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Article ; Online: Effect of Bacterial Diarrhoea on Serum Zinc Levels in Children with Special Reference to Different Bacterial Pathogens

Udochikwuka Patience Ikejiaku / Ifeoma Anochie / Emeka Nwolisa / Francis Iregbu / Ifeyinwa Blessing Amamilo

Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, Vol 16, Iss 5, Pp SC15-SC

A Cross-sectional Study

2022 Volume 18

Abstract: Introduction: Diarrhoea significantly leads to morbidity and mortality in under-five children, particularly in developing countries. Reduced serum zinc levels in acute non infectious diarrhoea has an impact on the frequency, severity and duration. ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Diarrhoea significantly leads to morbidity and mortality in under-five children, particularly in developing countries. Reduced serum zinc levels in acute non infectious diarrhoea has an impact on the frequency, severity and duration. However, evidence is still evolving on the status of zinc level in bacterial diarrhoea. Aim: To assess serum zinc level in bacterial diarrhoea and compare the serum zinc level in children with the different bacterial pathogens. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Paediatrics at Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria, from August 2015 to February 2016, among 201 children aged 6 to 59 months with diarrhoea. Stool specimens were isolated for bacteria, using conventional culture techniques, while serum zinc levels were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry. Serum zinc level <65 μg/dL was regarded as zinc deficiency. The data collected was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 19.0. Results: Out of 201, 58 (28.9%) of the children with diarrhoea had bacteria in the stool. The most common organism isolated was Escherichia coli (33,16.4%) followed by Salmonella (13, 6.5%). All of the children with positive stool culture, irrespective of the type of microbial agent, had zinc deficiency with significant association between infective diarrhoea and zinc deficiency (χ2=15.437; p-value=0.004). Children with shigella diarrhoea had the lowest mean serum zinc level, compared to other bacterial agents (33.6±4.4 μg/dL, p-value <0.001). Conclusion: Bacterial pathogens contribute significantly to the cause of diarrhoea in under-five Nigerian children, and are significantly associated with zinc deficiency. Thus, reinforcing the need for zinc supplementation and food fortification programs within the population, and maybe for longer in children with identified bacterial diarrhoea.
Keywords	acute diarrhoea ; bacterial pathogen ; children ; dysentery ; persistent diarrhoea ; zinc deficiency ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	360 ; 630
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	JCDR Research and Publications Private Limited
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article: Effects of pyrimethamine versus proguanil in malarial chemoprophylaxis in children with sickle cell disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled, open-label study.

Eke, Felicia U / Anochie, Ifeoma

Current therapeutic research, clinical and experimental

2014 Volume 64, Issue 8, Page(s) 616–625

Abstract: Background: Malarial chemoprophylaxis is essential for patients with homozygous sickle cell disease (SCD) who live in areas where malaria is endemic. Endemic regions include most sub-Saharan African countries and Southeast Asia.: Objective: This ... ...

Abstract	Background: Malarial chemoprophylaxis is essential for patients with homozygous sickle cell disease (SCD) who live in areas where malaria is endemic. Endemic regions include most sub-Saharan African countries and Southeast Asia. Objective: This study compared the efficacy and tolerability of pyrimethamine with that of proguanil and placebo in the prevention of malaria and the complications of Plasmodium falciparum infection (hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, bone pain crisis, hemolytic crisis) in children with SCD. Methods: In this single-center, open-label study conducted in Nigeria, children aged 1 to 16 years with SCD were randomly assigned to receive tablets of pyrimethamine (0.5 mg/kg·wk), proguanil (1.5 mg/kg·d), or placebo (vitamin C, 7 mg/kg·d) for 9 months as prophylaxis from February to December (which includes the rainy season), the period of greatest malarial transmission. The clinical and laboratory features of malaria (presence of parasitemia, parasite count and density, hepatomegaly and/or splenomegaly, symptomatic malarial infection [fever, rigors], bone pain crises, and hemolytic crises) were assessed. Results: A total of 97 patients completed the study (49 boys, 48 girls; mean [SD] age, 7.8 [4.3] years). The pyrimethamine group comprised 36 patients (mean [SD] age, 8.1 [4.3] years; range, 2-16 years); the proguanil group, 32 patients (mean [SD] age, 9.5 [3.7] years; range, 3-16 years); and the placebo group, 29 patients (mean age, 5.9 years; range, 1-14 years). The male:female ratio was 1.1:1 in the pyrimethamine group, 1:1.7 in the proguanil group, and 1.6:1 in the placebo group. Parasitemia was noted in 7 patients (19.4%) in the pyrimethamine group, 6 (18.8%) in the proguanil group, and 7 (24.1%) in the placebo group at the start of the study. P falciparum was the only isolate. The mean parasite density over the 9-month period was significantly lower with proguanil compared with pyrimethamine (P = 0.045) and placebo (P<0.05). The incidence of splenomegaly was least with pyrimethamine, but this group had the most patients clinically diagnosed with malaria. Hospitalizations and episodes of bone pain and hemolytic crisis occurred most frequently with placebo. One patient in the placebo group died of septicemia. Conclusions: Proguanil and pyrimethamine both reduced parasitemia; however, proguanil significantly decreased mean parasite density more effectively than pyrimethamine. Pyrimethamine and proguanil may protect children with SCD from the complications of P falciparum infection despite persistent parasitemia. Proguanil may be more useful than pyrimethamine in the prevention of bone pain crises among patients with SCD.
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-06-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	205697-5
ISSN	1879-0313 ; 0011-393X
ISSN (online)	1879-0313
ISSN	0011-393X
DOI	10.1016/j.curtheres.2003.09.003
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Article ; Online: Factors associated with substance use among secondary school adolescents in Gwagwalada Area Council, Abuja, Nigeria

E Ekop Eno / C Anochie Ifeoma / Obembe Ayo / I Airede Kareem

Nigerian Journal of Medicine, Vol 28, Iss 1, Pp 13-

2019 Volume 21

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Adolescents use substances for various reasons such as for pleasure, stress and anger amanagement. Many factors have been reported to influence adolescent substance use. However, there is paucity of reports from this part of Nigeria. AIM/ ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: Adolescents use substances for various reasons such as for pleasure, stress and anger amanagement. Many factors have been reported to influence adolescent substance use. However, there is paucity of reports from this part of Nigeria. AIM/OBJECTIVES: To identify the socio-demographic factors associated with substance use among secondary school adolescents in Gwagwalada Area Council. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional, descriptive, questionnaire-based, study was carried out in secondary schools among adolescents aged 10 years to 18 years who met the inclusion criteria and after appropriate ethical approval had been obtained. RESULTS: One thousand, one hundred and ninety-six student-filled questionnaires were analysed. The mean age of the students was 14.54 years ± SD 2.28. The students' religion, family structure, residence and type of school were associated with licit substance use while their religion, family structure and residence were associated with illicit substance use (P =<0.05). There was also statistically significant relationships between frequency in participation in religious activities and tobacco use (P = <0.01) and birth order and cocaine and hallucinogen use at P = 0.014 and P = 0.018, respectively. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION: Several factors were associated with adolescent substance use in this study. It is recommended that more in-depth studies be done to determine causality.
Keywords	factors ; substance use ; adolescent ; abuja ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	540
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: The current status of kidney transplantation in Nigerian children: still awaiting light at the end of the tunnel.

Eke, Felicia U / Ladapo, Taiwo A / Okpere, Augustina N / Olatise, Olalekan / Anochie, Ifeoma / Uchenwa, Tochi / Okafor, Henrietta / Ibitoye, Paul / Ononiwu, Uchenna / Adebowale, Ademola / Akuse, Rosamund / Oniyangi, Seyi

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)

2020 Volume 36, Issue 3, Page(s) 693–699

Abstract: Background: Kidney transplantation (KT) is the gold standard treatment for children with chronic kidney disease stage 5 (CKD5). It is easily accessible in well-resourced countries, but not in low/middle-income countries (LMICs). We present, a ... ...

Abstract	Background: Kidney transplantation (KT) is the gold standard treatment for children with chronic kidney disease stage 5 (CKD5). It is easily accessible in well-resourced countries, but not in low/middle-income countries (LMICs). We present, a multicentre experience of paediatric KT of children domiciled in Nigeria. We aim to highlight the challenges and ethical dilemmas that children, their parents or guardians and health care staff face on a daily basis. Methods: A multicentre survey of Nigerian children who received KTs within or outside Nigeria from 1986 to 2019 was undertaken using a questionnaire emailed to all paediatric and adult consultants who are responsible for the care of children with kidney diseases in Nigeria. Demographic data, causes of CKD5, sources of funding, donor organs and graft and patient outcome were analysed. Using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, we compared graft and patient survival. Results: Twenty-two children, aged 4-18 years, received 23 KTs, of which 12 were performed in Nigeria. The male-to-female ratio was 3.4:1. Duration of pre-transplant haemodialysis was 4-48 months (median 7 months). Sixteen KTs were self-funded. State governments funded 3 philanthropists 4 KTs. Overall differences in graft and patient survival between the two groups, log rank test P = 0.68 and 0.40, respectively were not statistically significant. Conclusions: The transplant access rate for Nigerian children is dismal at < 0.2%. Poor funding is a major challenge. There is an urgent need for the federal government to fund health care and particularly KTs. Graphical Abstract.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Female ; Graft Rejection ; Graft Survival ; Humans ; Kaplan-Meier Estimate ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/surgery ; Kidney Transplantation ; Male ; Nigeria ; Renal Dialysis ; Retrospective Studies
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-24
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	631932-4
ISSN	1432-198X ; 0931-041X
ISSN (online)	1432-198X
ISSN	0931-041X
DOI	10.1007/s00467-020-04753-7
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Article: Kocher-Debre-Semelaigne syndrome: a case report.

Anochie, Ifeoma C / Otaigbe, Barbara E

West African journal of medicine

2006 Volume 25, Issue 4, Page(s) 309–311

Abstract: Background: Kocher-Debre-Semelaigne (KDS) syndrome is a myopathy of hypothyroidism associated with pseudohypertrophy in infancy or childhood. There are few reported cases of KDS syndrome in the literature.: Study design: We present a 5-year-old boy ... ...

Abstract	Background: Kocher-Debre-Semelaigne (KDS) syndrome is a myopathy of hypothyroidism associated with pseudohypertrophy in infancy or childhood. There are few reported cases of KDS syndrome in the literature. Study design: We present a 5-year-old boy with poor growth and delayed dental and motor development. There was no family history. On examination he had coarse facies, large protruding tongue, athletic build, short stature and mental retardation. The diagnosis of KDS syndrome was based on laboratory and radiologic evidence of congenital hypothyroidism and muscle enlargement. He was started on L-thyroxine at the dose of 4ug/kg/day, and he has shown marked increase in alertness with regressing muscle bulk after 4 weeks of treatment. A short review of the literature is also presented.
MeSH term(s)	Abnormalities, Multiple ; Child, Preschool ; Constipation/etiology ; Femur/abnormalities ; Humans ; Hypertrophy ; Hypothyroidism/complications ; Hypothyroidism/drug therapy ; Male ; Muscular Diseases/drug therapy ; Syndrome ; Thyroxine/therapeutic use
Chemical Substances	Thyroxine (Q51BO43MG4)
Language	English
Publishing date	2006-10
Publishing country	Nigeria
Document type	Case Reports ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1132088-6
ISSN	0189-160X
ISSN	0189-160X
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Article ; Online: Weight status of adolescents in secondary schools in port Harcourt using Body Mass Index (BMI).

Adesina, Adesuwa F / Peterside, Oliemen / Anochie, Ifeoma / Akani, Nwadiuto A

Italian journal of pediatrics

2012 Volume 38, Page(s) 31

Abstract: Background: Adolescent weight status is a cumulative effect of health and nutritional problems. Adolescent weight problems often go unnoticed as weight assessment is not considered a priority in adolescents.: Objectives: To determine the weight ... ...

Abstract	Background: Adolescent weight status is a cumulative effect of health and nutritional problems. Adolescent weight problems often go unnoticed as weight assessment is not considered a priority in adolescents. Objectives: To determine the weight status of adolescents using BMI and to identify the contributing factors to adolescent weight problems. Methods: In April 2010, 960 adolescents aged 10-19 years in secondary schools in Port Harcourt were selected for the study using a stratified multi-staged sampling method. Structured questionnaires were filled by the investigators while weight and height were measured. BMI was calculated using the formula weight/height2 (kg/m2). Results: The prevalence of underweight, overweight, obesity and stunting were 6.4%, 6.3%, 1.8% and 5.4% respectively. Factors which were commoner in overweight adolescents were high socioeconomic class, higher maternal education, spending > 3 hours a day watching television and frequent ingestion of snacks. Conclusion: There is a need for periodic weight assessment of adolescents and health education to promote healthy eating habits and regular physical exercise as part of the School Health Programme.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Child ; Educational Status ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Nigeria/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Snacks ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Television ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-07-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2088556-8
ISSN	1824-7288 ; 1720-8424
ISSN (online)	1824-7288
ISSN	1720-8424
DOI	10.1186/1824-7288-38-31
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Article: Renal vein thrombosis in the neonate: a case report and review of the literature.

Anochie, Ifeoma C / Eke, Felicia

Journal of the National Medical Association

2004 Volume 96, Issue 12, Page(s) 1648–1652

Abstract: We report a case of bilateral renal vein thrombosis in a neonate, and reviewed available literature. The neonate was a macrosomic male born to a mother with glycosuria in pregnancy. There was delay in commencing breasttfeeding for up to 36 hours due to ... ...

Abstract	We report a case of bilateral renal vein thrombosis in a neonate, and reviewed available literature. The neonate was a macrosomic male born to a mother with glycosuria in pregnancy. There was delay in commencing breasttfeeding for up to 36 hours due to lack of lactation by themother. Clinical and laboratory examination showed enlarged palpable kidneys and azotemia. Diagnosis of bilateral renal vein thrombosis was confirmed by renal ultrasonography. The child is being managed conservatively. Measures aimed at prevention of the disease because of its poor outcome were highlighted.
MeSH term(s)	Breast Feeding ; Fetal Macrosomia/complications ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Renal Veins/diagnostic imaging ; Time Factors ; Ultrasonography ; Venous Thrombosis/complications ; Venous Thrombosis/diagnosis ; Venous Thrombosis/diagnostic imaging ; Venous Thrombosis/therapy
Language	English
Publishing date	2004-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Case Reports ; Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	419737-9
ISSN	0027-9684
ISSN	0027-9684
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Article: Acute renal failure in Nigerian children: Port Harcourt experience.

Anochie, Ifeoma C / Eke, Felicia U

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)

2005 Volume 20, Issue 11, Page(s) 1610–1614

Abstract: Acute renal failure (ARF) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children. It may be pre-renal, intrinsic, or post-renal (obstructive) in aetiology. ARF was investigated in children in the south-southern part of Nigeria to determine the ... ...

Abstract	Acute renal failure (ARF) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children. It may be pre-renal, intrinsic, or post-renal (obstructive) in aetiology. ARF was investigated in children in the south-southern part of Nigeria to determine the prevalence, aetiology, management and outcome of ARF. A retrospective review of data from all children from birth to 16 years of age admitted into the Department of Paediatrics, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH), with the diagnosis of ARF over an 18 year period (January 1985 to December 2003) was performed. Information was obtained about the age, sex, clinical features, blood pressure, laboratory and radiological investigations, aetiology, and treatment received including dialysis. Information on the outcome, factors influencing outcome, and possible causes of death were reviewed. There were 211 patients, 138 (65.4%) males and 73 (34.6%) females (M:F, 1.9:1), with a hospital prevalence of 11.7 cases/year. The patients were aged 5 days to 16 years (mean 5.6+/-4.7 years). Oliguria was the most common clinical presentation in 184 (87.2%) patients. Hypertension was seen in only 39 (18.5%) patients. The causes were age-related. The neonates had ARF from severe birth asphyxia 27 (35.5%), septicaemia 17 (22.4%), with tetanus 4 (5.3%) and congenital malformations 11 (14.5%). Sixty-one (28.9%) and 29 (13.7%) patients had ARF from gastroenteritis and malaria respectively. The patients with leukaemia were all more than 10 years old and had acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Two patients (1.9%) had Burkitts lymphoma involving the abdomen and 3 patients had HIVAN. 112 (53%) patients had anaemia with a mean haematocrit of 20.25+/-6.9%. Dialysis was indicated in 108 patients, but only 24 patients (22.2%) had peritoneal dialysis (PD), because of financial constraints and lack of dialysis equipment. Mortality rate was 40.5%. The causes of death were uraemia 60 (70.6%), overwhelming infection 5 (5.9%), and recurrent anaemia 20 (23.5%). Hypertension (X2 15.7, P<0.001) and lack of dialysis (X2 7.96, P<0.01) significantly affected outcome. Other factors associated with demise were delayed presentation (58.8%), use of herbal treatment (35%), and unaffordability of treatment (40%). ARF is a significant cause of mortality in Nigerian children. The patients are not adequately managed because of poverty and lack of facilities for dialysis. The causes of ARF in our environment are preventable, and should be expected.
MeSH term(s)	Acute Kidney Injury/complications ; Acute Kidney Injury/diagnosis ; Acute Kidney Injury/therapy ; Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Nigeria
Language	English
Publishing date	2005-11
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	631932-4
ISSN	1432-198X ; 0931-041X
ISSN (online)	1432-198X
ISSN	0931-041X
DOI	10.1007/s00467-005-1984-8
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Article: Childhood acute glomerulonephritis in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

Anochie, Ifeoma / Eke, Felicia / Okpere, Augustina

Nigerian journal of medicine : journal of the National Association of Resident Doctors of Nigeria

2009 Volume 18, Issue 2, Page(s) 162–167

Abstract: Background: Acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) is an important cause of renal morbidity and mortality in children. The incidence varies across the countries with lower rates in developed countries due to improved environmental hygiene and socio-economic ... ...

Abstract	Background: Acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) is an important cause of renal morbidity and mortality in children. The incidence varies across the countries with lower rates in developed countries due to improved environmental hygiene and socio-economic status. Methods: A prospective study of patients admitted with the diagnosis of AGN was carried out in the Department of Paediatrics, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH) from June 2006 to June 2008. The patients' demographic data, presenting complaints; antecedent history of sore throat or skin infections, clinical findings including blood pressure; investigations, management and outcome were obtained. Data was compared with a previous study done in UPTH 14 years ago and in other countries. Results: A total of 31 patients aged 3 to 16 years had AGN, giving an annual incidence of 15.5 cases. They comprised 16 (51.6%) males and 15 (48.4%) females with a M:F ratio of 1.1:1. There is no significant change in the annual incidence of AGN when compared with the 14.5 cases per year reported in our centre 14 years ago. Fourteen (45.2%) of the patients were between 5-10 years. The highest incidence occurred during the dry cold windy (harmattan) season of October to February in 19 (61.3%) patients. Twenty-four (77.4%) of the patients were from low socio-economic classes (social class IV and V). Sore throat was the commonest infection preceeding AGN (66.6%). Hypertensive encephalopathy with seizure occurred in 5 (16.1%) patients. There were 4 (12.9.1%) patients with nephrotic range proteinuria, and 12 (38.7%) patients had renal failure. Urinary tract infection occurred in 7 (22.6%) patients; klebsiella being the commonest organism isolated. All patients received conservative treatment while dialysis was done in 5 patients; one peritoneal dialysis (PD) and 4 haemodialysis. The recovery rate was 83.9% and a hospital mortality of 3 (9.7%). Conclusion: The annual incidence of AGN has remained almost the same in Port Harcourt despite the increased urbanization and overcrowding in this oil rich state of Nigeria.
MeSH term(s)	Acute Disease ; Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Glomerulonephritis/diagnosis ; Glomerulonephritis/epidemiology ; Glomerulonephritis/therapy ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Nigeria/epidemiology ; Prospective Studies ; Renal Replacement Therapy
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-07-16
Publishing country	Nigeria
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1115-2613
ISSN	1115-2613
DOI	10.4314/njm.v18i2.45056
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Article ; Online: Weight status of adolescents in secondary schools in port Harcourt using Body Mass Index (BMI)

Adesina Adesuwa F / Peterside Oliemen / Anochie Ifeoma / Akani Nwadiuto A

The Italian Journal of Pediatrics, Vol 38, Iss 1, p

2012 Volume 31

Abstract: Abstract Background Adolescent weight status is a cumulative effect of health and nutritional problems. Adolescent weight problems often go unnoticed as weight assessment is not considered a priority in adolescents. Objectives To determine the weight ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Adolescent weight status is a cumulative effect of health and nutritional problems. Adolescent weight problems often go unnoticed as weight assessment is not considered a priority in adolescents. Objectives To determine the weight status of adolescents using BMI and to identify the contributing factors to adolescent weight problems. Methods In April 2010, 960 adolescents aged 10–19 years in secondary schools in Port Harcourt were selected for the study using a stratified multi-staged sampling method. Structured questionnaires were filled by the investigators while weight and height were measured. BMI was calculated using the formula weight/height 2 (kg/m 2 ). Results The prevalence of underweight, overweight, obesity and stunting were 6.4%, 6.3%, 1.8% and 5.4% respectively. Factors which were commoner in overweight adolescents were high socioeconomic class, higher maternal education, spending > 3 hours a day watching television and frequent ingestion of snacks. Conclusion There is a need for periodic weight assessment of adolescents and health education to promote healthy eating habits and regular physical exercise as part of the School Health Programme.
Keywords	Adolescents ; Weight status ; Body mass index ; Pediatrics ; RJ1-570 ; Medicine ; R ; DOAJ:Pediatrics ; DOAJ:Medicine (General) ; DOAJ:Health Sciences
Subject code	796
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BioMed Central
Document type	Article ; Online
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