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Article ; Online: Amphibian infection tolerance to chytridiomycosis.

Grogan, Laura F / Mangan, Madelyn J / McCallum, Hamish I

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

2023 Volume 378, Issue 1882, Page(s) 20220133

Abstract: Animal defences against infection involve two distinct but complementary mechanisms: tolerance and resistance. Tolerance measures the animal's ability to limit detrimental effects from a given infection, whereas resistance is the ability to limit the ... ...

Abstract	Animal defences against infection involve two distinct but complementary mechanisms: tolerance and resistance. Tolerance measures the animal's ability to limit detrimental effects from a given infection, whereas resistance is the ability to limit the intensity of that infection. Tolerance is a valuable defence for highly prevalent, persistent or endemic infections where mitigation strategies based on traditional resistance mechanisms are less effective or evolutionarily stable. Selective breeding of amphibians for enhanced tolerance to
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Mycoses/veterinary ; Amphibians ; Biological Evolution ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging ; Immune Tolerance
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	208382-6
ISSN	1471-2970 ; 0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
ISSN (online)	1471-2970
ISSN	0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
DOI	10.1098/rstb.2022.0133
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Article ; Online: Chytridiomycosis causes high amphibian mortality prior to the completion of metamorphosis.

Humphries, Josephine E / Lanctôt, Chantal M / McCallum, Hamish I / Newell, David A / Grogan, Laura F

Environmental research

2024 Volume 247, Page(s) 118249

Abstract: Amphibian populations are undergoing extensive declines globally. The fungal disease chytridiomycosis, caused by the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is a primary contributor to these declines. The amphibian metamorphic stages ( ... ...

Abstract	Amphibian populations are undergoing extensive declines globally. The fungal disease chytridiomycosis, caused by the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is a primary contributor to these declines. The amphibian metamorphic stages (Gosner stages 42-46) are particularly vulnerable to a range of stressors, including Bd. Despite this, studies that explicitly examine host response to chytridiomycosis throughout the metamorphic stages are lacking. We aimed to determine how Bd exposure during the larval stages impacts metamorphic development and infection progression in the endangered Fleay's barred frog (Mixophyes fleayi). We exposed M. fleayi to Bd during pro-metamorphosis (Gosner stages 35-38) and monitored infection dynamics throughout metamorphosis. We took weekly morphological measurements (weight, total body length, snout-vent-length and Gosner stage) and quantified Bd load using qPCR. While we observed minimal impact of Bd infection on animal growth and development, Bd load varied throughout ontogeny, with an infection load plateau during the tadpole stages (Gosner stages 35-41) and temporary infection clearance at Gosner stage 42. Bd load increased exponentially between Gosner stages 42 and 45, with most exposed animals becoming moribund at Gosner stage 45, prior to the completion of metamorphosis. There was variability in infection outcome of exposed individuals, with a subgroup of animals (n = 5/29) apparently clearing their infection while the majority (n = 21/29) became moribund with high infection burdens. This study demonstrates the role that metamorphic restructuring plays in shaping Bd infection dynamics and raises the concern that substantial Bd-associated mortality could be overlooked in the field due to the often cryptic nature of these latter metamorphic stages. We recommend future studies that directly examine the host immune response to Bd infection throughout metamorphosis, incorporating histological and molecular methods to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the observed trends.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Animals ; Chytridiomycota/physiology ; Anura/microbiology ; Mycoses/microbiology ; Metamorphosis, Biological ; Larva/microbiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-18
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	205699-9
ISSN	1096-0953 ; 0013-9351
ISSN (online)	1096-0953
ISSN	0013-9351
DOI	10.1016/j.envres.2024.118249
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Article: Metabolomic response of striped marsh frog (Limnodynastes peronii) tadpoles exposed to the fire retardant Phos-Chek LC95W.

Lanctôt, Chantal / Grogan, Laura F / Tunstill, Kate / Melvin, Steven D

Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology & pharmacology : CBP

2023 Volume 276, Page(s) 109786

Abstract: Climate change and other factors have contributed to an increased frequency and intensity of global wildfires in recent years. Ammonium-based fire retardants are widely used to suppress or delay the spread of fire and have generally been regarded as ... ...

Abstract	Climate change and other factors have contributed to an increased frequency and intensity of global wildfires in recent years. Ammonium-based fire retardants are widely used to suppress or delay the spread of fire and have generally been regarded as presenting a low risk of acute toxicity to fauna. However, studies have raised concerns about their potential to cause indirect or sub-lethal effects, and toxicity information regarding the potential for such impacts in aquatic species is limited. To address these knowledge gaps, we used an untargeted metabolomics approach to evaluate the sub-lethal physiological and metabolic responses of striped marsh frog (Limnodynastes peronii) tadpoles exposed to a concentration gradient of the ammonium polyphosphate (APP)-based fire retardant Phos-Chek LC95W (PC). Acute exposure (96 h) to PC significantly altered the relative abundance of 14 metabolites in whole tadpoles. The overall metabolic response pattern was consistent with effects reported for ammonia toxicity and also suggestive of energy dysregulation and osmotic stress associated with alterations to physicochemical water quality parameters in the PC treatments. Results suggest that run-off or accidental application of this formulation into waterways can have significant sub-lethal consequences on the biochemical profiles (i.e., the metabolome) of aquatic organisms and may be a concern for frog species that breed and develop in small, often ephemeral, waterbodies. Our study highlights the benefits of integrating untargeted metabolomics with other ecological and toxicological endpoints to provide a more holistic characterisation of the sub-lethal impacts associated with bushfire-fighting chemicals and with environmental contaminants more broadly.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Wetlands ; Flame Retardants/toxicity ; Larva ; Anura/metabolism ; Ammonium Compounds/pharmacology ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Flame Retardants ; Ammonium Compounds ; Water Pollutants, Chemical
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	189285-x
ISSN	1532-0456 ; 0306-4492 ; 0742-8413
ISSN	1532-0456 ; 0306-4492 ; 0742-8413
DOI	10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109786
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Article ; Online: Limited impact of chytridiomycosis on juvenile frogs in a recovered species.

Hollanders, Matthijs / Grogan, Laura F / McCallum, Hamish I / Brannelly, Laura A / Newell, David A

Oecologia

2023 Volume 202, Issue 2, Page(s) 445–454

Abstract: The amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has caused catastrophic frog declines on several continents, but disease outcome is mediated by a number of factors. Host life stage is an important consideration and many studies have ... ...

Abstract	The amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has caused catastrophic frog declines on several continents, but disease outcome is mediated by a number of factors. Host life stage is an important consideration and many studies have highlighted the vulnerability of recently metamorphosed or juvenile frogs compared to adults. The majority of these studies have taken place in a laboratory setting, and there is a general paucity of longitudinal field studies investigating the influence of life stage on disease outcome. In this study, we assessed the effect of endemic Bd on juvenile Mixophyes fleayi (Fleay's barred frog) in subtropical eastern Australian rainforest. Using photographic mark-recapture, we made 386 captures of 116 individuals and investigated the effect of Bd infection intensity on the apparent mortality rates of frogs using a multievent model correcting for infection state misclassification. We found that neither Bd infection status nor infection intensity predicted mortality in juvenile frogs, counter to the expectation that early life stages are more vulnerable to disease, despite average high infection prevalence (0.35, 95% HDPI [0.14, 0.52]). Additionally, we found that observed infection prevalence and intensity were somewhat lower for juveniles than adults. Our results indicate that in this Bd-recovered species, the realized impacts of chytridiomycosis on juveniles were apparently low, likely resulting in high recruitment contributing to population stability. We highlight the importance of investigating factors relating to disease outcome in a field setting and make recommendations for future studies.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Animals ; Chytridiomycota ; Australia ; Anura/microbiology ; Mycoses/veterinary ; Mycoses/microbiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-22
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	123369-5
ISSN	1432-1939 ; 0029-8549
ISSN (online)	1432-1939
ISSN	0029-8549
DOI	10.1007/s00442-023-05406-w
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Article ; Online: Declining amphibians might be evolving increased reproductive effort in the face of devastating disease.

Brannelly, Laura A / Webb, Rebecca J / Jiang, Zhixuan / Berger, Lee / Skerratt, Lee F / Grogan, Laura F

Evolution; international journal of organic evolution

2021 Volume 75, Issue 10, Page(s) 2555–2567

Abstract: The devastating infectious disease chytridiomycosis has caused declines of amphibians across the globe, yet some populations are persisting and even recovering. One understudied effect of wildlife disease is changes in reproductive effort. Here, we aimed ...

Abstract	The devastating infectious disease chytridiomycosis has caused declines of amphibians across the globe, yet some populations are persisting and even recovering. One understudied effect of wildlife disease is changes in reproductive effort. Here, we aimed to understand if the disease has plastic effects on reproduction and if reproductive effort could evolve with disease endemism. We compared the effects of experimental pathogen exposure (trait plasticity) and population-level disease history (evolution in trait baseline) on reproductive effort using gametogenesis as a proxy in the declining and endangered frog Litoria verreauxii alpina. We found that unexposed males from disease-endemic populations had higher reproductive effort, which is consistent with an evolutionary response to chytridiomycosis. We also found evidence of trait plasticity, where males and females were affected differently by infection: pathogen exposed males had higher reproductive effort (larger testes), whereas females had reduced reproductive effort (smaller and fewer developed eggs) regardless of the population of origin. Infectious diseases can cause plastic changes in the reproductive effort at an individual level, and population-level disease exposure can result in changes to baseline reproductive effort; therefore, individual- and population-level effects of disease should be considered when designing management and conservation programs for threatened and declining species.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anura ; Chytridiomycota ; Female ; Male ; Mycoses ; Reproduction
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2036375-8
ISSN	1558-5646 ; 0014-3820
ISSN (online)	1558-5646
ISSN	0014-3820
DOI	10.1111/evo.14327
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Article ; Online: Effects of two firefighting chemical formulations, Phos-Chek LC95W and BlazeTamer380, on striped marsh frog (Limodynastes peronii) tadpole survival, growth, development and behaviour.

Tunstill, Kate / Grogan, Laura F / Morrison, Clare / McCallum, Hamish / Lanctôt, Chantal

Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)

2022 Volume 252, Page(s) 106326

Abstract: Global wildfire events are projected to become more frequent and severe due to the continual threat of climate change, resulting in increasing demand for effective fire mitigation methods. Firefighting chemicals (FFCs), including retardants, foams and ... ...

Abstract	Global wildfire events are projected to become more frequent and severe due to the continual threat of climate change, resulting in increasing demand for effective fire mitigation methods. Firefighting chemicals (FFCs), including retardants, foams and water enhancers, are often used to prevent the spread of wildfires. However, the impact of FFCs on wildlife and ecosystems is poorly understood. We investigated the effects of two common FFC formulations, Phos-Chek LC95W and BlazeTamer380, on tadpole survival, growth, development and swimming behaviour. Tadpoles of the striped marsh frog (Limnodynastes peronii) were exposed to two concentrations of either Phos-Chek (0.25 and 1 g/L) or BlazeTamer (0.05 and 0.2 g/L) for 16 days. The highest concentration of Phos-Chek was lethal to tadpoles, with mortalities gradually increasing over time and only 8% of animals surviving to day 16. Both FFCs influenced the growth and development of tadpoles, though effects were more severe in tadpoles exposed to the Phos-Chek formulation. Phos-Chek was found to completely stop tadpole growth and development over the 16-day exposure, whereas BlazeTamer significantly delayed growth and development in comparison to controls. Nevertheless, treatments had no apparent effect on tadpole movement patterns and swimming activity. Greater toxicity caused by the Phos-Chek treatment likely relates to the increased ammonia and altered water quality parameters. Runoff or accidental application of commonly used FFCs into small waterways may therefore have important ramifications for aquatic biota.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Larva ; Wetlands ; Ecosystem ; Ammonia/toxicity ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity ; Anura ; Gastropoda
Chemical Substances	Ammonia (7664-41-7) ; Water Pollutants, Chemical
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-12
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	782699-0
ISSN	1879-1514 ; 0166-445X
ISSN (online)	1879-1514
ISSN	0166-445X
DOI	10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106326
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Article: Recovered frog populations coexist with endemic Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis despite load-dependent mortality.

Hollanders, Matthijs / Grogan, Laura F / Nock, Catherine J / McCallum, Hamish I / Newell, David A

Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America

2022 Volume 33, Issue 1, Page(s) e2724

Abstract: Novel infectious diseases, particularly those caused by fungal pathogens, pose considerable risks to global biodiversity. The amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd) has demonstrated the scale of the threat, having caused the ... ...

Abstract	Novel infectious diseases, particularly those caused by fungal pathogens, pose considerable risks to global biodiversity. The amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd) has demonstrated the scale of the threat, having caused the greatest recorded loss of vertebrate biodiversity attributable to a pathogen. Despite catastrophic declines on several continents, many affected species have experienced population recoveries after epidemics. However, the potential ongoing threat of endemic Bd in these recovered or recovering populations is still poorly understood. We investigated the threat of endemic Bd to frog populations that recovered after initial precipitous declines, focusing on the endangered rainforest frog Mixophyes fleayi. We conducted extensive field surveys over 4 years at three independent sites in eastern Australia. First, we compared Bd infection prevalence and infection intensities within frog communities to reveal species-specific infection patterns. Then, we analyzed mark-recapture data of M. fleayi to estimate the impact of Bd infection intensity on apparent mortality rates and Bd infection dynamics. We found that M. fleayi had lower infection intensities than sympatric frogs across the three sites, and cleared infections at higher rates than they gained infections throughout the study period. By incorporating time-varying individual infection intensities, we show that healthy M. fleayi populations persist despite increased apparent mortality associated with infrequent high Bd loads. Infection dynamics were influenced by environmental conditions, with Bd prevalence, infection intensity, and rates of gaining infection associated with lower temperatures and increased rainfall. However, mortality remained constant year-round despite these fluctuations in Bd infections, suggesting major mortality events did not occur over the study period. Together, our results demonstrate that while Bd is still a potential threat to recovered populations of M. fleayi, high rates of clearing infections and generally low average infection loads likely minimize mortality caused by Bd. Our results are consistent with pathogen resistance contributing to the coexistence of M. fleayi with endemic Bd. We emphasize the importance of incorporating infection intensity into disease models rather than infection status alone. Similar population and infection dynamics likely exist within other recovered amphibian-Bd systems around the globe, promising longer-term persistence in the face of endemic chytridiomycosis.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Batrachochytrium ; Chytridiomycota ; Anura ; Mycoses/epidemiology ; Mycoses/veterinary ; Mycoses/microbiology ; Biodiversity
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1074505-1
ISSN	1939-5582 ; 1051-0761
ISSN (online)	1939-5582
ISSN	1051-0761
DOI	10.1002/eap.2724
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Article ; Online: Recovered frog populations coexist with endemic Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis despite load‐dependent mortality

Hollanders, Matthijs / Grogan, Laura F. / Nock, Catherine J. / McCallum, Hamish I. / Newell, David A.

Ecological Applications. 2023 Jan., v. 33, no. 1 p.e2724-

2023

Abstract	Novel infectious diseases, particularly those caused by fungal pathogens, pose considerable risks to global biodiversity. The amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd) has demonstrated the scale of the threat, having caused the greatest recorded loss of vertebrate biodiversity attributable to a pathogen. Despite catastrophic declines on several continents, many affected species have experienced population recoveries after epidemics. However, the potential ongoing threat of endemic Bd in these recovered or recovering populations is still poorly understood. We investigated the threat of endemic Bd to frog populations that recovered after initial precipitous declines, focusing on the endangered rainforest frog Mixophyes fleayi. We conducted extensive field surveys over 4 years at three independent sites in eastern Australia. First, we compared Bd infection prevalence and infection intensities within frog communities to reveal species‐specific infection patterns. Then, we analyzed mark‐recapture data of M. fleayi to estimate the impact of Bd infection intensity on apparent mortality rates and Bd infection dynamics. We found that M. fleayi had lower infection intensities than sympatric frogs across the three sites, and cleared infections at higher rates than they gained infections throughout the study period. By incorporating time‐varying individual infection intensities, we show that healthy M. fleayi populations persist despite increased apparent mortality associated with infrequent high Bd loads. Infection dynamics were influenced by environmental conditions, with Bd prevalence, infection intensity, and rates of gaining infection associated with lower temperatures and increased rainfall. However, mortality remained constant year‐round despite these fluctuations in Bd infections, suggesting major mortality events did not occur over the study period. Together, our results demonstrate that while Bd is still a potential threat to recovered populations of M. fleayi, high rates of clearing infections and generally low average infection loads likely minimize mortality caused by Bd. Our results are consistent with pathogen resistance contributing to the coexistence of M. fleayi with endemic Bd. We emphasize the importance of incorporating infection intensity into disease models rather than infection status alone. Similar population and infection dynamics likely exist within other recovered amphibian‐Bd systems around the globe, promising longer‐term persistence in the face of endemic chytridiomycosis.
Keywords	Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ; biodiversity ; frogs ; fungi ; mark-recapture studies ; mortality ; pathogens ; rain ; rain forests ; sympatry ; Australia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-01
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1074505-1
ISSN	1939-5582 ; 1051-0761
ISSN (online)	1939-5582
ISSN	1051-0761
DOI	10.1002/eap.2724
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Effects of two firefighting chemical formulations, Phos–Chek LC95W and BlazeTamer380, on striped marsh frog (Limodynastes peronii) tadpole survival, growth, development and behaviour

Tunstill, Kate / Grogan, Laura F. / Morrison, Clare / McCallum, Hamish / Lanctôt, Chantal

Aquatic Toxicology. 2022 Oct. 10, p.106326-

2022 , Page(s) 106326–

Abstract	Global wildfire events are projected to become more frequent and severe due to the continual threat of climate change, resulting in increasing demand for effective fire mitigation methods. Firefighting chemicals (FFCs), including retardants, foams and water enhancers, are often used to prevent the spread of wildfires. However, the impact of FFCs on wildlife and ecosystems is poorly understood. We investigated the effects of two common FFC formulations, Phos-Chek LC95W and BlazeTamer380, on tadpole survival, growth, development and swimming behaviour. Tadpoles of the striped marsh frog (Limnodynastes peronii) were exposed to two concentrations of either Phos-Chek (0.25 and 1 g/L) or BlazeTamer (0.05 and 0.2 g/L) for 16 days. The highest concentration of Phos–Chek was lethal to tadpoles, with mortalities gradually increasing over time and only 8% of animals surviving to day 16. Both FFCs influenced the growth and development of tadpoles, though effects were more severe in tadpoles exposed to the Phos-Chek formulation. Phos-Chek was found to completely stop tadpole growth and development over the 16-day exposure, whereas BlazeTamer significantly delayed growth and development in comparison to controls. Nevertheless, treatments had no apparent effect on tadpole movement patterns and swimming activity. Greater toxicity caused by the Phos-Chek treatment likely relates to the increased ammonia and altered water quality parameters. Runoff or accidental application of commonly used FFCs into small waterways may therefore have important ramifications for aquatic biota.
Keywords	Limnodynastes peronii ; ammonia ; climate change ; fire fighting ; runoff ; tadpoles ; toxicity ; toxicology ; water quality ; wildfires ; wildlife ; Fire retardant ; Water enhancer ; Amphibian ; Video–tracking ; Behaviour
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-1010
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Pre-press version
ZDB-ID	782699-0
ISSN	1879-1514 ; 0166-445X
ISSN (online)	1879-1514
ISSN	0166-445X
DOI	10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106326
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Article ; Online: Do immune system changes at metamorphosis predict vulnerability to chytridiomycosis? An update.

Humphries, Josephine E / Lanctôt, Chantal M / Robert, Jacques / McCallum, Hamish I / Newell, David A / Grogan, Laura F

Developmental and comparative immunology

2022 Volume 136, Page(s) 104510

Abstract: Amphibians are among the vertebrate groups suffering great losses of biodiversity due to a variety of causes including diseases, such as chytridiomycosis (caused by the fungal pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and B. salamandrivorans). The ... ...

Abstract	Amphibians are among the vertebrate groups suffering great losses of biodiversity due to a variety of causes including diseases, such as chytridiomycosis (caused by the fungal pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and B. salamandrivorans). The amphibian metamorphic period has been identified as being particularly vulnerable to chytridiomycosis, with dramatic physiological and immunological reorganisation likely contributing to this vulnerability. Here, we overview the processes behind these changes at metamorphosis and then perform a systematic literature review to capture the breadth of empirical research performed over the last two decades on the metamorphic immune response. We found that few studies focused specifically on the immune response during the peri-metamorphic stages of amphibian development and fewer still on the implications of their findings with respect to chytridiomycosis. We recommend future studies consider components of the immune system that are currently under-represented in the literature on amphibian metamorphosis, particularly pathogen recognition pathways. Although logistically challenging, we suggest varying the timing of exposure to Bd across metamorphosis to examine the relative importance of pathogen evasion, suppression or dysregulation of the immune system. We also suggest elucidating the underlying mechanisms of the increased susceptibility to chytridiomycosis at metamorphosis and the associated implications for population persistence. For species that overlap a distribution where Bd/Bsal are now endemic, we recommend a greater focus on management strategies that consider the important peri-metamorphic period.
MeSH term(s)	Amphibians ; Animals ; Chytridiomycota/physiology ; Immune System ; Metamorphosis, Biological ; Mycoses
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Systematic Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	752411-0
ISSN	1879-0089 ; 0145-305X
ISSN (online)	1879-0089
ISSN	0145-305X
DOI	10.1016/j.dci.2022.104510
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