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  1. Article ; Online: Mouse models of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses: useful pre-clinical tools to delineate disease pathophysiology and validate therapeutics.

    Shacka, John J

    Brain research bulletin

    2012  Volume 88, Issue 1, Page(s) 43–57

    Abstract: The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL, also known as Batten disease) is a devastating neurodegenerative diseases caused by mutations in either soluble enzymes or membrane-associated structural proteins that result in lysosome dysfunction. Different ... ...

    Abstract The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL, also known as Batten disease) is a devastating neurodegenerative diseases caused by mutations in either soluble enzymes or membrane-associated structural proteins that result in lysosome dysfunction. Different forms of NCL were defined initially by age of onset, affected population and/or type of storage material but collectively represent the most prevalent pediatric hereditary neurovisceral storage disorder. Specific gene mutations are now known for each subclass of NCL in humans that now largely define the disease: cathepsin D (CTSD) for congenital (CLN10 form); palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) for infantile (CLN1 form); tripeptidyl peptidase 1 (TPP1) for classic late infantile (CLN2 form); variant late infantile-CLN5, CLN6 or CLN8 for variant late infantile forms; and CLN3 for juvenile (CLN3 form). Several mouse models of NCL have been developed, or in some cases exist sporadically, that exhibit mutations producing a progressive neurodegenerative phenotype similar to that observed in human NCL. The study of these mouse models of NCL has dramatically advanced our knowledge of NCL pathophysiology and in some cases has helped delineate the function of proteins mutated in human NCL. In addition, NCL mutant mice have been tested for several different therapeutic approaches and as such they have become important pre-clinical models for validating treatment options. In this review we will assess the current state of mouse models of NCL with regards to their unique pathophysiology and how these mice have helped investigators achieve a better understanding of human NCL disease and therapy.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Neurologic Mutants ; Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses/genetics ; Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses/physiopathology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2012-05-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Review
    ZDB-ID 197620-5
    ISSN 1873-2747 ; 0361-9230
    ISSN (online) 1873-2747
    ISSN 0361-9230
    DOI 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.03.003
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: Autophagy Modulation in Disease Therapy: Where Do We Stand?

    Nelson, Michael P / Shacka, John J

    Current pathobiology reports

    2014  Volume 1, Issue 4, Page(s) 239–245

    Abstract: Since it was first described more than 50 years ago autophagy has been examined in many contexts, from cell survival to pathogen sequestration and removal. In more recent years our understanding of autophagy has developed sufficiently to allow effective ... ...

    Abstract Since it was first described more than 50 years ago autophagy has been examined in many contexts, from cell survival to pathogen sequestration and removal. In more recent years our understanding of autophagy has developed sufficiently to allow effective targeted therapeutics to be developed against various diseases. The field of autophagy research is expanding rapidly, demonstrated by increases in both numbers of investigators in the field and the breadth of topics being addressed. Some diseases, such as the many cancers, have come to the fore in autophagy therapeutics research as a better understanding of their underlying mechanisms has surfaced. Numerous treatments are being developed and explored, from creative applications of the classic autophagy modulators chloroquine and rapamycin, to repurposing drugs approved for other treatments, such as astemizole, which is currently in use as an antimalarial and chronic rhinitis treatment. The landscape of autophagy modulation in disease therapy is rapidly changing and this review hopes to provide a cross-section of the current state of the field.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-01-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2167-485X
    ISSN 2167-485X
    DOI 10.1007/s40139-013-0032-9
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Brief Report: Intracellular Cystatin B Levels Are Altered in HIV-Infected Participants With Respect to Neurocognitive Status and Antiretroviral Therapy.

    Opsteen, Skye / Moylan, David / Taiwo, Babafemi O / Robertson, Kevin R / Overton, E Turner / Cutter, Gary R / Sabbaj, Steffanie / Heath, Sonya L / Shacka, John J

    Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)

    2022  Volume 91, Issue 5, Page(s) 485–489

    Abstract: Abstract: With advances in HIV treatment, people with HIV (PWH) are living longer but experience aging-related comorbidities, including cognitive deficits, at higher rates than the general population. Previous studies have shown alterations in lysosomal ...

    Abstract Abstract: With advances in HIV treatment, people with HIV (PWH) are living longer but experience aging-related comorbidities, including cognitive deficits, at higher rates than the general population. Previous studies have shown alterations in lysosomal proteins in blood from PWH with severe dementia. However, these markers have not been evaluated in PWH with milder neurocognitive impairment. We sought to determine whether levels of the lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin B (CatB) and its endogenous inhibitor cystatin B (CysB) were altered in PWH with neurocognitive impairment and whether antiretroviral therapy (ART) further influenced these levels. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained from the tenofovir arm of a multicenter clinical trial in which ART-naive, HIV+ participants received treatment for 48 weeks (ACTG A5303, NCT01400412). PWH were divided by neurocognitive status (eg, with or without neurocognitive impairment) before ART initiation. Intracellular levels of CatB and CysB were measured in T cells and monocytes by means of flow cytometry. Levels of CysB were significantly decreased in both CD4 + T cells and CD8 + T cells after 48 weeks of ART in HIV+ participants without neurocognitive impairment but not in participants with neurocognitive impairment. Levels of CysB were increased in CD14 + monocytes from the participants with neurocognitive impairment after ART. Levels of CysB and CatB positively correlated regardless of HIV, neurocognitive status, or exposure to ART. These findings suggest that CysB has the potential to provide mechanistic insight into HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders or provide a molecular target for systemic monitoring or treatment of neurocognitive impairment in the context of ART and should be investigated further.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Cystatin B ; HIV Infections/complications ; HIV Infections/drug therapy ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear ; Neurocognitive Disorders/complications ; Viral Load ; Multicenter Studies as Topic ; Clinical Trials as Topic
    Chemical Substances Cystatin B (88844-95-5)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-09-13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 645053-2
    ISSN 1944-7884 ; 1077-9450 ; 0897-5965 ; 0894-9255 ; 1525-4135
    ISSN (online) 1944-7884 ; 1077-9450
    ISSN 0897-5965 ; 0894-9255 ; 1525-4135
    DOI 10.1097/QAI.0000000000003086
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Tandem Mass Spectrometry Multiplex Analysis of Glucosylceramide and Galactosylceramide Isoforms in Brain Tissues at Different Stages of Parkinson Disease.

    Boutin, Michel / Sun, Ying / Shacka, John J / Auray-Blais, Christiane

    Analytical chemistry

    2016  Volume 88, Issue 3, Page(s) 1856–1863

    Abstract: Previous studies demonstrated that Parkinson disease (PD) is associated with a decreased activity of the glucocerebrosidase (GCase) enzyme in brain tissues. The objective of this study was to determine if GCase deficiency is associated with the ... ...

    Abstract Previous studies demonstrated that Parkinson disease (PD) is associated with a decreased activity of the glucocerebrosidase (GCase) enzyme in brain tissues. The objective of this study was to determine if GCase deficiency is associated with the accumulation of its glucosylceramide (GluCer) substrate in PD brain tissues. An ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed, optimized, and validated for the multiplex analysis of GluCer isoforms (C18:0, C20:0, C22:0, C24:1, and C24:0) in brain tissue samples. These molecules were chromatographically separated from their isobaric galactosylceramide (GalCer) counterparts using normal phase chromatography. The analysis was performed by tandem mass spectrometry in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) acquisition mode. Limits of detection ranging from 0.4 to 1.1 nmol/g brain tissue were established for the different GluCer isoforms analyzed. For the first time, GluCer isoform levels were analyzed in temporal cortex brain tissue samples from 26 PD patients who were divided into three PD disease stages (IIa, III, and IV) according to the Unified Staging System for Lewy Body Disorders. These specimens were compared with brain tissue samples from 12 controls and 6 patients with Incidental Lewy Body Disease. No significant GluCer concentration differences were observed between the 5 sample groups. The GluCer isoform levels were also normalized with their matching GalCer isoforms. The normalized results showed a trend for GluCer levels which increased with PD severity. However, the differences observed between the groups were not significant, owing likely to the high standard deviations measured.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Brain/metabolism ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Disease Models, Animal ; Galactosylceramides/analysis ; Galactosylceramides/chemistry ; Glucosylceramides/analysis ; Glucosylceramides/chemistry ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Molecular Structure ; Parkinson Disease/diagnosis ; Parkinson Disease/metabolism ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
    Chemical Substances Galactosylceramides ; Glucosylceramides
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-02-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1508-8
    ISSN 1520-6882 ; 0003-2700
    ISSN (online) 1520-6882
    ISSN 0003-2700
    DOI 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04227
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Restoration of CTSD (cathepsin D) and lysosomal function in stroke is neuroprotective.

    Hossain, M Iqbal / Marcus, Joshua M / Lee, Jun Hee / Garcia, Patrick L / Singh, VinodKumar / Shacka, John J / Zhang, Jianhua / Gropen, Toby I / Falany, Charles N / Andrabi, Shaida A

    Autophagy

    2020  Volume 17, Issue 6, Page(s) 1330–1348

    Abstract: Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability. The pathophysiological mechanisms associated with stroke are very complex and not fully understood. Lysosomal function has a vital physiological function in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. In ... ...

    Abstract Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability. The pathophysiological mechanisms associated with stroke are very complex and not fully understood. Lysosomal function has a vital physiological function in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. In neurons, CTSD (cathepsin D) is an essential protease involved in the regulation of proteolytic activity of the lysosomes. Loss of CTSD leads to lysosomal dysfunction and accumulation of different cellular proteins implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. In cerebral ischemia, the role of CTSD and lysosomal function is not clearly defined. We used oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in mouse cortical neurons and the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of stroke to assess the role of CTSD in stroke pathophysiology. Our results show a time-dependent decrease in CTSD protein levels and activity in the mouse brain after stroke and neurons following OGD, with concurrent defects in lysosomal function. We found that shRNA-mediated knockdown of CTSD in neurons is sufficient to cause lysosomal dysfunction. CTSD knockdown further aggravates lysosomal dysfunction and cell death in OGD-exposed neurons. Restoration of CTSD protein levels via lentiviral transduction increases CTSD activity in neurons and, thus, renders resistance to OGD-mediated defects in lysosomal function and cell death. This study indicates that CTSD-dependent lysosomal function is critical for maintaining neuronal survival in cerebral ischemia; thus, strategies focused on maintaining CTSD function in neurons are potentially novel therapeutic approaches to prevent neuronal death in stroke.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Autophagy/physiology ; Brain/metabolism ; Brain Ischemia/metabolism ; Cathepsin D/metabolism ; Cell Death/physiology ; Lysosomes/metabolism ; Mice ; Neurons/metabolism ; Neuroprotection/physiology ; Stroke/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Cathepsin D (EC 3.4.23.5)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-05-25
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 2454135-7
    ISSN 1554-8635 ; 1554-8627
    ISSN (online) 1554-8635
    ISSN 1554-8627
    DOI 10.1080/15548627.2020.1761219
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article: Cathepsin D deficiency and NCL/Batten disease: there's more to death than apoptosis.

    Shacka, John J / Roth, Kevin A

    Autophagy

    2007  Volume 3, Issue 5, Page(s) 474–476

    Abstract: Animal models of cathepsin D (CD) deficiency are characterized by a progressive and relentless neurodegenerative phenotype similar to that observed in Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCL), a group of pediatric neurodegenerative diseases known ... ...

    Abstract Animal models of cathepsin D (CD) deficiency are characterized by a progressive and relentless neurodegenerative phenotype similar to that observed in Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCL), a group of pediatric neurodegenerative diseases known collectively as Batten Disease. We have shown recently that the targeted deletion of the pro-apoptotic molecule Bax prevents apoptotic markers but not neuron death and neurodegeneration induced by CD deficiency, which suggests that alterations in the macroautophagy-lysosomal degradation pathway can mediate neuron death in NCL/Batten Disease in the absence of apoptosis. Herein, we review CD deficiency in the broader context of NCL and offer potential mechanisms for neuron death and neurodegeneration induced by CD deficiency.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Apoptosis ; Autophagy ; Cathepsin D/deficiency ; Cathepsin D/genetics ; Humans ; Mutation ; Nerve Degeneration/enzymology ; Nerve Degeneration/genetics ; Nerve Degeneration/pathology ; Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses/enzymology ; Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses/genetics ; Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses/pathology ; Neurons/pathology
    Chemical Substances Cathepsin D (EC 3.4.23.5)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2007-04-25
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2454135-7
    ISSN 1554-8635 ; 1554-8627
    ISSN (online) 1554-8635
    ISSN 1554-8627
    DOI 10.4161/auto.4341
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Autophagy in the brains of young patients with poorly controlled T1DM and fatal diabetic ketoacidosis.

    Hoffman, William H / Shacka, John J / Andjelkovic, Anuska V

    Experimental and molecular pathology

    2011  Volume 93, Issue 2, Page(s) 273–280

    Abstract: Semi-quantitative neuroradiologic studies, quantitative neuron density studies and immunocytochemistry markers of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation indicate neuronal injury and deficits in young patients with chronic poorly controlled type 1 ... ...

    Abstract Semi-quantitative neuroradiologic studies, quantitative neuron density studies and immunocytochemistry markers of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation indicate neuronal injury and deficits in young patients with chronic poorly controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Present data suggest that pathogenesis of the neuronal deficits in young patients, who die as the result of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and brain edema (BE), does not involve apoptosis, a prominent form of regulated cell death in many disease states. To further address this we studied mediators of macroautophagy, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis. In all areas studied we demonstrated increased levels of macroautophagy-associated proteins including light chain-3 (LC3) and autophagy related protein-4 (Atg4), as well as increased levels of the ER-associated glucose-regulated protein78/binding immunoglobulin protein (GRP78/BiP) in T1DM. In contrast, cleaved caspase-3 was rarely detected in any T1DM brain regions. These results suggest that chronic metabolic instability and oxidative stress may cause alterations in the autophagy-lysosomal pathway but not apoptosis, and macroautophagy-associated molecules may serve as useful candidates for further study in the pathogenesis of early neuronal deficits in T1DM.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Apoptosis ; Autophagy ; Autophagy-Related Proteins ; Brain Edema/etiology ; Brain Edema/metabolism ; Brain Edema/pathology ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/genetics ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology ; Diabetic Ketoacidosis/etiology ; Diabetic Ketoacidosis/metabolism ; Diabetic Ketoacidosis/pathology ; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress/physiology ; Fatal Outcome ; Female ; Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism ; Humans ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism ; Neurons/metabolism ; Oxidative Stress
    Chemical Substances Autophagy-Related Proteins ; Heat-Shock Proteins ; MAP1LC3A protein, human ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins ; ATG4A protein, human (EC 3.4.22.-) ; Cysteine Endopeptidases (EC 3.4.22.-) ; molecular chaperone GRP78 (YCYIS6GADR)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2011-11-06
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Case Reports ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Review
    ZDB-ID 207655-x
    ISSN 1096-0945 ; 0014-4800
    ISSN (online) 1096-0945
    ISSN 0014-4800
    DOI 10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.10.007
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article: Cathepsin deficiency as a model for neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses.

    Shacka, John J / Roth, Kevin A

    The American journal of pathology

    2005  Volume 167, Issue 6, Page(s) 1473–1476

    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Apoptosis ; Autophagy ; Cathepsins/deficiency ; Cathepsins/genetics ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Models, Neurological ; Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses/pathology ; Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses/physiopathology
    Chemical Substances Cathepsins (EC 3.4.-)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2005-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Comment ; Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2943-9
    ISSN 1525-2191 ; 0002-9440
    ISSN (online) 1525-2191
    ISSN 0002-9440
    DOI 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)61233-3
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article: Regulation of neuronal cell death and neurodegeneration by members of the Bcl-2 family: therapeutic implications.

    Shacka, John J / Roth, Kevin A

    Current drug targets. CNS and neurological disorders

    2005  Volume 4, Issue 1, Page(s) 25–39

    Abstract: The Bcl-2 family of proteins contains both anti and pro-apoptotic members that have been shown to regulate neuronal cell death during development and in many models of acute and chronic neurodegeneration. This family of proteins can be divided into three ...

    Abstract The Bcl-2 family of proteins contains both anti and pro-apoptotic members that have been shown to regulate neuronal cell death during development and in many models of acute and chronic neurodegeneration. This family of proteins can be divided into three distinct classes based on structure and function: the anti-apoptotic sub-group; the pro-apoptotic, multi-domain sub-group; and the pro-apoptotic, BH3 domain-only sub-group. Alterations in the expression of Bcl-2 family members occur in several animal and human neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's, Huntington's and Parkinson's diseases and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Similar changes are seen in in vivo and in vitro models of acute neurodegeneration, including stroke and traumatic brain injury. Methods to increase the overall expression and/or function of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, and thus promote neuron survival, have been studied extensively in these models. Most treatment efforts focus on either the targeted delivery via viral vectors of anti-apoptotic members of Bcl-2 family members into the affected brain regions of interest, the generation of direct interactions of small molecule inhibitors with Bcl-2 family members, or the induced expression of Bcl-2 family members secondary to pharmacological manipulation. Although many challenges exist in the design of safe and efficacious Bcl-2 family mimetics for the treatment of neurodegeneration, such strategies offer great promise for preserving neuron viability, and hopefully function, in a variety of human neurological diseases.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Apoptosis/drug effects ; Apoptosis/physiology ; Drug Design ; Humans ; Nerve Degeneration/metabolism ; Neurodegenerative Diseases/drug therapy ; Neurodegenerative Diseases/metabolism ; Neurons/metabolism ; Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology ; Protein Structure, Tertiary/physiology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/classification ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/drug effects ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Neuroprotective Agents ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2
    Language English
    Publishing date 2005-02-11
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2146136-3
    ISSN 1568-007X
    ISSN 1568-007X
    DOI 10.2174/1568007053005127
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article: Increased autophagic response in a population of metastatic breast cancer cells.

    Li, Y I / Libby, Emily Falk / Lewis, Monica J / Liu, Jianzhong / Shacka, John J / Hurst, Douglas R

    Oncology letters

    2016  Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 523–529

    Abstract: Breast cancer cells are heterogeneous in their ability to invade and fully metastasize, and thus also in their capacity to survive the numerous stresses encountered throughout the multiple steps of the metastatic cascade. Considering the role of ... ...

    Abstract Breast cancer cells are heterogeneous in their ability to invade and fully metastasize, and thus also in their capacity to survive the numerous stresses encountered throughout the multiple steps of the metastatic cascade. Considering the role of autophagy as a survival response to stress, the present study hypothesized that distinct populations of breast cancer cells may possess an altered autophagic capacity that influences their metastatic potential. It was observed that a metastatic breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, that was sensitive to autophagic induction additionally possessed the ability to proliferate following nutrient deprivation. Furthermore, a selected subpopulation of these cells that survived multiple exposures to starvation conditions demonstrated a heightened response to autophagic induction compared to their parent cells. Although this subpopulation maintained a more grape-like pattern in three-dimensional culture compared to the extended spikes of the parent population, autophagic induction in this subpopulation elicited an invasive phenotype with extended spikes. Taken together, these results suggest that autophagic induction may contribute to the ability of distinct breast cancer cell populations to survive and invade.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-05-24
    Publishing country Greece
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2573196-8
    ISSN 1792-1082 ; 1792-1074
    ISSN (online) 1792-1082
    ISSN 1792-1074
    DOI 10.3892/ol.2016.4613
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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