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Article ; Online: Challenges of ongoing Covid and Ebola epidemics amidst violence and other epidemics in DR Congo

Amorim Tomaz, A / Bastos, F I P M / Santos, R S / Mossoko, M

2020 Volume 30, Issue Supplement_5

Abstract: Abstract The world has seen outbreaks of emergency and re-emergency of infectious diseases very often in the past years, many of them with devastating consequences for low-income countries with fragile or nonexistent health system, covid-19 being by now ... ...

Abstract	Abstract The world has seen outbreaks of emergency and re-emergency of infectious diseases very often in the past years, many of them with devastating consequences for low-income countries with fragile or nonexistent health system, covid-19 being by now the last of a long series of global challenges. Although it is a huge challenge for the whole world, one country is facing it together with a current Ebola outbreak plus violence and some other diseases. The Democratic Republic of Congo is facing the immediate effects of both epidemics as illness and death, however its consequences at the political and economic level are usually more complex and may be protracted. Following the debate on why poor countries remain poor, it is maybe useful to rethink poverty and inequality keeping in mind Amartya Sen's seminal concepts: development must comprise freedom and respect for human rights and institutions at the price of fostering a vicious circle of (re)emerging diseases and structural violence. Ebola epidemics, that usually face some challenges when they happen alone, now together with malaria, measles, plague and covid, on top of violence in some areas, the disease sees its protocols harmed: for covid the orientation is to stay isolated, for Ebola the response includes tracking contacts. What means coming with a team to field to do the mapping in the middle of a confinement. The surveillance for such many epidemics on top of violence and humanitarian crisis makes the Democratic Republic of Congo one of the most worrying countries in terms of consequences of the Covid outbreak. Key messages Study of the association between the Covid, Ebola virus disease outbreak and the at-risk population living in the conflict zone in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. The study presents the difficulties that the population encountered in the face of restrictions imposed by armed groups to reach health services during an Ebola outbreak, in a conflict zone.
Keywords	Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ; covid19
Language	English
Publisher	Oxford University Press (OUP)
Publishing country	uk
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	1129243-x
ISSN	1464-360X ; 1101-1262
ISSN (online)	1464-360X
ISSN	1101-1262
DOI	10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.841
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Zs.A 3499: Show issues

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Article: True or false coral snake: is it worth the risk? A

Strauch, Marcelo Abrahão / Souza, Guilherme Jones / Pereira, Jordana Nahar / Ramos, Tyelli Dos Santos / Cesar, Marcelo Oliveira / Tomaz, Marcelo Amorim / Monteiro-Machado, Marcos / Patrão-Neto, Fernando Chagas / Melo, Paulo A

The journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases

2018 Volume 24, Page(s) 10

Abstract: Background: Bites provoked by the genus : Case presentation: We report an accident caused by : Conclusions: We reinforce that it is essential to have a health care structure suitable for the treatment of snakebite. Besides, the manipulation of ... ...

Abstract	Background: Bites provoked by the genus Case presentation: We report an accident caused by Conclusions: We reinforce that it is essential to have a health care structure suitable for the treatment of snakebite. Besides, the manipulation of these animals should only be carried out by a team of well-equipped and trained professionals, and even so with special attention.
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-04-10
Publishing country	Brazil
Document type	Case Reports
ZDB-ID	2031021-3
ISSN	1678-9199
ISSN	1678-9199
DOI	10.1186/s40409-018-0148-9
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Article ; Online: Lapachol and synthetic derivatives: in vitro and in vivo activities against Bothrops snake venoms.

Strauch, Marcelo A / Tomaz, Marcelo Amorim / Monteiro-Machado, Marcos / Cons, Bruno Lemos / Patrão-Neto, Fernando Chagas / Teixeira-Cruz, Jhonatha da Mota / Tavares-Henriques, Matheus da Silva / Nogueira-Souza, Pâmella Dourila / Gomes, Sara L S / Costa, Paulo R R / Schaeffer, Edgar / da Silva, Alcides J M / Melo, Paulo A

PloS one

2019 Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) e0211229

Abstract: Background: It is known that local tissue injuries incurred by snakebites are quickly instilled causing extensive, irreversible, tissue destruction that may include loss of limb function or even amputation. Such injuries are not completely neutralized ... ...

Abstract	Background: It is known that local tissue injuries incurred by snakebites are quickly instilled causing extensive, irreversible, tissue destruction that may include loss of limb function or even amputation. Such injuries are not completely neutralized by the available antivenins, which in general are focused on halting systemic effects. Therefore it is prudent to investigate the potential antiophidic effects of natural and synthetic compounds, perhaps combining them with serum therapy, to potentially attenuate or eliminate the adverse local and systemic effects of snake venom. This study assessed a group of quinones that are widely distributed in nature and constitute an important class of natural products that exhibit a range of biological activities. Of these quinones, lapachol is one of the most important compounds, having been first isolated in 1882 from the bark of Tabebuia avellanedae. Methodology/principal findings: It was investigated the ability of lapachol and some new potential active analogues based on the 2-hydroxi-naphthoquinone scaffold to antagonize important activities of Bothrops venoms (Bothrops atrox and Bothrops jararaca) under different experimental protocols in vitro and in vivo. The bioassays used to test the compounds were: procoagulant, phospholipase A2, collagenase and proteolytic activities in vitro, venom-induced hemorrhage, edematogenic, and myotoxic effects in mice. Proteolytic and collagenase activities of Bothrops atrox venom were shown to be inhibited by lapachol and its analogues 3a, 3b, 3c, 3e. The inhibition of these enzymatic activities might help to explain the effects of the analogue 3a in vivo, which decreased skin hemorrhage induced by Bothrops venom. Lapachol and the synthetic analogues 3a and 3b did not inhibit the myotoxic activity induced by Bothrops atrox venom. The negative protective effect of these compounds against the myotoxicity can be partially explained by their lack of ability to effectively inhibit phospholipase A2 venom activity. Bothrops atrox venom also induced edema, which was significantly reduced by the analogue 3a. Conclusions: This research using a natural quinone and some related synthetic quinone compounds has shown that they exhibit antivenom activity; especially the compound 3a. The data from 3a showed a decrease in inflammatory venom effects, presumably those that are metalloproteinase-derived. Its ability to counteract such snake venom activities contributes to the search for improving the management of venomous snakebites.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Blood Coagulation/drug effects ; Bothrops ; Collagenases/chemistry ; Collagenases/metabolism ; Mice ; Naphthoquinones/chemistry ; Naphthoquinones/metabolism ; Naphthoquinones/pharmacology ; Neurotoxins/genetics ; Neurotoxins/metabolism ; Phospholipases A2/chemistry ; Phospholipases A2/metabolism ; Snake Venoms/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Naphthoquinones ; Neurotoxins ; Snake Venoms ; lapachol (B221938VB6) ; Phospholipases A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) ; Collagenases (EC 3.4.24.-)
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0211229
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Article ; Online: Blockade of ATP P2X7 receptor enhances ischiatic nerve regeneration in mice following a crush injury.

Ribeiro, Tatianne / Oliveira, Júlia Teixeira / Almeida, Fernanda Martins / Tomaz, Marcelo Amorim / Melo, Paulo A / Marques, Suelen Adriani / de Andrade, Geanne Matos / Martinez, Ana Maria Blanco

Brain research

2017 Volume 1669, Page(s) 69–78

Abstract: Preventing damage caused by nerve degeneration is a great challenge. There is a growing body of evidence implicating extracellular nucleotides and their P2 receptors in many pathophysiological mechanisms. In this work we aimed to investigate the effects ... ...

Abstract	Preventing damage caused by nerve degeneration is a great challenge. There is a growing body of evidence implicating extracellular nucleotides and their P2 receptors in many pathophysiological mechanisms. In this work we aimed to investigate the effects of the administration of Brilliant Blue G (BBG) and Pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2', 4'- disulphonic acid (PPADS), P2X7 and P2 non-selective receptor antagonists, respectively, on sciatic nerve regeneration. Four groups of mice that underwent nerve crush lesion were used: two control groups treated with vehicle (saline), a group treated with BBG and a group treated with PPADS during 28days. Gastrocnemius muscle weight was evaluated. For functional evaluation we used the Sciatic Functional Index (SFI) and the horizontal ladder walking test. Nerves, dorsal root ganglia and spinal cords were processed for light and electron microscopy. Antinoceptive effects of BBG and PPADS were evaluated through von Frey E, and the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were analyzed by ELISA. BBG promoted an increase in the number of myelinated fibers and on axon, fiber and myelin areas. BBG and PPADS led to an increase of TNF-α and IL-1β in the nerve on day 1 and PPADS caused a decrease of IL-1β on day 7. Mechanical allodynia was reversed on day 7 in the groups treated with BBG and PPADS. We concluded that BBG promoted a better morphological regeneration after ischiatic crush injury, but this was not followed by anticipation of functional improvement. In addition, both PPADS and BBG presented anti-inflammatory as well as antinociceptive effects.
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-08-15
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1200-2
ISSN	1872-6240 ; 0006-8993
ISSN (online)	1872-6240
ISSN	0006-8993
DOI	10.1016/j.brainres.2017.05.025
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Article ; Online: True or false coral snake

Marcelo Abrahão Strauch / Guilherme Jones Souza / Jordana Nahar Pereira / Tyelli dos Santos Ramos / Marcelo Oliveira Cesar / Marcelo Amorim Tomaz / Marcos Monteiro-Machado / Fernando Chagas Patrão-Neto / Paulo A. Melo

Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases, Vol 24, Iss 1, Pp 1-

is it worth the risk? A Micrurus corallinus case report

2018 Volume 5

Abstract: Abstract Background Bites provoked by the genus Micrurus represent less than 1% of snakebite cases notified in Brazil, a tiny fraction compared with other genus such as Bothrops and Crotalus, which together represent almost 80% of accidents. In addition ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Bites provoked by the genus Micrurus represent less than 1% of snakebite cases notified in Brazil, a tiny fraction compared with other genus such as Bothrops and Crotalus, which together represent almost 80% of accidents. In addition to their less aggressive behavior, habits and morphology of coral snakes are determinant factors for such low incidence of accidents. Although Micrurus bites are rare, victims must be rescued and hospitalized in a short period of time, because this type of envenoming may evolve to a progressive muscle weakness and acute respiratory failure. Case Presentation We report an accident caused by Micrurus corallinus involving a 28-year-old Caucasian sailor man bitten on the hand. The accident occurred in a recreational camp because people believed the snake was not venomous. The victim presented neurological symptoms 2 h after the accident and was taken to the hospital, where he received antielapidic serum 10 h after the bite. After the antivenom treatment, the patient presented clinical evolution without complications and was discharged 4 days later. Conclusions We reinforce that it is essential to have a health care structure suitable for the treatment of snakebite. Besides, the manipulation of these animals should only be carried out by a team of well-equipped and trained professionals, and even so with special attention.
Keywords	Coral snake ; Envenoming ; Micrurus spp ; Snakebites ; Ophidism ; Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ; RC955-962 ; Toxicology. Poisons ; RA1190-1270 ; Zoology ; QL1-991
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	SciELO
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Nutrient digestibility of degermed, dehulled corn, citrus pulp, and soy protein concentrate by barrows.

Ruiz, U S / Tomaz, M C / Pascoal, L A F / Watanabe, P H / Amorim, A B / Melo, G M P / Daniel, E

Journal of animal science

2012 Volume 90 Suppl 4, Page(s) 170–172

Abstract: This study was carried out to determine apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM, CP, GE, and their respective digestible content of degermed dehulled corn (Zea mays), citrus pulp, and soy (Glycine max) ... ...

Abstract	This study was carried out to determine apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM, CP, GE, and their respective digestible content of degermed dehulled corn (Zea mays), citrus pulp, and soy (Glycine max) protein concentrate by pigs using the difference method. Thirty-two barrows (28.1 ± 1.6 kg of BW) were fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet or 1 of 3 diets formulated by replacing 30% of the basal diet with 30% of 1 of the test feedstuffs for 11 d. Chromic oxide (0.3%) was included in the diets. Feces were collected from days 7 to 11 by grab sampling and ileal digesta were collected after pigs were slaughtered on day 12. The AID of DM and AID and ATTD of GE of degermed corn (77.4, 88.7, and 77.7%) were greater (P < 0.05) than those observed in citrus pulp (50.3, 86.5, and 55.8%) and in soy protein concentrate (63.5, 85.1, and 59.4%), which did not differ (P > 0.05). The ATTD of CP, total digestible CP, and total DE of soy protein concentrate (87.5%, 500 g/kg, and 3739 kcal/kg) were higher (P < 0.05) than the values in degermed corn (81.7%, 57.5 g/kg, and 3330 kcal/kg), which were greater (P < 0.05) than those in citrus pulp (60.5%, 39.5 g/kg, and 3223 kcal/kg). Total and ileal digestible DM, AID of CP, and ileal DE of degermed corn (782 g/kg, 673 g/kg, 70.7%, and 2913 kcal/kg) and soy protein concentrate (778 g/kg, 570 g/kg, 78.7%, and 2878 kcal/kg) were similar (P > 0.05) and greater (P < 0.05) than those in citrus pulp (737 g/kg, 436 g/kg, 50.6%, and 2081 kcal/kg). Ileal digestible CP of degermed corn (49.8 g/kg) and citrus pulp (33.0 g/kg) did not differ (P > 0.05) but were smaller (P < 0.05) than the value found in soy protein concentrate (434 g/kg). The DM and energy from degermed corn are more efficiently digested by the pig than those from soy protein concentrate and citrus pulp. Soy protein concentrate was the best protein source evaluated in this study.
MeSH term(s)	Animal Feed/analysis ; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Citrus/metabolism ; Diet/veterinary ; Food Handling ; Fruit/metabolism ; Male ; Nutritive Value ; Soybean Proteins/metabolism ; Swine/physiology ; Zea mays/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Soybean Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial
ZDB-ID	390959-1
ISSN	1525-3163 ; 0021-8812
ISSN (online)	1525-3163
ISSN	0021-8812
DOI	10.2527/jas.53863
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Article ; Online: Lapachol and synthetic derivatives

Marcelo A Strauch / Marcelo Amorim Tomaz / Marcos Monteiro-Machado / Bruno Lemos Cons / Fernando Chagas Patrão-Neto / Jhonatha da Mota Teixeira-Cruz / Matheus da Silva Tavares-Henriques / Pâmella Dourila Nogueira-Souza / Sara L S Gomes / Paulo R R Costa / Edgar Schaeffer / Alcides J M da Silva / Paulo A Melo

PLoS ONE, Vol 14, Iss 1, p e

in vitro and in vivo activities against Bothrops snake venoms.

2019 Volume 0211229

Abstract: BACKGROUND:It is known that local tissue injuries incurred by snakebites are quickly instilled causing extensive, irreversible, tissue destruction that may include loss of limb function or even amputation. Such injuries are not completely neutralized by ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND:It is known that local tissue injuries incurred by snakebites are quickly instilled causing extensive, irreversible, tissue destruction that may include loss of limb function or even amputation. Such injuries are not completely neutralized by the available antivenins, which in general are focused on halting systemic effects. Therefore it is prudent to investigate the potential antiophidic effects of natural and synthetic compounds, perhaps combining them with serum therapy, to potentially attenuate or eliminate the adverse local and systemic effects of snake venom. This study assessed a group of quinones that are widely distributed in nature and constitute an important class of natural products that exhibit a range of biological activities. Of these quinones, lapachol is one of the most important compounds, having been first isolated in 1882 from the bark of Tabebuia avellanedae. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:It was investigated the ability of lapachol and some new potential active analogues based on the 2-hydroxi-naphthoquinone scaffold to antagonize important activities of Bothrops venoms (Bothrops atrox and Bothrops jararaca) under different experimental protocols in vitro and in vivo. The bioassays used to test the compounds were: procoagulant, phospholipase A2, collagenase and proteolytic activities in vitro, venom-induced hemorrhage, edematogenic, and myotoxic effects in mice. Proteolytic and collagenase activities of Bothrops atrox venom were shown to be inhibited by lapachol and its analogues 3a, 3b, 3c, 3e. The inhibition of these enzymatic activities might help to explain the effects of the analogue 3a in vivo, which decreased skin hemorrhage induced by Bothrops venom. Lapachol and the synthetic analogues 3a and 3b did not inhibit the myotoxic activity induced by Bothrops atrox venom. The negative protective effect of these compounds against the myotoxicity can be partially explained by their lack of ability to effectively inhibit phospholipase A2 venom activity. Bothrops atrox venom also ...
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	540
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Neutralization of Apis mellifera bee venom activities by suramin.

El-Kik, Camila Z / Fernandes, Fabrício F A / Tomaz, Marcelo Amorim / Gaban, Glauco A / Fonseca, Tatiane F / Calil-Elias, Sabrina / Oliveira, Suellen D S / Silva, Claudia L M / Martinez, Ana Maria Blanco / Melo, Paulo A

Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology

2013 Volume 67, Page(s) 55–62

Abstract: In this work we evaluated the ability of suramin, a polysulfonated naphthylurea derivative, to antagonize the cytotoxic and enzymatic effects of the crude venom of Apis mellifera. Suramin was efficient to decrease the lethality in a dose-dependent way. ... ...

Abstract	In this work we evaluated the ability of suramin, a polysulfonated naphthylurea derivative, to antagonize the cytotoxic and enzymatic effects of the crude venom of Apis mellifera. Suramin was efficient to decrease the lethality in a dose-dependent way. The hemoconcentration caused by lethal dose injection of bee venom was abolished by suramin (30 μg/g). The edematogenic activity of the venom (0.3 μg/g) was antagonized by suramin (10 μg/g) in all treatment protocols. The changes in the vascular permeability caused by A. mellifera (1 μg/g) venom were inhibited by suramin (30 μg/g) in the pre- and posttreatment as well as when the venom was preincubated with suramin. In addition, suramin also inhibited cultured endothelial cell lesion, as well as in vitro myotoxicity, evaluated in mouse extensor digitorum longus muscle, which was inhibited by suramin (10 and 25 μM), decreasing the rate of CK release, showing that suramin protected the sarcolemma against damage induced by components of bee venom (2.5 μg/mL). Moreover, suramin inhibited the in vivo myotoxicity induced by i.m. injection of A. mellifera venom in mice (0.5 μg/g). The analysis of the area under the plasma CK vs. time curve showed that preincubation, pre- and posttreatment with suramin (30 μg/g) inhibited bee venom myotoxic activity in mice by about 89%, 45% and 40%, respectively. Suramin markedly inhibited the PLA2 activity in a concentration-dependent way (1-30 μM). Being suramin a polyanion molecule, the effects observed may be due to the interaction of its charges with the polycation components present in A. mellifera bee venom.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antivenins/pharmacology ; Bee Venoms/antagonists & inhibitors ; Bee Venoms/pharmacology ; Capillary Permeability/drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Creatine Kinase/blood ; Edema/chemically induced ; Edema/drug therapy ; Edema/pathology ; Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects ; Erythrocytes/drug effects ; Evans Blue ; Hematocrit ; Injections, Intramuscular ; Longevity/drug effects ; Male ; Mice ; Muscle Contraction/drug effects ; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects ; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology ; Phospholipases A2/metabolism ; Rats ; Sarcolemma/drug effects ; Sarcolemma/enzymology ; Skin/blood supply ; Suramin/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	Antivenins ; Bee Venoms ; Evans Blue (45PG892GO1) ; Suramin (6032D45BEM) ; Creatine Kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) ; Phospholipases A2 (EC 3.1.1.4)
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-06-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	204479-1
ISSN	1879-3150 ; 0041-0101
ISSN (online)	1879-3150
ISSN	0041-0101
DOI	10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.02.007
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Article ; Online: Antiophidic activity of the extract of the Amazon plant Humirianthera ampla and constituents.

Strauch, Marcelo Abrahão / Tomaz, Marcelo Amorim / Monteiro-Machado, Marcos / Ricardo, Hilmar Dias / Cons, Bruno Lemos / Fernandes, Fabrício F A / El-Kik, Camila Z / Azevedo, Mariângela Soares / Melo, Paulo A

Journal of ethnopharmacology

2013 Volume 145, Issue 1, Page(s) 50–58

Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Although serotherapy against snakebite has been discovered more than one hundred years ago, antivenom is not available all over Brazil. The use of plants from folk medicine is common mainly in the Brazilian Amazon area. ... ...

Abstract	Ethnopharmacological relevance: Although serotherapy against snakebite has been discovered more than one hundred years ago, antivenom is not available all over Brazil. The use of plants from folk medicine is common mainly in the Brazilian Amazon area. One of these plants is named Humirianthera ampla (HA). Materials and methods: We have investigated HA extract and constituents' antiophidic activity in different experimental protocols against some Bothrops snake venoms (Bothrops jararacussu, Bothrops atrox and Bothrops jararaca). The protocols investigated include phospholipase, proteolytic, pro-coagulant, hemorrhagic, edematogenic and myotoxic activities induced by these venoms in Swiss mice. Results: All the venoms caused an increase in the rate of creatine kinase (CK) release from isolated muscles, indicating damage to the sarcolemma. The crude extract of HA decreased the myotoxic activity in a concentration-dependent fashion. The presence of HA 300 μg/mL decreased up to 96% of Bothrops jararacussu and 94% of Bothrops atrox myotoxicity after 90 min of exposure. In vivo myotoxicity of Bothrops atrox venom was decreased in 75% when the venom was preincubated with HA 500 mg/kg. Similar results were observed with lupeol against Bothrops jararacussu and Bothrops atrox venoms. The hemorrhagic activity was evaluated by intradermal injection of Bothrops atrox venom. Preincubation and oral pre- and posttreatment with HA decreased hemorrhage by 100%, 45% and 45%, respectively. Bothrops atrox venom also induced formation of edema, which was significantly inhibited by pre- and posttreatment with HA. All the venoms showed extensive pro-coagulating properties, and these activities were inhibited by up to 90% with HA, which presented concentration-dependent inhibition. Finally, proteolytic and phospholipase activities of the venoms were all inhibited by increasing concentrations of HA, lupeol and sitosterol. The inhibition of these activities might help explain the actions against in vivo myotoxicity and the in vivo effects observed, i.e., edema, myotoxicity, pro-coagulation and hemorrhage. Conclusions: Altogether, our results give support for the popular use of HA extracts in cases of accidents with snakes, suggesting that it can be used as an adjunct in the management of venomous snakebites.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antivenins/pharmacology ; Antivenins/therapeutic use ; Bothrops ; Brazil ; Crotalid Venoms/adverse effects ; Crotalid Venoms/antagonists & inhibitors ; Edema/drug therapy ; Ethanol/chemistry ; Hemorrhage/drug therapy ; Magnoliopsida/chemistry ; Male ; Mice ; Muscles/drug effects ; Pentacyclic Triterpenes/pharmacology ; Pentacyclic Triterpenes/therapeutic use ; Phospholipases/antagonists & inhibitors ; Phytotherapy/methods ; Plant Extracts/chemistry ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; Plant Extracts/therapeutic use ; Plant Roots/chemistry ; Sitosterols/pharmacology ; Sitosterols/therapeutic use
Chemical Substances	Antivenins ; Crotalid Venoms ; Pentacyclic Triterpenes ; Plant Extracts ; Sitosterols ; Ethanol (3K9958V90M) ; gamma-sitosterol (5LI01C78DD) ; Phospholipases (EC 3.1.-) ; lupeol (O268W13H3O)
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-01-09
Publishing country	Ireland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	134511-4
ISSN	1872-7573 ; 0378-8741
ISSN (online)	1872-7573
ISSN	0378-8741
DOI	10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.033
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Article ; Online: Dexamethasone antagonizes the in vivo myotoxic and inflammatory effects of Bothrops venoms.

Patrão-Neto, Fernando Chagas / Tomaz, Marcelo Amorim / Strauch, Marcelo Abrahão / Monteiro-Machado, Marcos / Rocha, José Roberto Da Silva / Borges, Paula Alvarenga / Calil-Elias, Sabrina / Melo, Paulo A

Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology

2013 Volume 69, Page(s) 55–64

Abstract: In the present work we investigated the toxic activities of two Bothrops snake venoms using in vivo and in vitro experimental protocols in mice and tested the protective effect of dexamethasone (DEXA) in different conditions, comparing it with the ... ...

Abstract	In the present work we investigated the toxic activities of two Bothrops snake venoms using in vivo and in vitro experimental protocols in mice and tested the protective effect of dexamethasone (DEXA) in different conditions, comparing it with the polyvalent antivenom. We also expanded the investigations on the antiophidic effect of the Eclipta prostrata (EP) crude extract. The administration of Bothrops jararaca and Bothrops jararacussu snake venoms induced muscle damage demonstrated in vivo by the elevation on plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity in mice and by the decrease in CK content in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle of these animals, and in vitro by the increase in the rate of CK release from the isolated EDL muscle. We also observed inflammatory response following perimuscular injection of B. jararacussu venom (1.0 mg/kg). Treatment with DEXA (1.0 mg/kg) preserved over 50% of the EDL muscle CK content in vivo when evaluated 24 and 72 h after the injection of B. jararacussu venom in mice, and likewise reduced about 20% of the edema induced by this venom. DEXA reduced in 50% the presence of inflammatory cells and their activity in EDL muscle. The EP extract (50 mg/kg) showed similar ability in preventing the induction of edema and the decrease in muscle CK content, and its association with DEXA showed additive effect. EP reduced over 77% of the plasma CK activity induced by the B. jararacussu venom. In the in vitro experiments, DEXA was not able to change the rate of CK release from EDL muscles exposed to 25 μg/mL of B. jararacussu venom, neither to prevent the fall in the amplitude of the indirectly evoked twitch at the phrenic-diaphragm preparation. EP extract showed otherwise a protective effect on these protocols, reaching up to 100% of protection when concentrations of 50.0 and 100.0 μg/mL were used. Altogether our results show that inflammation is at least in part responsible for the tissue damage induced by Bothrops snake venoms, once the steroidal anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone was able to decrease the myotoxic effects of these venoms, by reducing the inflammatory response to the venom injection.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology ; Antivenins/pharmacology ; Bothrops ; Creatine Kinase/blood ; Dexamethasone/pharmacology ; Diaphragm/drug effects ; Diaphragm/metabolism ; Eclipta/chemistry ; Edema/etiology ; Edema/pathology ; Inflammation/drug therapy ; Male ; Mice ; Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects ; Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism ; Muscular Diseases/drug therapy ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; Snake Venoms/antagonists & inhibitors ; Snake Venoms/toxicity
Chemical Substances	Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; Antivenins ; Plant Extracts ; Snake Venoms ; Dexamethasone (7S5I7G3JQL) ; Creatine Kinase (EC 2.7.3.2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	204479-1
ISSN	1879-3150 ; 0041-0101
ISSN (online)	1879-3150
ISSN	0041-0101
DOI	10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.01.023
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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