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Article ; Online: Associations of Skeletal Muscle Mass, Muscle Fat Infiltration, Mitochondrial Energetics, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness With Liver Fat Among Older Adults.

Igudesman, Daria / Mucinski, Justine / Harrison, Stephanie / Cawthon, Peggy M / Linge, Jennifer / Goodpaster, Bret H / Cummings, Steven R / Hepple, Russell T / Jurczak, Michael J / Kritchevsky, Stephen B / Marcinek, David / Coen, Paul M / Corbin, Karen D

The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences

2024 Volume 79, Issue 4

Abstract: Background: Muscle mass loss may be associated with liver fat accumulation, yet scientific consensus is lacking and evidence in older adults is scant. It is unclear which muscle characteristics might contribute to this association in older adults.: ... ...

Abstract	Background: Muscle mass loss may be associated with liver fat accumulation, yet scientific consensus is lacking and evidence in older adults is scant. It is unclear which muscle characteristics might contribute to this association in older adults. Methods: We associated comprehensive muscle-related phenotypes including muscle mass normalized to body weight (D3-creatine dilution), muscle fat infiltration (magnetic resonance imaging), carbohydrate-supported muscle mitochondrial maximal oxidative phosphorylation (respirometry), and cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2 peak) with liver fat among older adults. Linear regression models adjusted for age, gender, technician (respirometry only), daily minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, and prediabetes/diabetes status tested main effects and interactions of each independent variable with waist circumference (high: women-≥88 cm, men-≥102 cm) and gender. Results: Among older adults aged 75 (interquartile range: 73, 79 years; 59.8% women), muscle mass and liver fat were not associated overall (N = 362) but were positively associated among participants with a high waist circumference (β: 25.2; 95% confidence intervals [95% CI]: 11.7, 40.4; p = .0002; N = 160). Muscle fat infiltration and liver fat were positively associated (β: 15.2; 95% CI: 6.8, 24.3; p = .0003; N = 378). Carbohydrate-supported maximum oxidative phosphorylation (before adjustment) and VO2 peak (after adjustment; β: -12.9; 95% CI: -20.3, -4.8; p = .003; N = 361) were inversely associated with liver fat; adjustment attenuated the estimate for maximum oxidative phosphorylation although the point estimate remained negative (β: -4.0; 95% CI: -11.6, 4.2; p = .32; N = 321). Conclusions: Skeletal muscle-related characteristics are metabolically relevant factors linked to liver fat in older adults. Future research should confirm our results to determine whether trials targeting mechanisms common to liver and muscle fat accumulation are warranted.
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Humans ; Female ; Aged ; Cardiorespiratory Fitness ; Muscle, Skeletal/physiology ; Body Weight ; Liver ; Carbohydrates
Chemical Substances	Carbohydrates
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1223643-3
ISSN	1758-535X ; 1079-5006
ISSN (online)	1758-535X
ISSN	1079-5006
DOI	10.1093/gerona/glae047
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Article ; Online: Energy intake as a short-term biomarker for weight loss in adults with obesity receiving liraglutide: A randomized trial.

Saxena, Aditi R / Banerjee, Anindita / Corbin, Karen D / Parsons, Stephanie A / Smith, Steven R

Obesity science & practice

2021 Volume 7, Issue 3, Page(s) 281–290

Abstract: Background and objective: Obesity is a chronic disease associated with many serious comorbidities. Pharmacologic therapies are approved for the treatment of obesity; however, short-term biomarkers to predict weight loss are not well understood. This ... ...

Abstract	Background and objective: Obesity is a chronic disease associated with many serious comorbidities. Pharmacologic therapies are approved for the treatment of obesity; however, short-term biomarkers to predict weight loss are not well understood. This study aimed to determine the ability of single-meal energy intake (EI) to predict weight loss in participants with obesity treated with liraglutide. Methods: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, participants received subcutaneous liraglutide (titrated to 3.0 mg/day) or placebo once daily, with inpatient assessments at baseline and weeks 3 and 6. The primary endpoint was change from baseline (CFB) in EI during consecutive ad libitum lunch meals at weeks 3 and 6. Secondary endpoints included CFB in 24- and 48-h EI, weight, appetite scores, and gastric emptying measures. Results: Sixty-one participants were randomized ( Conclusions: EI during a single meal is a robust clinical predictor of weight changes in participants with obesity. Future clinical trials can utilize EI at a single meal as a predictor of weight loss.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2836381-4
ISSN	2055-2238 ; 2055-2238
ISSN (online)	2055-2238
ISSN	2055-2238
DOI	10.1002/osp4.486
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Article: Associations of Skeletal Muscle Mass, Muscle Fat Infiltration, Mitochondrial Energetics, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness with Liver Fat Among Older Adults.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences

2023

Abstract: ... phenotypes including muscle mass normalized to body weight (D : Results: Among older adults aged 75 (IQR ...

Abstract	Background: Muscle mass loss may be associated with liver fat accumulation, yet scientific consensus is lacking and evidence in older adults is scant. It is unclear which muscle characteristics might contribute to this association in older adults. Methods: We associated comprehensive muscle-related phenotypes including muscle mass normalized to body weight (D Results: Among older adults aged 75 (IQR 73, 79 years; 59.8% women), muscle mass and liver fat were not associated overall but were positively associated among participants with a high waist circumference (β: 25.2; 95%CI 11.7, 40.4; Conclusions: Skeletal muscle-related characteristics are metabolically relevant factors linked to liver fat in older adults. Future research should confirm our results to determine whether trials targeting mechanisms common to liver and muscle fat accumulation are warranted.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Preprint
DOI	10.1101/2023.10.24.23297480
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Article ; Online: Glucagon-like peptide-1/glucagon receptor agonism associates with reduced metabolic adaptation and higher fat oxidation: A randomized trial.

Corbin, Karen D / Carnero, Elvis A / Allerton, Timothy D / Tillner, Joachim / Bock, Christopher P / Luyet, Pierre-Philippe / Göbel, Britta / Hall, Kevin D / Parsons, Stephanie A / Ravussin, Eric / Smith, Steven R

Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)

2023 Volume 31, Issue 2, Page(s) 350–362

Abstract: ... were randomized to a calorie-reduced diet (-1000 kcal/d) and escalating doses (0.06-0.2 mg/d ...

Abstract	Objective: This study tested the hypothesis that treatment with the glucagon-like peptide-1/glucagon receptor agonist SAR425899 would lead to a smaller decrease in sleeping metabolic rate (SMR; kilocalories/day) than expected from the loss of lean and fat mass (metabolic adaptation). Methods: This Phase 1b, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study was conducted at two centers in inpatient metabolic wards. Thirty-five healthy males and females with overweight and obesity (age = 36.5 ± 7.1 years) were randomized to a calorie-reduced diet (-1000 kcal/d) and escalating doses (0.06-0.2 mg/d) of SAR425899 (n = 17) or placebo (n = 18) for 19 days. SMR was measured by whole-room calorimetry. Results: Both groups lost weight (-3.68 ± 1.37 kg placebo; -4.83 ± 1.44 kg SAR425899). Those treated with SAR425899 lost more weight, fat mass, and fat free mass (p < 0.05) owing to a greater achieved energy deficit than planned. The SAR425899 group had a smaller reduction in body composition-adjusted SMR (p = 0.002) as compared with placebo, but not 24-hour energy expenditure. Fat oxidation and ketogenesis increased in both groups, with significantly greater increases with SAR425899 (p < 0.05). Conclusions: SAR425899 led to reduced selective metabolic adaptation and increased lipid oxidation, which are believed to be beneficial for weight loss and weight-loss maintenance.
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Female ; Humans ; Adult ; Receptors, Glucagon/agonists ; Obesity/complications ; Overweight/drug therapy ; Overweight/complications ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Weight Loss ; Energy Metabolism ; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/therapeutic use
Chemical Substances	Receptors, Glucagon ; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (89750-14-1)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Randomized Controlled Trial ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
ZDB-ID	2230457-5
ISSN	1930-739X ; 1071-7323 ; 1930-7381
ISSN (online)	1930-739X
ISSN	1071-7323 ; 1930-7381
DOI	10.1002/oby.23633
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Article: Reprogramming the Human Gut Microbiome Reduces Dietary Energy Harvest.

Corbin, Karen D / Carnero, Elvis A / Dirks, Blake / Igudesman, Daria / Yi, Fanchao / Marcus, Andrew / Davis, Taylor L / Pratley, Richard E / Rittmann, Bruce E / Krajmalnik-Brown, Rosa / Smith, Steven R

Research square

2023

Abstract: The gut microbiome is emerging as a key modulator of host energy balance1. We conducted a quantitative bioenergetics study aimed at understanding microbial and host factors contributing to energy balance. We used a Microbiome Enhancer Diet (MBD) to ... ...

Abstract	The gut microbiome is emerging as a key modulator of host energy balance1. We conducted a quantitative bioenergetics study aimed at understanding microbial and host factors contributing to energy balance. We used a Microbiome Enhancer Diet (MBD) to reprogram the gut microbiome by delivering more dietary substrates to the colon and randomized healthy participants into a within-subject crossover study with a Western Diet (WD) as a comparator. In a metabolic ward where the environment was strictly controlled, we measured energy intake, energy expenditure, and energy output (fecal, urinary, and methane)2. The primary endpoint was the within-participant difference in host metabolizable energy between experimental conditions. The MBD led to an additional 116 ± 56 kcals lost in feces daily and thus, lower metabolizable energy for the host by channeling more energy to the colon and microbes. The MBD drove significant shifts in microbial biomass, community structure, and fermentation, with parallel alterations to the host enteroendocrine system and without altering appetite or energy expenditure. Host metabolizable energy on the MBD had quantitatively significant interindividual variability, which was associated with differences in the composition of the gut microbiota experimentally and colonic transit time and short-chain fatty acid absorption in silico. Our results provide key insights into how a diet designed to optimize the gut microbiome lowers host metabolizable energy in healthy humans.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Preprint
DOI	10.21203/rs.3.rs-2382790/v1
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Article ; Online: Host-diet-gut microbiome interactions influence human energy balance: a randomized clinical trial.

Nature communications

2023 Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 3161

Abstract: The gut microbiome is emerging as a key modulator of human energy balance. Prior studies in humans lacked the environmental and dietary controls and precision required to quantitatively evaluate the contributions of the gut microbiome. Using a Microbiome ...

Abstract	The gut microbiome is emerging as a key modulator of human energy balance. Prior studies in humans lacked the environmental and dietary controls and precision required to quantitatively evaluate the contributions of the gut microbiome. Using a Microbiome Enhancer Diet (MBD) designed to deliver more dietary substrates to the colon and therefore modulate the gut microbiome, we quantified microbial and host contributions to human energy balance in a controlled feeding study with a randomized crossover design in young, healthy, weight stable males and females (NCT02939703). In a metabolic ward where the environment was strictly controlled, we measured energy intake, energy expenditure, and energy output (fecal and urinary). The primary endpoint was the within-participant difference in host metabolizable energy between experimental conditions [Control, Western Diet (WD) vs. MBD]. The secondary endpoints were enteroendocrine hormones, hunger/satiety, and food intake. Here we show that, compared to the WD, the MBD leads to an additional 116 ± 56 kcals (P < 0.0001) lost in feces daily and thus, lower metabolizable energy for the host (89.5 ± 0.73%; range 84.2-96.1% on the MBD vs. 95.4 ± 0.21%; range 94.1-97.0% on the WD; P < 0.0001) without changes in energy expenditure, hunger/satiety or food intake (P > 0.05). Microbial 16S rRNA gene copy number (a surrogate of biomass) increases (P < 0.0001), beta-diversity changes (whole genome shotgun sequencing; P = 0.02), and fermentation products increase (P < 0.01) on an MBD as compared to a WD along with significant changes in the host enteroendocrine system (P < 0.0001). The substantial interindividual variability in metabolizable energy on the MBD is explained in part by fecal SCFAs and biomass. Our results reveal the complex host-diet-microbiome interplay that modulates energy balance.
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Female ; Humans ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Diet/methods ; Feces ; Diet, Western ; Energy Metabolism
Chemical Substances	RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-31
Publishing country	England
Document type	Randomized Controlled Trial ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2553671-0
ISSN	2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
ISSN (online)	2041-1723
ISSN	2041-1723
DOI	10.1038/s41467-023-38778-x
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Article ; Online: Indices of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in prediabetes and association with diabetes development in the vitamin D and type 2 diabetes study.

Corbin, Karen D / Pittas, Anastassios G / Desouza, Cyrus / Grdinovac, Kristine K / Herzig, Karl-Heinz / Kashyap, Sangeeta R / Kim, Sun H / Nelson, Jason / Rasouli, Neda / Vickery, Ellen M / Knowler, William C / Pratley, Richard E

Journal of diabetes and its complications

2023 Volume 37, Issue 6, Page(s) 108475

Abstract: ... outcomes in people at high risk for development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Vitamin D is a possible mediator ... In the vitamin D and type 2 diabetes study (D2d), we investigated the relationship of baseline indices of NAFLD ... with incident T2D and whether the effect of vitamin D on diabetes was modified by NAFLD.: Methods: Cross ...

Abstract	Aims: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common comorbidity that leads to poor outcomes in people at high risk for development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Vitamin D is a possible mediator. In the vitamin D and type 2 diabetes study (D2d), we investigated the relationship of baseline indices of NAFLD with incident T2D and whether the effect of vitamin D on diabetes was modified by NAFLD. Methods: Cross-sectional associations of indices of NAFLD with glycemia and vitamin D status were assessed in 3972 individuals screened for the D2d study. In those with prediabetes randomized to vitamin D or placebo (n = 2423), we examined longitudinal associations of NAFLD indices with incident T2D. We used validated non-invasive scores to assess steatosis [(hepatic steatosis index (HSI); NAFLD-liver fat score (NAFLD-LFS)] and advanced fibrosis [fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index; AST to Platelet Ratio Index (APRI)]. Results: Eighty-five percent of screened participants had likely steatosis by HSI and 71 % by NAFLD-LFS; 3 % were likely to have advanced fibrosis by FIB-4 and 1.2 % by APRI. FIB-4 indicated that 20.4 % of individuals require further follow up to assess liver health. Steatosis and fibrosis scores were higher among participants with worse glycemia. The NAFLD-LFS and APRI predicted development of diabetes (hazard ratios [95%CI] 1.35 [1.07, 1.70]; P = 0.012) and 2.36 (1.23, 4.54; P = 0.010), respectively). The effect of vitamin D on diabetes risk was not modified by baseline NAFLD indices. Individuals with likely steatosis had a smaller increase in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level in response to vitamin D than those without steatosis. Conclusions: The predicted high prevalence of steatosis, the need for further fibrosis workup, and the relationship between liver health and incident T2D suggest that routine screening with clinically accessible scores may be an important strategy to reduce disease burden.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/complications ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/diagnosis ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/epidemiology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology ; Prediabetic State/complications ; Prediabetic State/epidemiology ; Liver Cirrhosis/complications ; Liver Cirrhosis/epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Fibrosis ; Vitamin D ; Vitamins
Chemical Substances	Vitamin D (1406-16-2) ; Vitamins
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Randomized Controlled Trial ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	1105840-7
ISSN	1873-460X ; 1056-8727
ISSN (online)	1873-460X
ISSN	1056-8727
DOI	10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.108475
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Article ; Online: An Overview of Diet and Physical Activity for Healthy Weight in Adolescents and Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: Lessons Learned from the ACT1ON Consortium.

Bishop, Franziska K / Addala, Ananta / Corbin, Karen D / Muntis, Franklin R / Pratley, Richard E / Riddell, Michael C / Mayer-Davis, Elizabeth J / Maahs, David M / Zaharieva, Dessi P

Nutrients

2023 Volume 15, Issue 11

Abstract: The prevalence of overweight and obesity in young people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) now parallels that of the general population. Excess adiposity increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, which is already elevated up to 10-fold in T1D, underscoring ... ...

Abstract	The prevalence of overweight and obesity in young people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) now parallels that of the general population. Excess adiposity increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, which is already elevated up to 10-fold in T1D, underscoring a compelling need to address weight management as part of routine T1D care. Sustainable weight management requires both diet and physical activity (PA). Diet and PA approaches must be optimized towards the underlying metabolic and behavioral challenges unique to T1D to support glycemic control throughout the day. Diet strategies for people with T1D need to take into consideration glycemic management, metabolic status, clinical goals, personal preferences, and sociocultural considerations. A major barrier to weight management in this high-risk population is the challenge of integrating regular PA with day-to-day management of T1D. Specifically, exercise poses a substantial challenge due to the increased risk of hypoglycemia and/or hyperglycemia. Indeed, about two-thirds of individuals with T1D do not engage in the recommended amount of PA. Hypoglycemia presents a serious health risk, yet prevention and treatment often necessitates the consumption of additional calories, which may prohibit weight loss over time. Exercising safely is a concern and challenge with weight management and maintaining cardiometabolic health for individuals living with T1D and many healthcare professionals. Thus, a tremendous opportunity exists to improve exercise participation and cardiometabolic outcomes in this population. This article will review dietary strategies, the role of combined PA and diet for weight management, current resources for PA and glucose management, barriers to PA adherence in adults with T1D, as well as findings and lessons learned from the Advancing Care for Type 1 Diabetes and Obesity Network (ACT1ON).
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy ; Diet ; Obesity/epidemiology ; Obesity/therapy ; Hypoglycemia ; Exercise ; Cardiovascular Diseases
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-27
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Review ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2518386-2
ISSN	2072-6643 ; 2072-6643
ISSN (online)	2072-6643
ISSN	2072-6643
DOI	10.3390/nu15112500
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Article: The proteome and phosphoproteome of circulating extracellular vesicle-enriched preparations are associated with characteristic clinical features in type 1 diabetes.

Casu, Anna / Nunez Lopez, Yury O / Yu, Gongxin / Clifford, Christopher / Bilal, Anika / Petrilli, Alejandra M / Cornnell, Heather / Carnero, Elvis Alvarez / Bhatheja, Ananya / Corbin, Karen D / Iliuk, Anton / Maahs, David M / Pratley, Richard E

Frontiers in endocrinology

2023 Volume 14, Page(s) 1219293

Abstract: Introduction: There are no validated clinical or laboratory biomarkers to identify and differentiate endotypes of type 1 diabetes (T1D) or the risk of progression to chronic complications. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been studied as biomarkers in ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: There are no validated clinical or laboratory biomarkers to identify and differentiate endotypes of type 1 diabetes (T1D) or the risk of progression to chronic complications. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been studied as biomarkers in several different disease states but have not been well studied in T1D. Methods: As the initial step towards circulating biomarker identification in T1D, this pilot study aimed to provide an initial characterization of the proteomic and phosphoproteomic landscape of circulating EV-enriched preparations in participants with established T1D (N=10) and healthy normal volunteers (Controls) (N=7) (NCT03379792) carefully matched by age, race/ethnicity, sex, and BMI. EV-enriched preparations were obtained using EVtrap Results: The detected proteins and phosphoproteins were enriched (75%) in exosomal proteins cataloged in the ExoCarta database. A total of 181 proteins and 8 phosphoproteins were differentially abundant in participants with T1D compared to controls, including some well-known EVproteins (i.e., CD63, RAB14, BSG, LAMP2, and EZR). Enrichment analyses of differentially abundant proteins and phosphoproteins of EV-enriched preparations identified associations with neutrophil, platelet, and immune response functions, as well as prion protein aggregation. Downregulated proteins were involved in MHC class II signaling and the regulation of monocyte differentiation. Potential key roles in T1D for C1q, plasminogen, IL6ST, CD40, HLA-DQB1, HLA-DRB1, CD74, NUCB1, and SAP, are highlighted. Remarkably, WGCNA uncovered two protein modules significantly associated with pancreas size, which may be implicated in the pathogenesis of T1D. Similarly, these modules showed significant enrichment for membrane compartments, processes associated with inflammation and the immune response, and regulation of viral processes, among others. Discussion: This study demonstrates the potential of proteomic and phosphoproteomic signatures of EV-enriched preparations to provide insight into the pathobiology of T1D. The WGCNA analysis could be a powerful tool to discriminate signatures associated with different pathobiological components of the disease.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism ; Proteome/metabolism ; Proteomics ; Pilot Projects ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; Phosphoproteins/metabolism ; Extracellular Vesicles/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Proteome ; Biomarkers ; Phosphoproteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-28
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2592084-4
ISSN	1664-2392
ISSN	1664-2392
DOI	10.3389/fendo.2023.1219293
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Article ; Online: Energy intake as a short‐term biomarker for weight loss in adults with obesity receiving liraglutide

Aditi R. Saxena / Anindita Banerjee / Karen D. Corbin / Stephanie A. Parsons / Steven R. Smith

Obesity Science & Practice, Vol 7, Iss 3, Pp 281-

A randomized trial

2021 Volume 290

Abstract: Abstract Background and Objective Obesity is a chronic disease associated with many serious comorbidities. Pharmacologic therapies are approved for the treatment of obesity; however, short‐term biomarkers to predict weight loss are not well understood. ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background and Objective Obesity is a chronic disease associated with many serious comorbidities. Pharmacologic therapies are approved for the treatment of obesity; however, short‐term biomarkers to predict weight loss are not well understood. This study aimed to determine the ability of single‐meal energy intake (EI) to predict weight loss in participants with obesity treated with liraglutide. Methods In this randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study, participants received subcutaneous liraglutide (titrated to 3.0 mg/day) or placebo once daily, with inpatient assessments at baseline and weeks 3 and 6. The primary endpoint was change from baseline (CFB) in EI during consecutive ad libitum lunch meals at weeks 3 and 6. Secondary endpoints included CFB in 24‐ and 48‐h EI, weight, appetite scores, and gastric emptying measures. Results Sixty‐one participants were randomized (n = 32, liraglutide; n = 29, placebo). The least squares mean (LSM) difference (95% CI; p‐value) in CFB in EI during ad libitum lunch meals between the liraglutide and placebo groups was −236 (−322, −149; p < 0.0001) kcal at week 3 and –244 (−339, −148, p < 0.0001) kcal at week 6. The liraglutide group experienced significant weight loss at weeks 3 and 6, compared with placebo. Weight loss was significantly correlated with EI, but not with appetite score or gastric emptying. Conclusions EI during a single meal is a robust clinical predictor of weight changes in participants with obesity. Future clinical trials can utilize EI at a single meal as a predictor of weight loss.
Keywords	energy intake ; glucagon‐like peptide‐1 ; obesity ; weight loss ; Internal medicine ; RC31-1245
Subject code	796
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Wiley
Document type	Article ; Online
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