michael G / Claypool, Steven M / Pitceathly, Robert D S

    Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM

    2021  Volume 32, Issue 4, Page(s) 224–237

    Abstract: Over the past decade, it has become clear that lipid homeostasis is central to cellular metabolism. Lipids are particularly abundant in the central nervous system (CNS) where they modulate membrane fluidity, electric signal transduction, and synaptic ... ...

    Abstract Over the past decade, it has become clear that lipid homeostasis is central to cellular metabolism. Lipids are particularly abundant in the central nervous system (CNS) where they modulate membrane fluidity, electric signal transduction, and synaptic stabilization. Abnormal lipid profiles reported in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and traumatic brain injury (TBI), are further support for the importance of lipid metablism in the nervous system. Cardiolipin (CL), a mitochondria-exclusive phospholipid, has recently emerged as a focus of neurodegenerative disease research. Aberrant CL content, structure, and localization are linked to impaired neurogenesis and neuronal dysfunction, contributing to aging and the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD and PD. Furthermore, the highly tissue-specific acyl chain composition of CL confers it significant potential as a biomarker to diagnose and monitor the progression in several neurological diseases. CL also represents a potential target for pharmacological strategies aimed at treating neurodegeneration. Given the equipoise that currently exists between CL metabolism, mitochondrial function, and neurological disease, we review the role of CL in nervous system physiology and monogenic and neurodegenerative disease pathophysiology, in addition to its potential application as a biomarker and pharmacological target.
    MeSH term(s) Cardiolipins/metabolism ; Central Nervous System ; Humans ; Mitochondria/pathology ; Neurodegenerative Diseases/metabolism ; Neurodegenerative Diseases/pathology ; Neurons/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Cardiolipins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-24
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1042384-9
    ISSN 1879-3061 ; 1043-2760
    ISSN (online) 1879-3061
    ISSN 1043-2760
    DOI 10.1016/j.tem.2021.01.006
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  8. Article ; Online: Cardiomyopathy-associated mutation in the ADP/ATP carrier reveals translation-dependent regulation of cytochrome c oxidase activity.

    Ogunbona, Oluwaseun B / Baile, Matthew G / Claypool, Steven M

    Molecular biology of the cell

    2018  Volume 29, Issue 12, Page(s) 1449–1464

    Abstract: How the absence of the major mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier in yeast, Aac2p, results in a specific defect in cytochrome c oxidase (COX; complex IV) activity is a long-standing mystery. Aac2p physically associates with respiratory supercomplexes, which ... ...

    Abstract How the absence of the major mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier in yeast, Aac2p, results in a specific defect in cytochrome c oxidase (COX; complex IV) activity is a long-standing mystery. Aac2p physically associates with respiratory supercomplexes, which include complex IV, raising the possibility that its activity is dependent on its association with Aac2p. Here, we have leveraged a transport-dead pathogenic AAC2 point mutant to determine the basis for the reduced COX activity in the absence of Aac2p. The steady-state levels of complex IV subunits encoded by the mitochondrial genome are significantly reduced in the absence of Aac2p function, whether its association with respiratory supercomplexes is preserved or not. This diminution in COX amounts is not caused by a reduction in the mitochondrial genome copy number or the steady-state level of its transcripts, and does not reflect a defect in complex IV assembly. Instead, the absence of Aac2p activity, genetically or pharmacologically, results in an aberrant pattern of mitochondrial translation. Interestingly, compared with the complete absence of Aac2p, the complex IV-related defects are greater in mitochondria expressing the transport-inactive Aac2p mutant. Our results highlight a critical role for Aac2p transport in mitochondrial translation whose disturbance uniquely impacts cytochrome c oxidase.
    MeSH term(s) Cardiomyopathies/genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/metabolism ; Genome, Mitochondrial ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Mitochondrial ADP, ATP Translocases/genetics ; Mutation/genetics ; Oxidative Phosphorylation ; Protein Biosynthesis ; Protein Stability ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/genetics ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/metabolism
    Chemical Substances PET9 protein, S cerevisiae ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Mitochondrial ADP, ATP Translocases (9068-80-8) ; COX3 protein, S cerevisiae (EC 1.9.3.1) ; Electron Transport Complex IV (EC 1.9.3.1)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-04-24
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1098979-1
    ISSN 1939-4586 ; 1059-1524
    ISSN (online) 1939-4586
    ISSN 1059-1524
    DOI 10.1091/mbc.E17-12-0700
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  9. Article: Disorders of phospholipid metabolism: an emerging class of mitochondrial disease due to defects in nuclear genes.

    Lu, Ya-Wen / Claypool, Steven M

    Frontiers in genetics

    2015  Volume 6, Page(s) 3

    Abstract: The human nuclear and mitochondrial genomes co-exist within each cell. While the mitochondrial genome encodes for a limited number of proteins, transfer RNAs, and ribosomal RNAs, the vast majority of mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nuclear ... ...

    Abstract The human nuclear and mitochondrial genomes co-exist within each cell. While the mitochondrial genome encodes for a limited number of proteins, transfer RNAs, and ribosomal RNAs, the vast majority of mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nuclear genome. Of the multitude of mitochondrial disorders known to date, only a fifth are maternally inherited. The recent characterization of the mitochondrial proteome therefore serves as an important step toward delineating the nosology of a large spectrum of phenotypically heterogeneous diseases. Following the identification of the first nuclear gene defect to underlie a mitochondrial disorder, a plenitude of genetic variants that provoke mitochondrial pathophysiology have been molecularly elucidated and classified into six categories that impact: (1) oxidative phosphorylation (subunits and assembly factors); (2) mitochondrial DNA maintenance and expression; (3) mitochondrial protein import and assembly; (4) mitochondrial quality control (chaperones and proteases); (5) iron-sulfur cluster homeostasis; and (6) mitochondrial dynamics (fission and fusion). Here, we propose that an additional class of genetic variant be included in the classification schema to acknowledge the role of genetic defects in phospholipid biosynthesis, remodeling, and metabolism in mitochondrial pathophysiology. This seventh class includes a small but notable group of nuclear-encoded proteins whose dysfunction impacts normal mitochondrial phospholipid metabolism. The resulting human disorders present with a diverse array of pathologic consequences that reflect the variety of functions that phospholipids have in mitochondria and highlight the important role of proper membrane homeostasis in mitochondrial biology.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-02-03
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2606823-0
    ISSN 1664-8021
    ISSN 1664-8021
    DOI 10.3389/fgene.2015.00003
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  10. Article: Cardiolipin, a critical determinant of mitochondrial carrier protein assembly and function.

    Claypool, Steven M

    Biochimica et biophysica acta

    2009  Volume 1788, Issue 10, Page(s) 2059–2068

    Abstract: The ability of phospholipids to act as determinants of membrane protein structure and function is probably best exemplified by cardiolipin (CL), the signature phospholipid of mitochondria. Early efforts to reconstitute individual respiratory complexes ... ...

    Abstract The ability of phospholipids to act as determinants of membrane protein structure and function is probably best exemplified by cardiolipin (CL), the signature phospholipid of mitochondria. Early efforts to reconstitute individual respiratory complexes and members of the mitochondrial carrier family, most notably the ADP/ATP carrier (AAC), often demonstrated the importance of CL. Over the past decade, the significance of CL in the organization of components of the electron transport chain into higher order assemblies, termed respiratory supercomplexes, has been established. Another protein required for oxidative phosphorylation, AAC, has received comparatively little attention likely stemming from the fact that AACs were thought to function in isolation as either homodimers or monomers. Recently however, AACs have been demonstrated to interact with the respiratory supercomplex, other members of the mitochondrial carrier family, and the TIM23 translocon. Interestingly, many if not all of these interactions depend on CL. As the paradigm for the mitochondrial carrier family, these discoveries with AAC suggest that other members of this large group of important proteins may be more gregarious than anticipated. Moreover, it is proposed that AAC and perhaps additional members of the mitochondrial carrier family might represent downstream targets of pathological states involving alterations in CL.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Cardiolipins/metabolism ; Humans ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Mitochondrial ADP, ATP Translocases/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Cardiolipins ; Mitochondrial ADP, ATP Translocases (9068-80-8)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2009-05-05
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Review
    ZDB-ID 60-7
    ISSN 1879-2596 ; 1879-260X ; 1872-8006 ; 1879-2642 ; 1879-2618 ; 1879-2650 ; 0006-3002 ; 0005-2728 ; 0005-2736 ; 0304-4165 ; 0167-4838 ; 1388-1981 ; 0167-4889 ; 0167-4781 ; 0304-419X ; 1570-9639 ; 0925-4439 ; 1874-9399
    ISSN (online) 1879-2596 ; 1879-260X ; 1872-8006 ; 1879-2642 ; 1879-2618 ; 1879-2650
    ISSN 0006-3002 ; 0005-2728 ; 0005-2736 ; 0304-4165 ; 0167-4838 ; 1388-1981 ; 0167-4889 ; 0167-4781 ; 0304-419X ; 1570-9639 ; 0925-4439 ; 1874-9399
    DOI 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.04.020
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