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Article: Does the Era of Globalization Dictate a change in the Definition of Public Health?

Zaletel Kragelj, Lijana / Eržen, Ivan

Zdravstveno varstvo

2024 Volume 63, Issue 2, Page(s) 63–65

Abstract: Globalization has a major impact on public health in all countries of the world. Unfortunately, there are attempts to treat global challenges in the field of public health separately from national ones, following the model of tropical medicine, where the ...

Abstract	Globalization has a major impact on public health in all countries of the world. Unfortunately, there are attempts to treat global challenges in the field of public health separately from national ones, following the model of tropical medicine, where the focus of action was in fact primarily on the identification and control of tropical diseases. This was especially in the interest of countries that colonized certain areas in the tropical part of the world. Global health, which is to some extent the successor of tropical medicine, cannot be a separate entity. The lines between global health and public health are blurring. In essence, global health is just another aspect of public health, important both in terms of recognizing the situation and taking action to improve the situation. The problems are mostly no longer local or national, and, to a greater or lesser extent, already affect the entire population or threaten the health of future generations. Such a view of global health also requires different approaches. Of course, due to cultural and socio-economic characteristics, the field and method of work must be adapted to the specific local environment, but nevertheless, these are challenges that are present everywhere. Therefore, it is vital that we act decisively, with a united approach - regardless of where we live and at what stage of social development we are. The world has become one, so the division into public health and global public health has become meaningless.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-20
Publishing country	Poland
Document type	Editorial
ISSN	0351-0026
ISSN	0351-0026
DOI	10.2478/sjph-2024-0009
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Article ; Online: Evaluation of a newly developed first aid training programme adapted for older people.

Dolenc Šparovec, Eva / Slabe, Damjan / Eržen, Ivan / Kovačič, Uroš

BMC emergency medicine

2023 Volume 23, Issue 1, Page(s) 134

Abstract: Background: Older people need to acquire knowledge and skills at first aid (FA) training tailored to them. Our research aimed to evaluate an FA training programme adapted for older people. We assumed that satisfaction with FA training, as well as ... ...

Abstract	Background: Older people need to acquire knowledge and skills at first aid (FA) training tailored to them. Our research aimed to evaluate an FA training programme adapted for older people. We assumed that satisfaction with FA training, as well as knowledge of FA, would be higher among older people who received training according to an adapted programme compared to those who received training according to the existing programme for the general public. Methods: We trained older people according to the existing FA programme for the general public and according to a new FA training programme adapted for older people. The new training program is shorter and focuses on FA contents that are more relevant for older people. We evaluated participants with a general assessment questionnaire (consisting of items regarding satisfaction, comprehensibility, length, and physical difficulty), a test on theoretical FA knowledge, and a test on practical cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) knowledge. To ensure the homogeneity of the groups and to verify the impact on the results of the test of practical CPR knowledge, we also tested the participants regarding their psychophysical capabilities. Results: A total of 120 people completed the free FA training sessions. The general assessment questionnaire score of participants who were trained based on the new FA training program was 19.3 (out of 20), which was statistically significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of those trained based on the old program (general assessment score of 17.1). Participants who were trained based on the new program scored an average of 8.6 points on the theoretical FA knowledge test, while those who were trained based on the old program scored an average of 7.1 points, which was statistically significantly (p < 0.05) lower. In both programs, the same average scores (7.5 out of 10 points) on the practical CPR knowledge test was achieved. However, participants who participated in the FA course adapted for the older people gained practical CPR knowledge in a shorter time. Older people with a greater psychophysical capacity were more successful in performing CPR, regardless of which FA training programme they received. Conclusions: The effectiveness of FA training is greater if older people are trained in accordance with a targeted programme adapted to the psychophysical limitations of the older people.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Aged ; First Aid ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/education ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Physical Examination
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2050431-7
ISSN	1471-227X ; 1471-227X
ISSN (online)	1471-227X
ISSN	1471-227X
DOI	10.1186/s12873-023-00907-6
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Article: Phosphate drinking water softeners promote Legionella growth.

Jereb, Gregor / Eržen, Ivan / Oder, Martina / Poljšak, Borut

Journal of water and health

2022 Volume 20, Issue 7, Page(s) 1084–1090

Abstract: Phosphate-based drinking water softeners are commonly used to prevent scale formation in drinking water distribution infrastructure. The main reason for drinking water softening is primarily economic (protection of pipes and extension of equipment life), ...

Abstract	Phosphate-based drinking water softeners are commonly used to prevent scale formation in drinking water distribution infrastructure. The main reason for drinking water softening is primarily economic (protection of pipes and extension of equipment life), while the health aspect of such treatment is usually neglected. The aim of this work is to investigate the effects of phosphate-based drinking water softeners on growth stimulation of Legionella pneumophila. Bacterial growth was observed at two different phosphate concentrations. On average, an increase in growth of 1.19-1.28 log CFU/mL was observed in selected samples with added phosphates compared with the control. The results of the in vitro experiment confirmed that the added phosphates stimulate the growth of L. pneumophila; growth stimulation could therefore be expected in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) when phosphates are used as well. The availability of phosphorus in DWDS may be a crucial limiting factor for biofouling control. Consequently, phosphate-based chemicals for drinking water should be avoided or used with prudence, especially in drinking water with high concentrations of other nutrients.
MeSH term(s)	Drinking Water/microbiology ; Legionella ; Legionella pneumophila ; Phosphates ; Water Microbiology ; Water Supply
Chemical Substances	Drinking Water ; Phosphates
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2123845-5
ISSN	1996-7829 ; 1477-8920
ISSN (online)	1996-7829
ISSN	1477-8920
DOI	10.2166/wh.2022.055
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Article ; Online: The importance of elderly people knowing basic first-aid measures.

Dolenc Šparovec, Eva / Slabe, Damjan / Eržen, Ivan / Kovačič, Uroš

BMC emergency medicine

2022 Volume 22, Issue 1, Page(s) 128

Abstract: Background: In the event of a sudden illness or injury, elderly individuals are often dependent on self-help and mutual assistance from partners. With poor access to medical services during natural and other disasters, the importance of first aid ... ...

Abstract	Background: In the event of a sudden illness or injury, elderly individuals are often dependent on self-help and mutual assistance from partners. With poor access to medical services during natural and other disasters, the importance of first aid knowledge of elderly individuals increases even more. We assessed the opinions of different generations of Slovenian population regarding the importance of knowing the basic first aid measures. In addition, we aimed to examine the knowledge of first aid in the most common emergencies that threaten elderly people's health and lives, focusing on the knowledge of elderly. Methods: A structured questionnaire was conducted with a representative Slovenian adult population (n = 1079). Statistically significant differences in average ratings of the importance of first aid knowledge were compared among different age groups with one-way ANOVA followed by a post hoc test. Significant differences in percentages of correct answers in particular cases of health conditions between different age groups were determined using the χ Results: Slovenes are well aware of the importance of first aid knowledge and feel personally responsible for acquiring this knowledge. The general opinion is that older retirees need less first aid knowledge than individuals in younger populations. We found a high level of knowledge about symptoms and first aid measures for some of the most common health conditions that occur in old age. The level of knowledge in the group of the oldest respondents was comparable with that of younger age groups. However, their recognition of health conditions was also somewhat worse, especially when recognising the symptoms and signs of hypoglycaemia and heart attack. Most of the tested knowledge did not depend on a person's age but on the time since that person was last educated in first aid. Conclusions: The knowledge of people older than 80 years is somewhat poorer than that in the younger population, mainly because too much time has passed since they were last educated in first aid. Public awareness of first aid needs to be increased and appropriate guidelines should be given with a focus on the elderly population.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Aged ; First Aid ; Humans ; Myocardial Infarction ; Surveys and Questionnaires
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2050431-7
ISSN	1471-227X ; 1471-227X
ISSN (online)	1471-227X
ISSN	1471-227X
DOI	10.1186/s12873-022-00675-9
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Article ; Online: Tailoring First Aid Courses to Older Adults Participants.

Dolenc, Eva / Kolšek, Marko / Slabe, Damjan / Eržen, Ivan

Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education

2021 Volume 49, Issue 4, Page(s) 697–707

Abstract: Relevant organizations emphasize the importance of first aid (FA) for older adults due to the increased risk of injuries and sudden illnesses in old age. Even though FA training guidelines have been developed, no program for an FA course adapted for the ... ...

Abstract	Relevant organizations emphasize the importance of first aid (FA) for older adults due to the increased risk of injuries and sudden illnesses in old age. Even though FA training guidelines have been developed, no program for an FA course adapted for the older adults has been formally adopted in Europe. This study's objective is to identify older adults' needs, beliefs, desires, advantages, and possible limitations in connection with FA. This qualitative study used semistructured interviews with 22 laypersons and retired health professionals older than 60 years old. The qualitative content analysis indicated that the major themes elicited by the older adults are motivation to participate in the FA training, older adults' specific features as a resource or obstacle for participating in FA training, general suggestions, and content suggestions for FA training. Older adults are very differently motivated to participate in FA training due to the heterogeneity of their psychophysical abilities. They need and want to obtain additional knowledge from the field of FA and health protection for which any psychophysical limitations are not as relevant as when learning cardiopulmonary resuscitation. They want to learn how to recognize emergency situations and more about calling emergency services with the use of modern technology. In addition to cardiopulmonary resuscitation without rescue breaths, they also want to learn about topics related to the treatment of injuries. Those who had practiced FA in their work-life think that they can be a good source to transfer their knowledge to persons from their generation. While planning an FA training course, it has to be taken into consideration that older adults want a short course, adjusted to their varied psychophysical abilities. Due to the wide array of contents they want to learn, it would be reasonable to prepare a selection of different programs for short training courses.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; First Aid ; Health Personnel ; Humans ; Learning ; Middle Aged ; Qualitative Research
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1362906-2
ISSN	1552-6127 ; 1090-1981
ISSN (online)	1552-6127
ISSN	1090-1981
DOI	10.1177/10901981211026531
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Article: The Importance of Acromegaloid Physical Features for Clinical Practice.

Perić, Ivona / Zamolo, Gordana / Bezak, Boris / Klen, Jasna / Jurišić-Eržen, Dubravka

Case reports in endocrinology

2023 Volume 2023, Page(s) 5583344

Abstract: Acromegaly and gigantism are hormonal disorders which develop as a consequence of chronic growth hormone hypersecretion. The prefix pseudo- is used to describe a certain clinical condition without a clearly proven characteristic of pathophysiological ... ...

Abstract	Acromegaly and gigantism are hormonal disorders which develop as a consequence of chronic growth hormone hypersecretion. The prefix pseudo- is used to describe a certain clinical condition without a clearly proven characteristic of pathophysiological mechanism and basic biochemical features; pseudoacromegaly or acromegaloidism match the definition from above. In this case reports, we will try to provide a concise overview of diagnostic evaluation of acromegaloid physical appearance, while discussing two cases of patients who have similar clinical acromegaloid features as the first sign of the disease but have completely different etiologic backgrounds of their acromegalic appearance. The first case is of a 57-year-old male who presented with a marked acral growth and coarse facial features, but the diagnosis of secondary amyloidosis caused by multiple myeloma was confirmed just after biopsy of tongue and buccal mucosa. The second case is that of a 63-year-old male with an acromegaloid appearance caused by ectopic secretion of GH secreting lung carcinoma. The early diagnosis of ectopic acromegaly and pseudoacromegaly is still a challenging process. The key task is to confirm the GH axis abnormalities and establish the underlying disease, as a crucial step for faster treatment and need to avoid unnecessary therapeutic procedures to decreased mortality and improved quality of life.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Case Reports
ZDB-ID	2627633-1
ISSN	2090-651X ; 2090-6501
ISSN (online)	2090-651X
ISSN	2090-6501
DOI	10.1155/2023/5583344
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Article: Key Challenges in Modelling an Epidemic - What have we Learned from the COVID-19 Epidemic so Far.

Eržen, Ivan / Kamenšek, Tina / Fošnarič, Miha / Žibert, Janez

Zdravstveno varstvo

2020 Volume 59, Issue 3, Page(s) 117–119

Abstract: Mathematical modelling can be useful for predicting how infectious diseases progress, enabling us to show the likely outcome of an epidemic and help inform public health interventions. Different modelling techniques have been used to predict and simulate ...

Abstract	Mathematical modelling can be useful for predicting how infectious diseases progress, enabling us to show the likely outcome of an epidemic and help inform public health interventions. Different modelling techniques have been used to predict and simulate the spread of COVID-19, but they have not always been useful for epidemiologists and decision-makers. To improve the reliability of the modelling results, it is very important to critically evaluate the data used and to check whether or not due regard has been paid to the different ways in which the disease spreads through the population. As building an epidemiological model that is reliable enough and suits the current epidemiological situation within a country or region, certain criteria must be met in the modelling process. It might be necessary to use a combination of two or more different types of models in order to cover all aspects of epidemic modelling. If we want epidemiological models to be a useful tool in combating the epidemic, we need to engage experts from epidemiology, data science and statistics.
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-25
Publishing country	Poland
Document type	Editorial
ISSN	0351-0026
ISSN	0351-0026
DOI	10.2478/sjph-2020-0015
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Article ; Online: Horizontal deformation of skeletal muscle thick sections visualised by confocal microscopy.

Umek, Nejc / Janáček, Jiří / Cvetko, Erika / Eržen, Ida

Journal of microscopy

2020 Volume 282, Issue 2, Page(s) 113–122

Abstract: Certain morphological parameters of the skeletal muscle tissue can be better understood via 3D considerations. Fluorescent confocal microscopy of thick tissue sections is a well-established method for visualising and measuring skeletal muscle fibres and ... ...

Abstract	Certain morphological parameters of the skeletal muscle tissue can be better understood via 3D considerations. Fluorescent confocal microscopy of thick tissue sections is a well-established method for visualising and measuring skeletal muscle fibres and surrounding capillaries in 3D. However, thick tissue sections are prone to deformations which may significantly influence some stereological and morphometric results like muscle fibre diameter and capillary length, but not dimensionless parameters like object number and Euler-Poincaré characteristics. To better understand this phenomenon, we studied the horizontal deformation of thick (100 µm) transverse skeletal muscle sections, by comparing the muscle fibre diameters measured on thick sections to muscle fibre diameters measured on thin (10 µm) sections of the same sample. Diameter changes were further correlated with shrinkage in the Z direction (axial shrinkage) and deviation of the muscle fibre preferential axis from the Z-axis. We showed that the thick sections dilated in horizontal and shrunk in Z direction, and that the magnitude of horizontal dilation was associated with the magnitude of shrinkage in the Z direction. The latter was more pronounced in transversely than obliquely cut tissue sections. The results emphasise that even when shrinkage in the Z direction can be corrected using calibration, it is important to optimise histological protocols to minimise the Z-axis collapse that could cause horizontal dilation. LAY DESCRIPTION: In skeletal muscle research, 3D analysis is especially important for studying the microvasculature. Laser scanning confocal microscopy of skeletal muscle thick tissue sections is a well-established method for visualising and measuring skeletal muscle fibres and surrounding capillaries in 3D. However, such sections are prone to deformations which may significantly influence the study results. To better understand this phenomenon, we studied the horizontal deformation of thick transverse skeletal muscle sections. We compared the average muscle fibre diameters measured on thick skeletal muscle sections, thin fixed skeletal muscle sections and immunohistochemically stained thin skeletal muscle sections with the muscle fibre diameters measured on thin native skeletal muscle sections of the same sample, with the latter condition serving as the standard diameters (ie the control condition). We further studied the association among muscle fibre diameter changes, shrinkage of the thick skeletal muscle sections in the Z direction and their sectioning angle. We showed that the thick skeletal muscle sections dilated in the horizontal direction and shrunk in the Z direction, and that the magnitude of horizontal dilation was associated with the magnitude of shrinkage in Z direction. The shrinkage in the Z direction was more pronounced in transversely than obliquely cut tissue sections. These results emphasise that even when shrinkage in the Z direction can be corrected using Z-axis calibration, it is very important to optimise histological protocols to minimise the Z-axis collapse that could cause horizontal dilation in order to enhance the integrity of study results.
MeSH term(s)	Capillaries ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal ; Muscle, Skeletal
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	219263-9
ISSN	1365-2818 ; 0022-2720
ISSN (online)	1365-2818
ISSN	0022-2720
DOI	10.1111/jmi.12985
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Article ; Online: Effects of Ultrafine Particles in Ambient Air on Primary Health Care Consultations for Diabetes in Children and Elderly Population in Ljubljana, Slovenia: A 5-Year Time-Trend Study.

Viher Hrženjak, Vesna / Kukec, Andreja / Eržen, Ivan / Stanimirović, Dalibor

International journal of environmental research and public health

2020 Volume 17, Issue 14

Abstract: Epidemiological studies indicate that exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP) in ambient air represents an important environmental public health issue. The aim of this study was to determine the association between UFP in ambient air and the daily number ... ...

Abstract	Epidemiological studies indicate that exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP) in ambient air represents an important environmental public health issue. The aim of this study was to determine the association between UFP in ambient air and the daily number of consultations in the primary health care unit due to diabetes mellitus in children and elderly population of the Municipality of Ljubljana. A 5-year time-trend ecological study was carried out for the period between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2017. The daily number of primary health care consultations due to diabetes mellitus among children and elderly population was observed as the health outcome. Daily mean UFP concentrations (different size from 10 to 100 nm) were measured and calculated. Poisson regression analysis was used to investigate the association between the observed outcome and the daily UFP, particulate matter fine fraction (PM
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Air Pollutants/analysis ; Air Pollutants/toxicity ; Air Pollution/analysis ; Child ; Cities ; Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology ; Environmental Monitoring ; Humans ; Particle Size ; Particulate Matter/analysis ; Particulate Matter/toxicity ; Primary Health Care ; Referral and Consultation/statistics & numerical data ; Slovenia/epidemiology
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants ; Particulate Matter
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-10
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1660-4601
ISSN (online)	1660-4601
DOI	10.3390/ijerph17144970
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Article: Prevalence of violence towards nursing staff in Slovenian nursing homes.

Gabrovec, Branko / Eržen, Ivan

Zdravstveno varstvo

2016 Volume 55, Issue 3, Page(s) 212–217

Abstract: Introduction: The purpose of this research was to identify the prevalence of violence towards nursing staff in Slovenian nursing homes.: Methods: For the purpose of this study, a non-experimental sampling method was employed, using a structured ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: The purpose of this research was to identify the prevalence of violence towards nursing staff in Slovenian nursing homes. Methods: For the purpose of this study, a non-experimental sampling method was employed, using a structured questionnaire as a data collection instrument (n=527). The contents of the questionnaire proved valid and reliable, with a high enough degree of internal consistency (Cronbach Alpha minimum 0.82). Results: The nursing staffs working in nursing homes for senior citizens are at high risk of violence. In the last year, the employees were most often faced with verbal violence (71.7%), physical violence (63.8%) and sexual violence (35.5%). 35.5% of employees suffered injuries at their working place. During aggressive outbursts of nursing home residents, employees particularly experience vulnerability, fear and insecurity. Conclusion: There is a need for a comprehensive approach to tackle workplace violence. Some psychiatric health care facilities have already introduced certain measures in this field, and reduction of workplace violence proves that it is possible to reduce aggressive outbursts of patients. After conducting further quantitative research, which would expose detailed characteristics and the background of such violence, it would be sensible to develop similar measures in the field of health care in nursing homes.
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-05-10
Publishing country	Poland
Document type	Review ; Journal Article
ISSN	0351-0026
ISSN	0351-0026
DOI	10.1515/sjph-2016-0027
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