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Article ; Online: Central nervous system infections in the tropics.

T, Angel Miraclin / Singh, Bhagteshwar / Rupali, Priscilla

2024 Volume 37, Issue 3, Page(s) 201–210

Abstract: Purpose of review: Emerging and re-emerging central nervous system (CNS) infections are a major public health concern in the tropics. The reasons for this are myriad; climate change, rainfall, deforestation, increased vector density combined with ... ...

Abstract	Purpose of review: Emerging and re-emerging central nervous system (CNS) infections are a major public health concern in the tropics. The reasons for this are myriad; climate change, rainfall, deforestation, increased vector density combined with poverty, poor sanitation and hygiene. This review focuses on pathogens, which have emerged and re-emerged, with the potential for significant morbidity and mortality. Recent findings: In recent years, multiple acute encephalitis outbreaks have been caused by Nipah virus, which carries a high case fatality. Arboviral infections, predominantly dengue, chikungunya and Zika are re-emerging increasingly especially in urban areas due to changing human habitats, vector behaviour and viral evolution. Scrub typhus, another vector borne disease caused by the bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi , is being established as a leading cause of CNS infections in the tropics. Summary: A syndromic and epidemiological approach to CNS infections in the tropics is essential to plan appropriate diagnostic tests and management. Rapid diagnostic tests facilitate early diagnosis and thus help prompt initiation and focusing of therapy to prevent adverse outcomes. Vector control, cautious urbanization and deforestation, and reducing disturbance of ecosystems can help prevent spread of vector-borne diseases. Regional diagnostic and treatment approaches and specific vaccines are required to avert morbidity and mortality.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Tropical Climate ; Central Nervous System Infections/epidemiology ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	645085-4
ISSN	1473-6527 ; 1535-3877 ; 0951-7375 ; 1355-834X
ISSN (online)	1473-6527 ; 1535-3877
ISSN	0951-7375 ; 1355-834X
DOI	10.1097/QCO.0000000000001015
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: COVID Study Circle: An Experiment in Forming a Digital Collective During a Pandemic.

Pattabiraman, Chitra / Singh, Bhagteshwar

Journal of the Indian Institute of Science

2020 Volume 100, Issue 4, Page(s) 647–651

Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-08
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2139553-6
ISSN	0970-4140 ; 0970-4140 ; 0019-4964
ISSN (online)	0970-4140
ISSN	0970-4140 ; 0019-4964
DOI	10.1007/s41745-020-00194-1
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Article ; Online: Chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for prevention and treatment of COVID-19.

Singh, Bhagteshwar / Ryan, Hannah / Kredo, Tamara / Chaplin, Marty / Fletcher, Tom

Emergencias : revista de la Sociedad Espanola de Medicina de Emergencias

2022 Volume 34, Issue 4, Page(s) 305–307

Title translation	Cloroquina o hidroxicloroquina para la prevención y el tratamiento de la COVID-19.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/drug therapy ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Chloroquine/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Hydroxychloroquine/therapeutic use ; SARS-CoV-2
Chemical Substances	Hydroxychloroquine (4QWG6N8QKH) ; Chloroquine (886U3H6UFF)
Language	Spanish
Publishing date	2022-07-14
Publishing country	Spain
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2127173-2
ISSN	2386-5857 ; 2386-5857
ISSN (online)	2386-5857
ISSN	2386-5857
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Article: COVID Study Circle: An Experiment in Forming a Digital Collective During a Pandemic

Pattabiraman, Chitra / Singh, Bhagteshwar

J Indian Inst Sci

Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #848603
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: Low serum vitamin D in North Indian multi-drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis patients: the role of diet and sunlight.

Rathored, Jaishriram / Sharma, Surendra Kumar / Chauhan, Aarti / Singh, Bhagteshwar / Banavaliker, Jayant Nagesh / Sreenivas, V / Srivastava, Abhay Krishna

Annals of medicine

2023 Volume 55, Issue 2, Page(s) 2291554

Abstract: Background: ...

Abstract	Background:
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Vitamin D Deficiency/drug therapy ; Vitamin D Deficiency/epidemiology ; Calcium/therapeutic use ; Vitamin D ; Diet ; Vitamins ; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/drug therapy ; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/epidemiology ; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/complications ; Sunlight ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/epidemiology
Chemical Substances	Calcium (SY7Q814VUP) ; Vitamin D (1406-16-2) ; Vitamins
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1004226-x
ISSN	1365-2060 ; 1651-2219 ; 0785-3890 ; 1743-1387
ISSN (online)	1365-2060 ; 1651-2219
ISSN	0785-3890 ; 1743-1387
DOI	10.1080/07853890.2023.2291554
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Article ; Online: Favipiravir for treating COVID-19.

Korula, Pritish / Alexander, Hanna / John, Jisha Sara / Kirubakaran, Richard / Singh, Bhagteshwar / Tharyan, Prathap / Rupali, Priscilla

The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

2024 Volume 2, Page(s) CD015219

Abstract: Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to challenge the health workforce and societies worldwide. Favipiravir was suggested by some experts to be ... ...

Abstract	Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to challenge the health workforce and societies worldwide. Favipiravir was suggested by some experts to be effective and safe to use in COVID-19. Although this drug has been evaluated in randomized controlled trials (RCTs), it is still unclear if it has a definite role in the treatment of COVID-19. Objectives: To assess the effects of favipiravir compared to no treatment, supportive treatment, or other experimental antiviral treatment in people with acute COVID-19. Search methods: We searched the Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register, MEDLINE, Embase, the World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 Global literature on coronavirus disease, and three other databases, up to 18 July 2023. Selection criteria: We searched for RCTs evaluating the efficacy of favipiravir in treating people with COVID-19. Data collection and analysis: We used standard Cochrane methodological procedures for data collection and analysis. We used the GRADE approach to assess the certainty of evidence for each outcome. Main results: We included 25 trials that randomized 5750 adults (most under 60 years of age). The trials were conducted in Bahrain, Brazil, China, India, Iran, Kuwait, Malaysia, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, the UK, and the USA. Most participants were hospitalized with mild to moderate disease (89%). Twenty-two of the 25 trials investigated the role of favipiravir compared to placebo or standard of care, whilst lopinavir/ritonavir was the comparator in two trials, and umifenovir in one trial. Most trials (24 of 25) initiated favipiravir at 1600 mg or 1800 mg twice daily for the first day, followed by 600 mg to 800 mg twice a day. The duration of treatment varied from five to 14 days. We do not know whether favipiravir reduces all-cause mortality at 28 to 30 days, or in-hospital (risk ratio (RR) 0.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.49 to 1.46; 11 trials, 3459 participants; very low-certainty evidence). We do not know if favipiravir reduces the progression to invasive mechanical ventilation (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.68 to 1.09; 8 trials, 1383 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Favipiravir may make little to no difference in the need for admission to hospital (if ambulatory) (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.44 to 2.46; 4 trials, 670 participants; low-certainty evidence). We do not know if favipiravir reduces the time to clinical improvement (defined as time to a 2-point reduction in patients' admission status on the WHO's ordinal scale) (hazard ratio (HR) 1.13, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.83; 4 trials, 721 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Favipiravir may make little to no difference to the progression to oxygen therapy (RR 1.20, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.75; 2 trials, 543 participants; low-certainty evidence). Favipiravir may lead to an overall increased incidence of adverse events (RR 1.27, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.54; 18 trials, 4699 participants; low-certainty evidence), but may result in little to no difference inserious adverse eventsattributable to the drug (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.42; 12 trials, 3317 participants; low-certainty evidence). Authors' conclusions: The low- to very low-certainty evidence means that we do not know whether favipiravir is efficacious in people with COVID-19 illness, irrespective of severity or admission status. Treatment with favipiravir may result in an overall increase in the incidence of adverse events but may not result in serious adverse events.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Amides/therapeutic use ; Pyrazines/adverse effects
Chemical Substances	favipiravir (EW5GL2X7E0) ; Amides ; Pyrazines
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Systematic Review ; Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	1469-493X
ISSN (online)	1469-493X
DOI	10.1002/14651858.CD015219.pub2
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Effect of a hydrogen peroxide gas-plasma sterilization on physical integrity and quality of N95 respirators

Malathi Murugesan / Sneha Radha / Bhagteshwar Singh / Prasad Mathews / Suresh Devasahayam / Priscilla Rupali

Current Medical Issues, Vol 20, Iss 3, Pp 172-

An experimental study during the COVID-19 pandemic

2022 Volume 176

Abstract: Background: N95 respirators have prevented transmission among health-care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. During times of intense shortage of respirators and border closures during the pandemic, re-use strategies with available decontamination ... ...

Abstract	Background: N95 respirators have prevented transmission among health-care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. During times of intense shortage of respirators and border closures during the pandemic, re-use strategies with available decontamination methods were necessitated. This in-house experimental study evaluated the effect of hydrogen peroxide gas-plasma sterilization on respirators and helped establish an evidence-based protocol for their re-use in a resource-poor setting. Materials and Methods: A three-dimensional experimental model using saline nebulization as the aerosol exposure and a particle counter to measure the filtration of particles through the mask pre- and post-sterilization was used. Multiple cycles of plasma sterilization were done till the physical integrity/fit was lost. Total filtration volume was used as a surrogate marker to assess the filtration efficiency (FE). Results: The total volume of particles filtered on a 3M respirator was 99.9%. Unused Halyard and Venus respirators were compared against 3M and found to have FE of 99.9% and 60.5%, respectively. After repeated sterilization cycles, the total volume of particles filtered was 59.3% for Halyard in the seventh cycle and 36.2% for Venus in the fifth cycle. When the physical integrity and fit was tested, the appropriate fit was lost after eight cycles of sterilization for Venus and was not lost for Halyard even after the tenth cycle. Conclusion: This low-cost experimental study helped implement an effective and safe decontamination strategy for safe re-use of N95 respirators in an emergent situation with no access to commercial testing in a resource poor health-care setting during the pandemic.
Keywords	covid-19 ; n95 respirators ; re-use ; sterilization ; Medicine ; R
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Profile of Acute Encephalitis Syndrome Patients from South India.

Suma, Rache / Netravathi, M / Gururaj, Gopalkrishna / Thomas, Priya Treesa / Singh, Bhagteshwar / Solomon, Tom / Desai, Anita / Vasanthapuram, Ravi / Banandur, Pradeep S

Journal of global infectious diseases

2023 Volume 15, Issue 4, Page(s) 156–165

Abstract: Introduction: Encephalitis is a major public health problem worldwide that causes huge emotional and economic loss to humanity. Encephalitis, being a serious illness, affects people of all ages. The aim is to describe the sociodemographic, clinical, ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Encephalitis is a major public health problem worldwide that causes huge emotional and economic loss to humanity. Encephalitis, being a serious illness, affects people of all ages. The aim is to describe the sociodemographic, clinical, etiological, and neuroimaging profile among 101 acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) patients visiting a tertiary neuro-specialty care hospital in India. Methods: Record review of medical records of all patients attending neurology emergency and outpatient services at NIMHANS Hospital, diagnosed with AES in 2019, was conducted. Data were collected using standardized data collection forms for all cases in the study. Descriptive analyses (mean and standard deviation for continuous variables and proportions for categorical variables) were conducted. The Chi-square test/Fisher's exact test was used for the comparison of independent groups for categorical variables, and Results: About 42.6% of AES patients had viral etiology, while in 57.4%, etiology was not ascertained. Common presenting symptoms were fever (96%), altered sensorium (64.4%), seizures (70.3%), headache (42.6%), and vomiting (27.7%). Herpes simplex was the most common (21.8%) identified viral encephalitis, followed by chikungunya (5%), arboviruses (chikungunya and dengue) (4%), Japanese encephalitis (4%), rabies (3%), dengue (1%), and varicella virus (1%). About 40% of AES patients showed cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis (44%), increased protein (39.6%), abnormal computed tomography brain (44.6%), and magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities (41.6%). Conclusion: The study highlights the need to ascertain etiology and importance of evidence-based management of AES patients. A better understanding of opportunities and limitations in the management and implementation of standard laboratory and diagnostic algorithms can favor better diagnosis and management of AES.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-30
Publishing country	India
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2545454-7
ISSN	0974-8245 ; 0974-777X
ISSN (online)	0974-8245
ISSN	0974-777X
DOI	10.4103/jgid.jgid_19_23
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Low serum vitamin D in North Indian multi-drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis patients

Jaishriram Rathored / Surendra Kumar Sharma / Aarti Chauhan / Bhagteshwar Singh / Jayant Nagesh Banavaliker / V. Sreenivas / Abhay Krishna Srivastava

Annals of Medicine, Vol 55, Iss

the role of diet and sunlight

2023 Volume 2

Abstract: AbstractBackground: Tuberculosis (TB) and malnutrition are major global health problems, with multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB complicating international efforts. The role of vitamin D in susceptibility to and as an adjunctive treatment for TB is being ... ...

Abstract	AbstractBackground: Tuberculosis (TB) and malnutrition are major global health problems, with multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB complicating international efforts. The role of vitamin D in susceptibility to and as an adjunctive treatment for TB is being studied extensively, although no study has included MDR-TB patients in context to dietary profile with vitamin D levels and sunlight exposure.Objective: This study aimed to estimate vitamin D serum levels and examine their association with dietary intake of vitamin D and sun exposure in patients with MDR-TB.Methods: North Indian participants were enrolled in three groups: MDR-TB, drug-susceptible pulmonary TB (DS-PTB), and healthy controls. All consenting participants underwent the estimation of macro- and micronutrient intake and sunlight exposure using structured questionnaires. Serum biochemistry, including 25-hydroxyvitamin D and calcium levels, was measured, and the correlation between variables was determined.Results: 747 participants were enrolled. Significant differences among the three groups were found in mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, body mass index, macronutrient intake, dietary vitamin D and calcium content, and sun exposure index (SEI). All except sun exposure (SEI was highest in DS-PTB patients) were found to follow the trend: MDR-TB < DS-PTB < healthy controls. The mean serum vitamin D levels of all groups were deficient and correlated positively with dietary intake and SEI.Conclusion: In this study’s we found significant association of serum vitamin D concentrations, dietary intake and sunlight exposure in MDR-TB, DS-PTB patients and healthy controls. Dietary intake may be more important than sun exposure in determining serum levels. However, the significance of this finding is uncertain. Further studies are required to confirm the association, direction, and potential for vitamin D supplementation to treat or prevent MDR-TB infection.
Keywords	Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis ; nutritional deficiency ; sunlight ; vitamin D ; nutritional assessment ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	333 ; 610
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Taylor & Francis Group
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Provisional case definitions for COVID-19-associated neurological disease - Authors' reply.

Solomon, Tom / Benjamin, Laura / Singh, Bhagteshwar / Lant, Suzannah / Ellul, Mark A

The Lancet. Neurology

2020 Volume 19, Issue 11, Page(s) 891–892

MeSH term(s)	Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral ; SARS-CoV-2
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Letter ; Comment
ZDB-ID	2081241-3
ISSN	1474-4465 ; 1474-4422
ISSN (online)	1474-4465
ISSN	1474-4422
DOI	10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30362-8
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