LIVIVO - The Search Portal for Life Sciences

zur deutschen Oberfläche wechseln
Advanced search

Search results

Result 1 - 10 of total 70

Search options

  1. Article ; Online: When is it appropriate to infer cognitive impairment on the basis of premorbid IQ estimates? A simulation study.

    Gavett, Brandon E / Ashendorf, Lee / O'Bryant, Sid E

    Psychological assessment

    2021  Volume 34, Issue 4, Page(s) 390–396

    Abstract: Whether an individual meets psychometric criteria for cognitive impairment is dictated by the comparison criterion, which is typically either a normative mean or a known or estimated previous level of ability. This study investigated the conditions under ...

    Abstract Whether an individual meets psychometric criteria for cognitive impairment is dictated by the comparison criterion, which is typically either a normative mean or a known or estimated previous level of ability. This study investigated the conditions under which adjusting normative expectations based on estimated premorbid intelligence would be appropriate. A simulated data set was derived and several parameters were systematically varied: the correlation between premorbid intelligence and the cognitive test score, the cutoff used to classify a score as "normal" or "abnormal", and the population base rate of cognitive impairment. Simulation results demonstrated that the correlation between premorbid intelligence and the cognitive score was the only parameter to substantially influence the trade-off between the two normative approaches, with correlations above ρ = .35 signifying greater advantage to adjusting normative expectations by premorbid intelligence. These findings inform common neuropsychological practices regarding the application of premorbid intelligence estimates to the detection of cognitive impairment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
    MeSH term(s) Cognitive Dysfunction/diagnosis ; Cognitive Dysfunction/psychology ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Intelligence Tests ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Psychometrics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-12-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1000939-5
    ISSN 1939-134X ; 1040-3590
    ISSN (online) 1939-134X
    ISSN 1040-3590
    DOI 10.1037/pas0001101
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

    More links

    Kategorien

  2. Article ; Online: The Episodic Memory Profile in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Bayesian Meta-Analysis.

    Griffin, Jason W / Bauer, Russell / Gavett, Brandon E

    Neuropsychology review

    2021  Volume 32, Issue 2, Page(s) 316–351

    Abstract: ... controls. We used meta-regression to evaluate the effects of test modality (e.g., word list, story recall ...

    Abstract Although autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are commonly characterized by diminished episodic memory, the literature in this area is mixed. We address these inconsistent findings by employing multilevel Bayesian meta-analysis to quantify episodic memory differences between individuals with ASD and typically developing (TD) controls. We used meta-regression to evaluate the effects of test modality (e.g., word list, story recall), delay interval (immediate vs. delayed), retrieval demands (recognition vs. recall), and sensory modality (auditory vs. visual) on episodic memory in ASD. A total of 338 effect sizes from 113 empirical articles, including 5,632 unique participants (ASD = 2,777, TD = 2,855), were included. Results show that the memory deficits associated with ASD were larger for recall (g = -0.52, se = 0.04, 95% CrI [-0.60, -0.43]) compared to recognition (g = -0.25, se = 0.05, 95% CrI [-0.35, -0.14]) and differed based on the testing modality. For example, effect sizes were smallest for words (g = -0.28, se = 0.05, 95% CrI [-0.38, -0.18]), pictures (g = -0.38, se = 0.07, 95% CrI [-0.52, -0.24]), and figure reproduction (g = -0.49, se = 0.11, 95% CrI [-0.70, -0.27]). However, effect sizes for sentences (g = -0.59, se = 0.20, 95% CrI [-1.00, -0.21]), stories (Hedges' g = -0.54, se = 0.08, 95% CrI [-0.69, -0.38]) and staged events (g = -0.75, se = 0.10, 95% CrI [-0.95, -0.55]) were much larger. These findings suggest that ASD is associated with a small to medium reduction in scores on episodic memory tests relative to TD controls.
    MeSH term(s) Autism Spectrum Disorder/complications ; Bayes Theorem ; Humans ; Memory, Episodic ; Mental Recall ; Recognition, Psychology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-05
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Meta-Analysis ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1062572-0
    ISSN 1573-6660 ; 1040-7308
    ISSN (online) 1573-6660
    ISSN 1040-7308
    DOI 10.1007/s11065-021-09493-5
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

    More links

    Kategorien

  3. Article ; Online: The value of Bayes' theorem for interpreting abnormal test scores in cognitively healthy and clinical samples.

    Gavett, Brandon E

    Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS

    2015  Volume 21, Issue 3, Page(s) 249–257

    Abstract: The base rates of abnormal test scores in cognitively normal samples have been a focus of recent research. The goal of the current study is to illustrate how Bayes' theorem uses these base rates--along with the same base rates in cognitively impaired ... ...

    Abstract The base rates of abnormal test scores in cognitively normal samples have been a focus of recent research. The goal of the current study is to illustrate how Bayes' theorem uses these base rates--along with the same base rates in cognitively impaired samples and prevalence rates of cognitive impairment--to yield probability values that are more useful for making judgments about the absence or presence of cognitive impairment. Correlation matrices, means, and standard deviations were obtained from the Wechsler Memory Scale--4th Edition (WMS-IV) Technical and Interpretive Manual and used in Monte Carlo simulations to estimate the base rates of abnormal test scores in the standardization and special groups (mixed clinical) samples. Bayes' theorem was applied to these estimates to identify probabilities of normal cognition based on the number of abnormal test scores observed. Abnormal scores were common in the standardization sample (65.4% scoring below a scaled score of 7 on at least one subtest) and more common in the mixed clinical sample (85.6% scoring below a scaled score of 7 on at least one subtest). Probabilities varied according to the number of abnormal test scores, base rates of normal cognition, and cutoff scores. The results suggest that interpretation of base rates obtained from cognitively healthy samples must also account for data from cognitively impaired samples. Bayes' theorem can help neuropsychologists answer questions about the probability that an individual examinee is cognitively healthy based on the number of abnormal test scores observed.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis ; Asperger Syndrome/diagnosis ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/diagnosis ; Bayes Theorem ; Cognition/physiology ; Cognition Disorders/diagnosis ; Cognition Disorders/etiology ; Depressive Disorder, Major/diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-03
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1230632-0
    ISSN 1469-7661 ; 1355-6177
    ISSN (online) 1469-7661
    ISSN 1355-6177
    DOI 10.1017/S1355617715000168
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

    More links

    Kategorien

  4. Article ; Online: Third party observer effect: Application to autistic traits in the normal population.

    Griffin, Jason W / Gavett, Brandon E

    Developmental neuropsychology

    2018  Volume 43, Issue 1, Page(s) 36–51

    Abstract: This study examined how autistic traits relate to third-party observation during neuropsychological testing. Using a counterbalanced within-subjects design (N = 61), we manipulated the absence and presence of third-party observation when administering ... ...

    Abstract This study examined how autistic traits relate to third-party observation during neuropsychological testing. Using a counterbalanced within-subjects design (N = 61), we manipulated the absence and presence of third-party observation when administering alternate forms of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test to individuals with variable autistic traits. Bayesian linear mixed effects modeling was used to examine the interaction between autistic traits and third-party observation on test performance. With more autistic traits, susceptibility to a third-party observer decreased on the dependent variables. The third-party observer effect may therefore depend on the social awareness exhibited by the examinee.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Autistic Disorder/diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Research Design ; Third-Party Consent ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 632665-1
    ISSN 1532-6942 ; 8756-5641
    ISSN (online) 1532-6942
    ISSN 8756-5641
    DOI 10.1080/87565641.2017.1404066
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

    More links

    Kategorien

  5. Article ; Online: Reliable change in neuropsychological test scores is associated with brain atrophy in older adults.

    Lin, Shayne S-H / Fletcher, Evan / Gavett, Brandon E

    Journal of neuropsychology

    2020  Volume 15, Issue 2, Page(s) 274–299

    Abstract: The reliable change index (RCI) is a commonly used method for interpreting change in neuropsychological test scores over time. However, the RCI is a psychometric method that, to date, has not been validated against neuroanatomical changes. Longitudinal ... ...

    Abstract The reliable change index (RCI) is a commonly used method for interpreting change in neuropsychological test scores over time. However, the RCI is a psychometric method that, to date, has not been validated against neuroanatomical changes. Longitudinal neuroimaging and neuropsychological data from baseline and one-year follow-up visits were retrieved from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database. The RCI was used to identify participants showing reliable decline on memory (ADNI-Mem; N = 450) and executive functioning (ADNI-EF; N = 456) factor scores. For each factor score, two groups (reliable change vs. no reliable change) were matched on potential baseline confounding variables. Longitudinal neuroanatomical data were analysed using tensor-based morphometry. Analysis revealed that reliable change on ADNI-Mem was associated with atrophy in the medial temporal cortex, limbic cortex, temporal lobe and some regions of the parietal lobe. Similar atrophy patterns were found for reliable change on ADNI-EF, except that atrophy extended to the frontal lobe and the atrophy was more extensive and of higher magnitude. The current study not only validates clinical usage of the RCI with neuroanatomical evidence of associated underlying brain change but also suggests patterns of likely brain atrophy when reliable cognitive decline is detected.
    MeSH term(s) Aged ; Alzheimer Disease/complications ; Alzheimer Disease/diagnostic imaging ; Alzheimer Disease/pathology ; Atrophy/pathology ; Brain/diagnostic imaging ; Brain/pathology ; Cognitive Dysfunction/pathology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neuropsychological Tests
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-10-15
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 2380753-2
    ISSN 1748-6653 ; 1748-6645
    ISSN (online) 1748-6653
    ISSN 1748-6645
    DOI 10.1111/jnp.12226
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

    More links

    Kategorien

  6. Article ; Online: Effects of early-life environment and adulthood SES on cognitive change in a multiethnic cohort.

    Meyer, Oanh L / Harrati, Amal / Gavett, Brandon E / Farias, Sarah T / Whitmer, Rachel A / Widaman, Keith / Hoang, Victoria / Tobias, Michele / Mungas, Dan

    Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS

    2023  Volume 29, Issue 8, Page(s) 742–750

    Abstract: Objectives: Early-life socioeconomic status (SES) and adversity are associated with late-life cognition and risk of dementia. We examined the association between early-life SES and adversity and late-life cross-sectional cognitive outcomes as well as ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: Early-life socioeconomic status (SES) and adversity are associated with late-life cognition and risk of dementia. We examined the association between early-life SES and adversity and late-life cross-sectional cognitive outcomes as well as global cognitive decline, hypothesizing that adulthood SES would mediate these associations.
    Methods: Our sample (
    Results: Child and adult factors were strongly related to domain-specific cognitive intercepts (0.20-0.48
    Conclusions: Early-life sociocontextual factors are more strongly associated with cross-sectional late-life cognitive performance compared to cognitive change; this effect is largely mediated through associations with adulthood SES.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Child ; Humans ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Social Class ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Cognition ; Memory, Episodic
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-07
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 1230632-0
    ISSN 1469-7661 ; 1355-6177
    ISSN (online) 1469-7661
    ISSN 1355-6177
    DOI 10.1017/S135561772200087X
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

    More links

    Kategorien

  7. Article ; Online: Modeling the development of cognitive reserve in children: A residual index approach.

    Irani, Zubin A / Sheridan, Andrew M C / Silk, Timothy J / Anderson, Vicki / Weinborn, Michael / Gavett, Brandon E

    Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS

    2023  Volume 30, Issue 3, Page(s) 264–272

    Abstract: Objective: To model cognitive reserve (CR) longitudinally in a neurodiverse pediatric sample using a residual index approach, and to test the criterion and construct validity of this index.: Method: Participants were : Results: At baseline, the CR ...

    Abstract Objective: To model cognitive reserve (CR) longitudinally in a neurodiverse pediatric sample using a residual index approach, and to test the criterion and construct validity of this index.
    Method: Participants were
    Results: At baseline, the CR index predicted math computation ability (estimate = 0.50,
    Conclusions: Evidence for the criterion validity of this CR index is encouraging, but somewhat mixed, while construct validity was evidenced through interaction between CR, brain, and word reading ability. Future research would benefit from optimization of the CR index through careful selection of brain variables for a pediatric sample.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Child ; Cognitive Reserve ; Brain/diagnostic imaging ; Cognition ; White Matter/diagnostic imaging ; Cerebral Cortex ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-05
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1230632-0
    ISSN 1469-7661 ; 1355-6177
    ISSN (online) 1469-7661
    ISSN 1355-6177
    DOI 10.1017/S135561772300053X
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

    More links

    Kategorien

  8. Article ; Online: Self-reported mid- to late-life physical and recreational activities: Associations with late-life cognition.

    Gavett, Brandon E / Widaman, Keith F / McKenzie, Cathryn / De Leon, Fransia S / Fletcher, Evan / Tomaszewski Farias, Sarah / Mungas, Dan

    Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS

    2023  Volume 30, Issue 3, Page(s) 209–219

    Abstract: ... decline. However, the data suggest that maintenance of recreational activity engagement (e.g., writing ...

    Abstract Objective: Physical and recreational activities are behaviors that may modify risk of late-life cognitive decline. We sought to examine the role of retrospectively self-reported midlife (age 40) physical and recreational activity engagement - and self-reported change in these activities from age 40 to initial study visit - in predicting late-life cognition.
    Method: Data were obtained from 898 participants in a longitudinal study of cognitive aging in demographically and cognitively diverse older adults (Age: range = 49-93 years,
    Results: Physical activity engagement at age 40 was strongly associated with cognitive performance in all four domains at the initial visit and with global cognitive slope. However, change in physical activities after age 40 was not associated with cognitive outcomes. In contrast, recreational activity engagement - both at age 40 and change after 40 - was predictive of cognitive intercepts and slope.
    Conclusions: Retrospectively self-reported midlife physical and recreational activity engagement were strongly associated with late-life cognition - both level of performance and rate of future decline. However, the data suggest that maintenance of recreational activity engagement (e.g., writing, taking classes, reading) after age 40 is more strongly associated with late-life cognition than continued maintenance of physical activity levels.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Aged ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Longitudinal Studies ; Self Report ; Retrospective Studies ; Aging/psychology ; Cognition ; Memory, Episodic
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-18
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1230632-0
    ISSN 1469-7661 ; 1355-6177
    ISSN (online) 1469-7661
    ISSN 1355-6177
    DOI 10.1017/S1355617723000553
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

    More links

    Kategorien

  9. Article ; Online: Effects of Media Sensationalization on Cognitive Performance and Post Concussive Symptoms.

    Bussell, Cara A / Gavett, Brandon E

    Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS

    2018  Volume 25, Issue 1, Page(s) 90–100

    Abstract: Objectives: The current study aimed to examine if televised media about mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) framed in a sensationalized manner had a negative impact on cognitive functioning and persistent mTBI symptoms.: Methods: One hundred two ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: The current study aimed to examine if televised media about mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) framed in a sensationalized manner had a negative impact on cognitive functioning and persistent mTBI symptoms.
    Methods: One hundred two participants (M Age=37.16; SD=22.61) with a history of post-acute mTBI, recruited through a community research registry and an undergraduate recruitment system, were included in this study. Participants were assessed with a measure of health literacy, the Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (S-TOFHLA), and randomized to watch either a sensationalized or non-sensationalized news clip focused on mTBI. They were then assessed with the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ), Patient Reported Outcome Measures Information System (PROMIS) Depression scale, and the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition (PCL-5).
    Results: Bayesian analyses indicated that sensationalized media-alone (β PASAT=-0.08; β RPQ=-0.08) or in the context of covariates (β PASAT=-0.11; β RPQ=-0.14)-was not a strong predictor of PASAT score or post-concussion syndrome symptom severity.
    Conclusions: Although media sensationalization of mTBI symptoms is not desirable, this study suggests that one brief exposure to sensationalized information may not have a meaningful immediate impact on the cognitive functioning or symptom reporting of individuals with a history of mTBI. Future research should examine long-term and downstream effects of sensationalized media reporting in samples with greater diversity of TBI history. (JINS, 2019, 25, 90-100).
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Brain Concussion/complications ; Brain Concussion/physiopathology ; Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology ; Cognitive Dysfunction/physiopathology ; Depressive Disorder/physiopathology ; Female ; Health Literacy ; Humans ; Male ; Mass Media ; Middle Aged ; Post-Concussion Syndrome/complications ; Post-Concussion Syndrome/physiopathology ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/physiopathology ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-10-31
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial
    ZDB-ID 1230632-0
    ISSN 1469-7661 ; 1355-6177
    ISSN (online) 1469-7661
    ISSN 1355-6177
    DOI 10.1017/S1355617718000760
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

    More links

    Kategorien

  10. Article: Residual reserve index modifies the effect of amyloid pathology on fluorodeoxyglucose metabolism: Implications for efficiency and capacity in cognitive reserve.

    McKenzie, Cathryn / Bucks, Romola S / Weinborn, Michael / Bourgeat, Pierrick / Salvado, Olivier / Gavett, Brandon E

    Frontiers in aging neuroscience

    2022  Volume 14, Page(s) 943823

    Abstract: Background: The residual approach to measuring cognitive reserve (using the residual reserve index) aims to capture cognitive resilience conferred by cognitive reserve, but may be confounded by factors representing brain resilience. We sought to ... ...

    Abstract Background: The residual approach to measuring cognitive reserve (using the residual reserve index) aims to capture cognitive resilience conferred by cognitive reserve, but may be confounded by factors representing brain resilience. We sought to distinguish between brain and cognitive resilience by comparing interactions between the residual reserve index and amyloid, tau, and neurodegeneration ["AT(N)"] biomarkers when predicting executive function. We hypothesized that the residual reserve index would moderate at least one path from an AT(N) biomarker to executive function (consistent with cognitive resilience), as opposed to moderating a path between two AT(N) biomarkers (suggestive of brain resilience).
    Methods: Participants (
    Results: The residual reserve index interacted with amyloid pathology when predicting FDG metabolism: the indirect effect of amyloid → FDG metabolism → executive function intercept and slope varied as a function of the residual reserve index. With lower amyloid pathology, executive function performance was comparable at different levels of the residual reserve index, but a higher residual reserve index was associated with lower FDG metabolism. With higher amyloid pathology, a higher residual reserve index predicted better executive function via higher FDG metabolism.
    Conclusion: The effect of the residual reserve index on executive function performance via FDG metabolism was consistent with cognitive resilience. This suggests the residual reserve index captures variation in cognitive reserve; specifically, neural efficiency, and neural capacity to upregulate metabolism to enhance cognitive resilience in the face of greater amyloid pathology. Implications for future research include the potential bidirectionality between neural efficiency and amyloid accumulation.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-08-12
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2558898-9
    ISSN 1663-4365
    ISSN 1663-4365
    DOI 10.3389/fnagi.2022.943823
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

    More links

    Kategorien

To top