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  1. Article: Gender differences in active travel in major cities across the world.

    Goel, Rahul / Oyebode, Oyinlola / Foley, Louise / Tatah, Lambed / Millett, Christopher / Woodcock, James

    Transportation

    2022  Volume 50, Issue 2, Page(s) 733–749

    Abstract: There is lack of literature on international comparison of gender differences in the use of active travel modes. We used population-representative travel surveys for 19 major cities across 13 countries and 6 continents, representing a mix of cites from ... ...

    Abstract There is lack of literature on international comparison of gender differences in the use of active travel modes. We used population-representative travel surveys for 19 major cities across 13 countries and 6 continents, representing a mix of cites from low-and-middle income (n = 8) and high-income countries (n = 11). In all the cities, females are more likely than males to walk and, in most cities, more likely to use public transport. This relationship reverses in cycling, with females often less likely users than males. In high cycling cities, both genders are equally likely to cycle. Active travel to access public transport contributes 30-50% of total active travel time. The gender differences in active travel metrics are age dependent. Among children (< 16 years), these metrics are often equal for girls and boys, while gender disparity increases with age. On average, active travel enables one in every four people in the population to achieve at least 30 min of physical activity in a day, though there is large variation across the cities. In general, females are more likely to achieve this level than males. The results highlight the importance of a gendered approach towards active transport policies. Such an approach necessitates reducing road traffic danger and male violence, as well as overcoming social norms that restrict women from cycling.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-03
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2015868-3
    ISSN 1572-9435 ; 0049-4488
    ISSN (online) 1572-9435
    ISSN 0049-4488
    DOI 10.1007/s11116-021-10259-4
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Publisher Correction: Semaphorin 3A causes immune suppression by inducing cytoskeletal paralysis in tumour-specific CD8

    Barnkob, Mike B / Michaels, Yale S / André, Violaine / Macklin, Philip S / Gileadi, Uzi / Valvo, Salvatore / Rei, Margarida / Kulicke, Corinna / Chen, Ji-Li / Jain, Vitul / Woodcock, Victoria K / Colin-York, Huw / Hadjinicolaou, Andreas V / Kong, Youxin / Mayya, Viveka / Mazet, Julie M / Mead, Gracie-Jennah / Bull, Joshua A / Rijal, Pramila /
    Pugh, Christopher W / Townsend, Alain R / Gérard, Audrey / Olsen, Lars R / Fritzsche, Marco / Fulga, Tudor A / Dustin, Michael L / Jones, E Yvonne / Cerundolo, Vincenzo

    Nature communications

    2024  Volume 15, Issue 1, Page(s) 3448

    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-24
    Publishing country England
    Document type Published Erratum
    ZDB-ID 2553671-0
    ISSN 2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
    ISSN (online) 2041-1723
    ISSN 2041-1723
    DOI 10.1038/s41467-024-47775-7
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article: A milestone in the odyssey of higher-order chromatin structure.

    Woodcock, Christopher L

    Nature structural & molecular biology

    2005  Volume 12, Issue 8, Page(s) 639–640

    MeSH term(s) Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly ; Histones/chemistry ; Models, Molecular ; Nucleosomes/chemistry ; Nucleosomes/ultrastructure
    Chemical Substances Histones ; Nucleosomes
    Language English
    Publishing date 2005-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type News
    ZDB-ID 2126708-X
    ISSN 1545-9985 ; 1545-9993
    ISSN (online) 1545-9985
    ISSN 1545-9993
    DOI 10.1038/nsmb0805-639
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article: Chromatin architecture.

    Woodcock, Christopher L

    Current opinion in structural biology

    2006  Volume 16, Issue 2, Page(s) 213–220

    Abstract: A complete understanding of the structure-function relationships of chromatin requires extending primarily one dimensional information, obtained from molecular genetic techniques and based on the underlying linear DNA sequence, to the three dimensional ... ...

    Abstract A complete understanding of the structure-function relationships of chromatin requires extending primarily one dimensional information, obtained from molecular genetic techniques and based on the underlying linear DNA sequence, to the three dimensional conformation. Recent progress in this endeavor has included the examination of fully defined nucleosomes and nucleosomal arrays assembled in vitro using X-ray diffraction, NMR spectroscopy, electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. These studies have provided valuable insights into the structural roles of histone variants, the impact of histone mutations and the compaction of nucleosomal arrays. In addition, the diverse structural consequences of the binding of specific chromatin 'architectural' proteins are becoming apparent. These approaches provide an essential basis for understanding the conformation of the 'epigenome'.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Chromatin/chemistry ; Chromatin/physiology ; Histones/chemistry ; Histones/physiology ; Humans ; Microscopy, Atomic Force ; Models, Molecular ; Nuclear Proteins/chemistry ; Nuclear Proteins/physiology ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Nucleosomes/chemistry ; Nucleosomes/physiology ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation
    Chemical Substances Chromatin ; Histones ; Nuclear Proteins ; Nucleosomes
    Language English
    Publishing date 2006-04
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1068353-7
    ISSN 0959-440X
    ISSN 0959-440X
    DOI 10.1016/j.sbi.2006.02.005
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Semmaphorin 3 A causes immune suppression by inducing cytoskeletal paralysis in tumour-specific CD8

    Barnkob, Mike B / Michaels, Yale S / André, Violaine / Macklin, Philip S / Gileadi, Uzi / Valvo, Salvatore / Rei, Margarida / Kulicke, Corinna / Chen, Ji-Li / Jain, Vitul / Woodcock, Victoria K / Colin-York, Huw / Hadjinicolaou, Andreas V / Kong, Youxin / Mayya, Viveka / Mazet, Julie M / Mead, Gracie-Jennah / Bull, Joshua A / Rijal, Pramila /
    Pugh, Christopher W / Townsend, Alain R / Gérard, Audrey / Olsen, Lars R / Fritzsche, Marco / Fulga, Tudor A / Dustin, Michael L / Jones, E Yvonne / Cerundolo, Vincenzo

    Nature communications

    2024  Volume 15, Issue 1, Page(s) 3173

    Abstract: Semaphorin-3A (SEMA3A) functions as a chemorepulsive signal during development and can affect T cells by altering their filamentous actin (F-actin) cytoskeleton. The exact extent of these effects on tumour-specific T cells are not completely understood. ... ...

    Abstract Semaphorin-3A (SEMA3A) functions as a chemorepulsive signal during development and can affect T cells by altering their filamentous actin (F-actin) cytoskeleton. The exact extent of these effects on tumour-specific T cells are not completely understood. Here we demonstrate that Neuropilin-1 (NRP1) and Plexin-A1 and Plexin-A4 are upregulated on stimulated CD8
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Humans ; Actins ; Carcinoma, Renal Cell ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; Cytoskeleton ; Kidney Neoplasms ; Semaphorin-3A/genetics
    Chemical Substances Actins ; Semaphorin-3A ; SEMA3A protein, human
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-12
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2553671-0
    ISSN 2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
    ISSN (online) 2041-1723
    ISSN 2041-1723
    DOI 10.1038/s41467-024-47424-z
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Chromatin organization - the 30 nm fiber.

    Grigoryev, Sergei A / Woodcock, Christopher L

    Experimental cell research

    2012  Volume 318, Issue 12, Page(s) 1448–1455

    Abstract: Despite over 30 years of work, the fundamental structure of eukaryotic chromatin remains controversial. Here, we review the roots of this controversy in disparities between results derived from studies of chromatin in nuclei, chromatin isolated from ... ...

    Abstract Despite over 30 years of work, the fundamental structure of eukaryotic chromatin remains controversial. Here, we review the roots of this controversy in disparities between results derived from studies of chromatin in nuclei, chromatin isolated from nuclei, and chromatin reconstituted from defined components. Thanks to recent advances in imaging, modeling, and other approaches, it is now possible to recognize some unifying principles driving chromatin architecture at the level of the ubiquitous '30 nm' chromatin fiber. These suggest that fiber architecture involves both zigzag and bent linker motifs, and that such heteromorphic structures facilitate the observed high packing ratios. Interactions between neighboring fibers in highly compact chromatin lead to extensive interdigitation of nucleosomes and the inability to resolve individual fibers in compact chromatin in situ.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Chromatin/chemistry ; Chromatin/metabolism ; Chromatin/ultrastructure ; Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly/physiology ; DNA/chemistry ; DNA/metabolism ; DNA Packaging/genetics ; DNA Packaging/physiology ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Models, Molecular ; Nucleic Acid Conformation
    Chemical Substances Chromatin ; DNA (9007-49-2)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2012-07-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1493-x
    ISSN 1090-2422 ; 0014-4827
    ISSN (online) 1090-2422
    ISSN 0014-4827
    DOI 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.02.014
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Comparative structure of vertebrate sperm chromatin.

    Ausió, Juan / González-Romero, Rodrigo / Woodcock, Christopher L

    Journal of structural biology

    2014  Volume 188, Issue 2, Page(s) 142–155

    Abstract: A consistent feature of sperm nuclei is its exceptionally compact state in comparison with somatic nuclei. Here, we have examined the structural organization of sperm chromatin from representatives of three vertebrate lineages, bony fish (Danio rerio), ... ...

    Abstract A consistent feature of sperm nuclei is its exceptionally compact state in comparison with somatic nuclei. Here, we have examined the structural organization of sperm chromatin from representatives of three vertebrate lineages, bony fish (Danio rerio), birds (Gallus gallus domesticus) and mammals (Mus musculus) using light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Although the three sperm nuclei are all highly compact, they differ in morphology and in the complement of compaction-inducing proteins. Whereas zebrafish sperm retain somatic histones and a nucleosomal organization, in the rooster and mouse, histones are largely replaced by small, arginine-rich protamines. In contrast to the mouse, the rooster protamine contains no cysteine residues and lacks the potential stabilizing effects of S-S bonds. Protamine driven chromatin compaction results in a stable, highly condensed chromatin, markedly different from the somatic nucleosome-based beads-on-a-string architecture, but its structure remains poorly understood. When prepared gently for whole mount TEM, the rooster and mouse sperm chromatin reveal striking rod-like units 40-50 nm in width. Also present in the mouse, which has very flattened sperm nuclei, but not rooster, where nuclei take the form of elongated cylinders, are toroidal shaped structures, with an external diameter of about 90 nm. In contrast, similarly prepared zebrafish sperm exhibit nucleosomal chromatin. We also examined the early stages in the binding of salmine (the salmon protamine) to defined sequence DNA. These images suggest an initial side-by-side binding of linear DNA-protamine complexes leading to the nucleation of thin, flexible rods with the potential to bend, allowing the ends to come into contact and fuse to form toroidal structures. We discuss the relationship between these in vitro observations and the rods and toroids seen in nuclei, and suggest an explanation for the apparent absence of these structures in TEM images of fully condensed sperm nuclei.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Arginine/metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Chromatin/metabolism ; Cysteine/metabolism ; DNA/metabolism ; Male ; Protamines/metabolism ; Salmine/metabolism ; Spermatozoa/metabolism ; Vertebrates/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Chromatin ; Protamines ; DNA (9007-49-2) ; Salmine (9014-82-8) ; Arginine (94ZLA3W45F) ; Cysteine (K848JZ4886)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-11
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1032718-6
    ISSN 1095-8657 ; 1047-8477
    ISSN (online) 1095-8657
    ISSN 1047-8477
    DOI 10.1016/j.jsb.2014.09.004
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Chromatin higher-order structure and dynamics.

    Woodcock, Christopher L / Ghosh, Rajarshi P

    Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology

    2010  Volume 2, Issue 5, Page(s) a000596

    Abstract: The primary role of the nucleus as an information storage, retrieval, and replication site requires the physical organization and compaction of meters of DNA. Although it has been clear for many years that nucleosomes constitute the first level of ... ...

    Abstract The primary role of the nucleus as an information storage, retrieval, and replication site requires the physical organization and compaction of meters of DNA. Although it has been clear for many years that nucleosomes constitute the first level of chromatin compaction, this contributes a relatively small fraction of the condensation needed to fit the typical genome into an interphase nucleus or set of metaphase chromosomes, indicating that there are additional "higher order" levels of chromatin condensation. Identifying these levels, their interrelationships, and the principles that govern their occurrence has been a challenging and much discussed problem. In this article, we focus on recent experimental advances and the emerging evidence indicating that structural plasticity and chromatin dynamics play dominant roles in genome organization. We also discuss novel approaches likely to yield important insights in the near future, and suggest research areas that merit further study.
    MeSH term(s) Cell Nucleus/chemistry ; Chromatin/chemistry ; Chromatin/physiology ; Computer Simulation ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Protein Conformation
    Chemical Substances Chromatin
    Language English
    Publishing date 2010-04-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ISSN 1943-0264
    ISSN (online) 1943-0264
    DOI 10.1101/cshperspect.a000596
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article: Improved change monitoring using an ensemble of time series algorithms

    Bullock, Eric L / Curtis E. Woodcock / Christopher E. Holden

    Remote sensing of environment. 2019 Apr. 14,

    2019  

    Abstract: ... the Continuous Change Detection and Classification (CCDC; Zhu & Woodcock, 2014) and Cumulative Sum of Residuals ...

    Abstract An ensemble of time series algorithms improves land change monitoring. The methodology combines the Continuous Change Detection and Classification (CCDC; Zhu & Woodcock, 2014) and Cumulative Sum of Residuals (CUSUM) algorithms for break detection and the Chow Test (Chow, 1960) for removing false positives (or breaks in time series not representing land change). The algorithms included are based on fundamentally different approaches to change detection and therefore offer unique advantages. The ensemble, or the combination of the three algorithms, was applied to 3 Landsat scenes in the United States and the results were assessed based on their ability to correctly discern structural breaks from stable time periods. The CUSUM test was shown to detect significant breaks 84.18% of the time and the Chow Test correctly removed breaks in 87.4% of the breaks analyzed. The ensemble produced results with lower frequency of errors of omission and commission (Type-I and Type-II errors) than a single algorithm approach. These results indicate that using a combination of break detection algorithms can be an improvement over typical approaches that utilize only one algorithm.
    Keywords Landsat ; algorithms ; monitoring ; remote sensing ; time series analysis ; United States
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2019-0414
    Size p. 111165.
    Publishing place Elsevier Inc.
    Document type Article
    Note Pre-press version
    ZDB-ID 431483-9
    ISSN 0034-4257
    ISSN 0034-4257
    DOI 10.1016/j.rse.2019.04.018
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  10. Article ; Online: Practices of falls risk assessment and prevention in acute hospital settings: a realist investigation.

    Randell, Rebecca / McVey, Lynn / Wright, Judy / Zaman, Hadar / Cheong, V-Lin / Woodcock, David M / Healey, Frances / Dowding, Dawn / Gardner, Peter / Hardiker, Nicholas R / Lynch, Alison / Todd, Chris / Davey, Christopher / Alvarado, Natasha

    Health and social care delivery research

    2023  Volume 12, Issue 5, Page(s) 1–194

    Abstract: Background: Falls are the most common safety incident reported by acute hospitals. The National Institute of Health and Care Excellence recommends multifactorial falls risk assessment and tailored interventions, but implementation is variable.: Aim: ... ...

    Abstract Background: Falls are the most common safety incident reported by acute hospitals. The National Institute of Health and Care Excellence recommends multifactorial falls risk assessment and tailored interventions, but implementation is variable.
    Aim: To determine how and in what contexts multifactorial falls risk assessment and tailored interventions are used in acute National Health Service hospitals in England.
    Design: Realist review and multisite case study. (1) Systematic searches to identify stakeholders' theories, tested using empirical data from primary studies. Review of falls prevention policies of acute Trusts. (2) Theory testing and refinement through observation, staff interviews (
    Setting: Three Trusts, one orthopaedic and one older person ward in each.
    Results: Seventy-eight studies were used for theory construction and 50 for theory testing. Four theories were explored. (1) Leadership: wards had falls link practitioners but authority to allocate resources for falls prevention resided with senior nurses. (2) Shared responsibility: a key falls prevention strategy was patient supervision. This fell to nursing staff, constraining the extent to which responsibility for falls prevention could be shared. (3) Facilitation: assessments were consistently documented but workload pressures could reduce this to a tick-box exercise. Assessment items varied. While individual patient risk factors were identified, patients were categorised as high or low risk to determine who should receive supervision. (4) Patient participation: nursing staff lacked time to explain to patients their falls risks or how to prevent themselves from falling, although other staff could do so. Sensitive communication could prevent patients taking actions that increase their risk of falling.
    Limitations: Within the realist review, we completed synthesis for only two theories. We could not access patient records before observations, preventing assessment of whether care plans were enacted.
    Conclusions: (1) Leadership: There should be a clear distinction between senior nurses' roles and falls link practitioners in relation to falls prevention; (2) shared responsibility: Trusts should consider how processes and systems, including the electronic health record, can be revised to better support a multidisciplinary approach, and alternatives to patient supervision should be considered; (3) facilitation: Trusts should consider how to reduce documentation burden and avoid tick-box responses, and ensure items included in the falls risk assessment tools align with guidance. Falls risk assessment tools and falls care plans should be presented as tools to support practice, rather than something to be audited; (4) patient participation: Trusts should consider how they can ensure patients receive individualised information about risks and preventing falls and provide staff with guidance on brief but sensitive ways to talk with patients to reduce the likelihood of actions that increase their risk of falling.
    Future work: (1) Development and evaluation of interventions to support multidisciplinary teams to undertake, and involve patients in, multifactorial falls risk assessment and selection and delivery of tailored interventions; (2) mixed method and economic evaluations of patient supervision; (3) evaluation of engagement support workers, volunteers and/or carers to support falls prevention. Research should include those with cognitive impairment and patients who do not speak English.
    Study registration: This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42020184458.
    Funding: This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health and Social Care Delivery Research programme (NIHR award ref: NIHR129488) and is published in full in
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Aged ; State Medicine ; Risk Assessment ; Group Processes ; Leadership ; Academies and Institutes
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-28
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2755-0060
    ISSN (online) 2755-0060
    DOI 10.3310/JWQC5771
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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