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  1. Article ; Online: Discovery of Hepatitis E and Its Impact on Global Health: A Journey of 44 Years about an Incredible Human-Interest Story.

    Khuroo, Mohammad Sultan

    Viruses

    2023  Volume 15, Issue 8

    Abstract: The story of the discovery of hepatitis E originated in the late 1970s with my extreme belief that there was a hidden saga in the relationship between jaundice and pregnancy in developing countries and the opportunity for a massive epidemic of viral ... ...

    Abstract The story of the discovery of hepatitis E originated in the late 1970s with my extreme belief that there was a hidden saga in the relationship between jaundice and pregnancy in developing countries and the opportunity for a massive epidemic of viral hepatitis, which hit the Gulmarg Kashmir region in November 1978. Based on data collected from a door-to-door survey, the existence of a new disease, epidemic non-A, non-B hepatitis, caused by a hitherto unknown hepatitis virus, was announced. This news was received by the world community with hype and skepticism. In the early 1980s, the world watched in awe as an extreme example of human self-experimentation led to the identification of VLP. In 1990, a cDNA clone from the virus responsible for epidemic non-A, non-B hepatitis was isolated. Over the years, we traversed three eras of ambiguity, hope, and hype of hepatitis E research and conducted several seminal studies to understand the biology of HEV and manifestations of hepatitis E. Many milestones have been reached on the long and winding road of hepatitis E research to understand the structure, biology, and diversity of the agent, changing the behavior of the pathogen in developed countries, and the discovery of a highly effective vaccine.
    MeSH term(s) Female ; Pregnancy ; Humans ; Hepatitis E/epidemiology ; Global Health ; Hepatitis C ; DNA, Complementary ; Epidemics
    Chemical Substances DNA, Complementary
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-15
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2516098-9
    ISSN 1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
    ISSN (online) 1999-4915
    ISSN 1999-4915
    DOI 10.3390/v15081745
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Hepatitis E and Pregnancy: An Unholy Alliance Unmasked from Kashmir, India.

    Khuroo, Mohammad Sultan

    Viruses

    2021  Volume 13, Issue 7

    Abstract: The adverse relationship between viral hepatitis and pregnancy in developing countries had been interpreted as a reflection of retrospectively biased hospital-based data collection by the West. However, the discovery of hepatitis E virus (HEV) as the ... ...

    Abstract The adverse relationship between viral hepatitis and pregnancy in developing countries had been interpreted as a reflection of retrospectively biased hospital-based data collection by the West. However, the discovery of hepatitis E virus (HEV) as the etiological agent of an epidemic of non-A, non-B hepatitis in Kashmir, and the documenting of the increased incidence and severity of hepatitis E in pregnancy via a house-to-house survey, unmasked this unholy alliance. In the
    MeSH term(s) Female ; Genotype ; Hepatitis E/complications ; Hepatitis E/epidemiology ; Hepatitis E virus/classification ; Hepatitis E virus/genetics ; Humans ; India/epidemiology ; Infant, Newborn ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; Liver/pathology ; Liver/virology ; Liver Failure, Acute/virology ; Open Reading Frames ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/epidemiology ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/virology ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; Retrospective Studies ; Virus Replication
    Chemical Substances RNA, Viral
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-07-09
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2516098-9
    ISSN 1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
    ISSN (online) 1999-4915
    ISSN 1999-4915
    DOI 10.3390/v13071329
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Facts, fiction and the hype: a critical appraisal.

    Khuroo, Mohammad Sultan

    International journal of antimicrobial agents

    2020  Volume 56, Issue 3, Page(s) 106101

    Abstract: The coronavirus infection (COVID-19) has turned into a global catastrophe and there is an intense search for effective drug therapy. Of all the potential therapies, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been the focus of tremendous public attention. ... ...

    Abstract The coronavirus infection (COVID-19) has turned into a global catastrophe and there is an intense search for effective drug therapy. Of all the potential therapies, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been the focus of tremendous public attention. Both drugs have been used in the treatment and prophylaxis of malaria. Long-term use of hydroxychloroquine is the cornerstone in the treatment of several auto-immune disorders. There is convincing evidence that hydroxychloroquine has strong in vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. A few small uncontrolled trials and several anecdotal reports have shown conflicting results of such drug therapy in COVID-19. However, the results of preliminary large-scale randomized controlled trials have failed to show any survival benefit of such drug therapy in COVID-19. Despite the lack of such evidence, hydroxychloroquine has been used as a desperate attempt for prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19. The drug has wide-ranging drug interactions and potential cardiotoxicity. Indiscriminate unsupervised use can expose the public to serious adverse drug effects.
    MeSH term(s) Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/adverse effects ; Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage ; Antiviral Agents/adverse effects ; Betacoronavirus/drug effects ; Betacoronavirus/growth & development ; Betacoronavirus/immunology ; COVID-19 ; Chloroquine/administration & dosage ; Chloroquine/adverse effects ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy ; Coronavirus Infections/mortality ; Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Coronavirus Infections/virology ; Cytokine Release Syndrome/drug therapy ; Cytokine Release Syndrome/mortality ; Cytokine Release Syndrome/prevention & control ; Cytokine Release Syndrome/virology ; Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors ; Cytokines/genetics ; Cytokines/immunology ; Drug Administration Schedule ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/drug effects ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology ; Humans ; Hydroxychloroquine/administration & dosage ; Hydroxychloroquine/adverse effects ; Immunologic Factors/administration & dosage ; Immunologic Factors/adverse effects ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy ; Pneumonia, Viral/mortality ; Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control ; Pneumonia, Viral/virology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Survival Analysis ; Virus Internalization/drug effects ; Virus Replication/drug effects
    Chemical Substances Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; Antiviral Agents ; Cytokines ; Immunologic Factors ; Hydroxychloroquine (4QWG6N8QKH) ; Chloroquine (886U3H6UFF)
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-07-17
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1093977-5
    ISSN 1872-7913 ; 0924-8579
    ISSN (online) 1872-7913
    ISSN 0924-8579
    DOI 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106101
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article: Hepatitis E and Pregnancy: An Unholy Alliance Unmasked from Kashmir, India

    Khuroo, Mohammad Sultan

    Viruses. 2021 July 09, v. 13, no. 7

    2021  

    Abstract: The adverse relationship between viral hepatitis and pregnancy in developing countries had been interpreted as a reflection of retrospectively biased hospital-based data collection by the West. However, the discovery of hepatitis E virus (HEV) as the ... ...

    Abstract The adverse relationship between viral hepatitis and pregnancy in developing countries had been interpreted as a reflection of retrospectively biased hospital-based data collection by the West. However, the discovery of hepatitis E virus (HEV) as the etiological agent of an epidemic of non-A, non-B hepatitis in Kashmir, and the documenting of the increased incidence and severity of hepatitis E in pregnancy via a house-to-house survey, unmasked this unholy alliance. In the Hepeviridae family, HEV-genotype (gt)1 from genus Orthohepevirus A has a unique open reading frame (ORF)4-encoded protein which enhances viral polymerase activity and viral replication. The epidemics caused by HEV-gt1, but not any other Orthohepevirus A genotype, show an adverse relationship with pregnancy in humans. The pathogenesis of the association is complex and at present not well understood. Possibly multiple factors play a role in causing severe liver disease in the pregnant women including infection and damage to the maternal-fetal interface by HEV-gt1; vertical transmission of HEV to fetus causing severe fetal/neonatal hepatitis; and combined viral and hormone related immune dysfunction of diverse nature in the pregnant women, promoting viral replication. Management is multidisciplinary and needs a close watch for the development and management of acute liver failure. (ALF). Preliminary data suggest beneficial maternal outcomes by early termination of pregnancy in patients with lower grades of encephalopathy.
    Keywords Orthohepevirus A ; data collection ; encephalopathy ; etiological agents ; fetus ; genotype ; hepatitis E ; liver failure ; pathogenesis ; pregnancy ; surveys ; virus replication ; India
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2021-0709
    Publishing place Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2516098-9
    ISSN 1999-4915
    ISSN 1999-4915
    DOI 10.3390/v13071329
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  5. Article ; Online: Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Facts, fiction and the hype

    Khuroo, Mohammad Sultan

    International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents

    a critical appraisal

    2020  Volume 56, Issue 3, Page(s) 106101

    Keywords Microbiology (medical) ; Pharmacology (medical) ; Infectious Diseases ; General Medicine ; covid19
    Language English
    Publisher Elsevier BV
    Publishing country us
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 1093977-5
    ISSN 1872-7913 ; 0924-8579
    ISSN (online) 1872-7913
    ISSN 0924-8579
    DOI 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106101
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  6. Article: Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Facts, fiction and the hype: a critical appraisal

    Khuroo, Mohammad Sultan

    Int J Antimicrob Agents

    Abstract: The coronavirus infection (COVID-19) has turned into a global catastrophe and there is an intense search for effective drug therapy. Of all the potential therapies, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been the focus of tremendous public attention. ... ...

    Abstract The coronavirus infection (COVID-19) has turned into a global catastrophe and there is an intense search for effective drug therapy. Of all the potential therapies, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been the focus of tremendous public attention. Both drugs have been used in the treatment and prophylaxis of malaria. Long-term use of hydroxychloroquine is the cornerstone in the treatment of several auto-immune disorders. There is convincing evidence that hydroxychloroquine has strong in vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. A few small uncontrolled trials and several anecdotal reports have shown conflicting results of such drug therapy in COVID-19. However, the results of preliminary large-scale randomized controlled trials have failed to show any survival benefit of such drug therapy in COVID-19. Despite the lack of such evidence, hydroxychloroquine has been used as a desperate attempt for prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19. The drug has wide-ranging drug interactions and potential cardiotoxicity. Indiscriminate unsupervised use can expose the public to serious adverse drug effects.
    Keywords covid19
    Publisher WHO
    Document type Article
    Note WHO #Covidence: #650831
    Database COVID19

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  7. Article: Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Facts, fiction and the hype: a critical appraisal

    Khuroo, Mohammad Sultan

    International journal of antimicrobial agents. 2020 Sept., v. 56, no. 3

    2020  

    Abstract: The coronavirus infection (COVID-19) has turned into a global catastrophe and there is an intense search for effective drug therapy. Of all the potential therapies, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been the focus of tremendous public attention. ... ...

    Abstract The coronavirus infection (COVID-19) has turned into a global catastrophe and there is an intense search for effective drug therapy. Of all the potential therapies, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been the focus of tremendous public attention. Both drugs have been used in the treatment and prophylaxis of malaria. Long-term use of hydroxychloroquine is the cornerstone in the treatment of several auto-immune disorders. There is convincing evidence that hydroxychloroquine has strong in vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. A few small uncontrolled trials and several anecdotal reports have shown conflicting results of such drug therapy in COVID-19. However, the results of preliminary large-scale randomized controlled trials have failed to show any survival benefit of such drug therapy in COVID-19. Despite the lack of such evidence, hydroxychloroquine has been used as a desperate attempt for prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19. The drug has wide-ranging drug interactions and potential cardiotoxicity. Indiscriminate unsupervised use can expose the public to serious adverse drug effects.
    Keywords Coronavirus infections ; Orthocoronavirinae ; antiviral properties ; cardiotoxicity ; chloroquine ; disease control ; drug interactions ; drug therapy ; drug toxicity ; malaria
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2020-09
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    Note NAL-light
    ZDB-ID 1093977-5
    ISSN 1872-7913 ; 0924-8579
    ISSN (online) 1872-7913
    ISSN 0924-8579
    DOI 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106101
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  8. Article ; Online: Diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care tests for hepatitis C virus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

    Khuroo, Mehnaaz Sultan / Khuroo, Naira Sultan / Khuroo, Mohammad Sultan

    PloS one

    2015  Volume 10, Issue 3, Page(s) e0121450

    Abstract: Background: Point-of-care tests provide a plausible diagnostic strategy for hepatitis C infection in economically impoverished areas. However, their utility depends upon the overall performance of individual tests.: Methods: A literature search was ... ...

    Abstract Background: Point-of-care tests provide a plausible diagnostic strategy for hepatitis C infection in economically impoverished areas. However, their utility depends upon the overall performance of individual tests.
    Methods: A literature search was conducted using the metasearch engine Mettā, a query interface for retrieving articles from five leading medical databases. Studies were included if they employed point-of-care tests to detect antibodies of hepatitis C virus and compared the results with reference tests. Two reviewers performed a quality assessment of the studies and extracted data for estimating test accuracy.
    Findings: Thirty studies that had evaluated 30 tests fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The overall pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood-ratio, negative likelihood-ratio and diagnostic odds ratio for all tests were 97.4% (95% CI: 95.9-98.4), 99.5% (99.2-99.7), 80.17 (55.35-116.14), 0.03 (0.02-0.04), and 3032.85 (1595.86-5763.78), respectively. This suggested a high pooled accuracy for all studies. We found substantial heterogeneity between studies, but none of the subgroups investigated could account for the heterogeneity. Genotype diversity of HCV had no or minimal influence on test performance. Of the seven tests evaluated in the meta-regression model, OraQuick had the highest test sensitivity and specificity and showed better performance than a third generation enzyme immunoassay in seroconversion panels. The next highest test sensitivities and specificities were from TriDot and SDBioline, followed by Genedia and Chembio. The Spot and Multiplo tests produced poor test sensitivities but high test specificities. Nine of the remaining 23 tests produced poor test sensitivities and specificities and/or showed poor performances in seroconversion panels, while 14 tests had high test performances with diagnostic odds ratios ranging from 590.70 to 28822.20.
    Conclusions: Performances varied widely among individual point-of-care tests for diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection. Physicians should consider this while using specific tests in clinical practice.
    MeSH term(s) Hepacivirus/pathogenicity ; Hepatitis C/blood ; Hepatitis C/pathology ; Hepatitis C/virology ; Humans ; Point-of-Care Systems
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Meta-Analysis
    ISSN 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0121450
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Erratum to: Seroepidemiology of a second epidemic of hepatitis E in a population that had recorded first epidemic 30 years before and has been under surveillance since then.

    Khuroo, Mehnaaz Sultan / Khuroo, Mohammad Sultan

    Hepatology international

    2010  Volume 4, Issue 2, Page(s) 536

    Abstract: This corrects the article DOI: 10.1007/s12072-009-9159-5.]. ...

    Abstract [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1007/s12072-009-9159-5.].
    Language English
    Publishing date 2010-04-27
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Published Erratum
    ZDB-ID 2270316-0
    ISSN 1936-0541 ; 1936-0533
    ISSN (online) 1936-0541
    ISSN 1936-0533
    DOI 10.1007/s12072-010-9182-6
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care tests for hepatitis C virus infection

    Mehnaaz Sultan Khuroo / Naira Sultan Khuroo / Mohammad Sultan Khuroo

    PLoS ONE, Vol 10, Iss 3, p e

    a systematic review and meta-analysis.

    2015  Volume 0121450

    Abstract: Point-of-care tests provide a plausible diagnostic strategy for hepatitis C infection in economically impoverished areas. However, their utility depends upon the overall performance of individual tests.A literature search was conducted using the ... ...

    Abstract Point-of-care tests provide a plausible diagnostic strategy for hepatitis C infection in economically impoverished areas. However, their utility depends upon the overall performance of individual tests.A literature search was conducted using the metasearch engine Mettā, a query interface for retrieving articles from five leading medical databases. Studies were included if they employed point-of-care tests to detect antibodies of hepatitis C virus and compared the results with reference tests. Two reviewers performed a quality assessment of the studies and extracted data for estimating test accuracy.Thirty studies that had evaluated 30 tests fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The overall pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood-ratio, negative likelihood-ratio and diagnostic odds ratio for all tests were 97.4% (95% CI: 95.9-98.4), 99.5% (99.2-99.7), 80.17 (55.35-116.14), 0.03 (0.02-0.04), and 3032.85 (1595.86-5763.78), respectively. This suggested a high pooled accuracy for all studies. We found substantial heterogeneity between studies, but none of the subgroups investigated could account for the heterogeneity. Genotype diversity of HCV had no or minimal influence on test performance. Of the seven tests evaluated in the meta-regression model, OraQuick had the highest test sensitivity and specificity and showed better performance than a third generation enzyme immunoassay in seroconversion panels. The next highest test sensitivities and specificities were from TriDot and SDBioline, followed by Genedia and Chembio. The Spot and Multiplo tests produced poor test sensitivities but high test specificities. Nine of the remaining 23 tests produced poor test sensitivities and specificities and/or showed poor performances in seroconversion panels, while 14 tests had high test performances with diagnostic odds ratios ranging from 590.70 to 28822.20.Performances varied widely among individual point-of-care tests for diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection. Physicians should consider this while using specific tests in clinical practice.
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 310 ; 150
    Language English
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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