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  1. Article ; Online: Recommendations and requirements for the wavelengths in Rayleigh equation anomaloscopes.

    Dain, Stephen J / Hovis, Jeffery K

    Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision

    2023  Volume 40, Issue 3, Page(s) A121–A129

    Abstract: DIN 6160:2019 is a technical standard that sets requirements for Rayleigh equation anomaloscopes. Table 1 of the standard contains the limits for centroid wavelengths and spectral half power bandwidths (SHBW). The centroid limits are more restrictive ... ...

    Abstract DIN 6160:2019 is a technical standard that sets requirements for Rayleigh equation anomaloscopes. Table 1 of the standard contains the limits for centroid wavelengths and spectral half power bandwidths (SHBW). The centroid limits are more restrictive than dominant wavelength recommendations. The SHBW limits have no known evidence base and are inconsistent between colors. The spectral characteristics of three commercial anomaloscopes brands were measured using a telespectroradiometer. Only the oculus instruments complied with DIN 6160 Table 1, but all the anomaloscopes complied with published recommendations. All complied with the DIN 6160 bandwidth requirements. This highlights the need to provide an evidence base for such requirements.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 283633-6
    ISSN 1520-8532 ; 1084-7529 ; 0740-3232
    ISSN (online) 1520-8532
    ISSN 1084-7529 ; 0740-3232
    DOI 10.1364/JOSAA.477144
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: The blue light dose from white light emitting diodes (LEDs) and other white light sources.

    Dain, Stephen J

    Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)

    2020  Volume 40, Issue 5, Page(s) 692–699

    Abstract: Purpose: This study was carried out to determine if light emitting diodes (LEDs) represented a special case in exposing the retina to blue light, when compared with other methods of backlighting television and computer screens and with fluorescent tube ... ...

    Abstract Purpose: This study was carried out to determine if light emitting diodes (LEDs) represented a special case in exposing the retina to blue light, when compared with other methods of backlighting television and computer screens and with fluorescent tube lighting.
    Method: The spectral distribution of light from computer and television screens (cathode ray tube, plasma screen, organic LEDs, and screens backlit by cold cathode tubes and/or LEDs), domestic type spotlights (LED and fluorescent tube) and objects in the outdoor sunlit environment were measured with a telespectroradiometer. The spectral data were analysed for the proportion of blue light and luminance. The results were also presented as time to reach the occupational safety limit, without regard to the normal 10 000 s time limit by which time there is no summation of exposure.
    Results: The amount of blue light in a source is essentially independent of the technology of the light source, but closely related to the correlated colour temperature.
    Conclusions: Fluorescent lamps show essentially the same proportions of blue light and LEDs do not represent a special case, given the same correlated colour temperature. Blue-blocking lenses are no more needed with LED sources than with other screen illumination methods or with fluorescent lighting. There is no evidence base on which to recommend blue-blocking lenses for indoor applications.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Light ; Photic Stimulation ; Reference Values ; Retina/physiology ; Retina/radiation effects ; Vision, Ocular/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-07-21
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 604564-9
    ISSN 1475-1313 ; 0275-5408
    ISSN (online) 1475-1313
    ISSN 0275-5408
    DOI 10.1111/opo.12713
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Advice to the public about safe and comfortable eclipse viewing and the 20 April 2023 eclipse.

    Dain, Stephen J / Chou, B Ralph / Fienberg, Richard T

    Clinical & experimental optometry

    2023  Volume 107, Issue 3, Page(s) 351–354

    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Retinal Diseases ; Sunlight
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 639275-1
    ISSN 1444-0938 ; 0816-4622
    ISSN (online) 1444-0938
    ISSN 0816-4622
    DOI 10.1080/08164622.2023.2236128
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Visual function and retinal thickness in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

    Bodduluri, Lakshmi / Dain, Stephen J / Hameed, Shihab / Verge, Charles F / Boon, Mei Ying

    Clinical & experimental optometry

    2024  , Page(s) 1–9

    Abstract: Clinical relevance: The possibility that changes in blue-yellow visual thresholds and some retinal thickness measures in children with diabetes mellitus may be observed before any visible fundus changes points to the possibility of these measures being ... ...

    Abstract Clinical relevance: The possibility that changes in blue-yellow visual thresholds and some retinal thickness measures in children with diabetes mellitus may be observed before any visible fundus changes points to the possibility of these measures being a useful predictor that the risks of diabetic retinopathy are higher in some children than in others.
    Introduction: Previous studies showed mixed results on chromatic and achromatic contrast sensitivity early in the course of diabetes mellitus, and the findings of these studies may have been influenced by a lack of experimental sensitivity to visual deficits, a bias towards tritan-like errors or the cognitive demands of the tests and variations in sample composition. The purpose of this study was to evaluate colour and contrast thresholds and retinal thickness in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus compared with age-matched controls.
    Methods: A prospective case-control study was carried out on 9-14-year-old children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (49 cases) and age matched controls (49) in which isoluminant red-green and blue-yellow and achromatic luminance contrast thresholds were measured. Fundus photography was used to grade diabetic retinopathy. Retinal thickness parameters were measured using optical coherence tomography. Data on the duration of diabetes mellitus, glycaemic control (HbA
    Results: The cases mostly had poorly controlled diabetes, HbA
    Conclusion: Blue-yellow thresholds of cases were raised compared to normal. Within the cases, higher luminance contrast thresholds were also associated with, mostly, ganglion cell complex reductions.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 639275-1
    ISSN 1444-0938 ; 0816-4622
    ISSN (online) 1444-0938
    ISSN 0816-4622
    DOI 10.1080/08164622.2023.2288176
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: A model for assessing the efficacy of colour vision aids.

    Moreland, Jack D / Dain, Stephen J / Cheung, Vien / Westland, Stephen

    Optics express

    2022  Volume 30, Issue 15, Page(s) 27903–27911

    Abstract: Optical filter aids are marketed which claim to improve colour discrimination in red-green colour vision defectives. An earlier model has been revised and used to assess 9 currently available aids. Spectral reflectances (400-700 nm) for 80 colours ... ...

    Abstract Optical filter aids are marketed which claim to improve colour discrimination in red-green colour vision defectives. An earlier model has been revised and used to assess 9 currently available aids. Spectral reflectances (400-700 nm) for 80 colours equally spaced in hue angle at four equally spaced saturations were synthesised from chromatically adjacent Munsell colours. Aid induced chromaticity changes for Protanomals and Deuteranomals were calculated. Five aids enhanced red-green discrimination significantly for Protanomals and six for Deuteranomals and one aid reduced it significantly for both defectives. Five aids enhanced blue-yellow discrimination in Protanomals and Deuteranomals for whom it is not needed.
    MeSH term(s) Color Perception ; Color Vision ; Color Vision Defects/diagnosis ; Humans
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1491859-6
    ISSN 1094-4087 ; 1094-4087
    ISSN (online) 1094-4087
    ISSN 1094-4087
    DOI 10.1364/OE.461215
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Sports eyewear protective standards.

    Dain, Stephen J

    Clinical & experimental optometry

    2016  Volume 99, Issue 1, Page(s) 4–23

    Abstract: Eye injuries sustained during sport comprise up to 20 per cent of all injuries to the eye serious enough for medical attention to be sought. The prevalence of eye injuries in sport is not easily assessed due to lack of authoritative participation rates, ... ...

    Abstract Eye injuries sustained during sport comprise up to 20 per cent of all injuries to the eye serious enough for medical attention to be sought. The prevalence of eye injuries in sport is not easily assessed due to lack of authoritative participation rates, so most studies report total numbers in a time period. The evidence on the proportion of all ocular injuries that are from sport is reviewed. The relative frequencies in different sports are compared in a qualitative manner and the sports with greater numbers of ocular injuries are detailed. In common with occupational injuries to the eye, most sports eye injuries are considered preventable. The hierarchy of action for occupational risk is detailed and adapted to use in a sports scenario. All the available international, regional and national standards on sports eye protection are detailed and their provisions compared. The major function of the standards is to provide adequate protection against the hazard of the sport concerned. These are detailed and compared as a function of energy transfer. Eye protection must not introduce additional or secondary hazards (for instance, fracturing into sharp fragments on impact) and not introduce features that would deter the wearing of eye protection (for instance, restricting field of view to impede playing the sport). The provisions of the standards intended to limit secondary hazards are detailed and compared. The need for future work in standards writing and the activities of the International Standardization Organization in sports eye protection are detailed.
    MeSH term(s) Athletic Injuries/prevention & control ; Eye Injuries/prevention & control ; Eye Protective Devices/standards ; Humans ; Sports
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-01
    Publishing country Australia
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 639275-1
    ISSN 1444-0938 ; 0816-4622
    ISSN (online) 1444-0938
    ISSN 0816-4622
    DOI 10.1111/cxo.12349
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: How practitioners say they answer the questions of patients about ultraviolet protection.

    Alobaid, Mohammad / Boon, Mei-Ying / Dain, Stephen J

    Clinical & experimental optometry

    2021  Volume 105, Issue 6, Page(s) 642–648

    Abstract: Patients should be able to rely on optometrists and optical dispensers to provide evidence-based answers to their questions on eye protection, including against ultraviolet radiation. Surveys indicate that there is public concern about the need for ... ...

    Abstract Patients should be able to rely on optometrists and optical dispensers to provide evidence-based answers to their questions on eye protection, including against ultraviolet radiation. Surveys indicate that there is public concern about the need for protection against ultraviolet radiation, particularly in sunlight. This investigation aimed to evaluate the quality of information provided by practitioners in response to typical questions to which they might reasonably be expected to have ready answers. A cross-sectional study was conducted of on-site responses from attendees of a 3 day optical fair, in Sydney, Australia, in 2017. Subjects were not forewarned about the study. The portion of the questionnaire reported here comprised open answers to four questions intended to represent typical enquiries of patients. The questions were about recommendations for ultraviolet protection in the context of 1) computer use, 2) outdoor use, 3) driving and 4) under office lighting. Eighty-three participants returned completed questionnaires out of 140 issued (61% response). The open-answer question responses were grouped into appropriate, borderline (mostly appropriate but mixed with non-UVR related recommendations) and others (mostly non-UVR related recommendations) and by job title. The proportion of appropriate answers to the four questions were 20%, 30%, 12% and 15%, respectively, which did not differ by job title. A significantly higher proportion of optical dispensers than optometrists selected 'Don't know/no answer' for all questions except office use. Eyecare professionals need to be educated on eye protection against UV radiation to improve the quality of information to be given to the public.
    MeSH term(s) Australia ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans ; Sunlight ; Ultraviolet Rays/adverse effects
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-08-17
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 639275-1
    ISSN 1444-0938 ; 0816-4622
    ISSN (online) 1444-0938
    ISSN 0816-4622
    DOI 10.1080/08164622.2021.1959265
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  8. Article ; Online: Optical performance of welding curtains and existing standards.

    Dain, Stephen J / Sliney, David H / Naumov, Andreas

    Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene

    2021  Volume 18, Issue 7, Page(s) 314–322

    Abstract: Welding curtains and screens are intended to protect workers, other than the welder, from the effects of optical radiation generated by the welding process. The national and international standards for welding screens and curtains have different ... ...

    Abstract Welding curtains and screens are intended to protect workers, other than the welder, from the effects of optical radiation generated by the welding process. The national and international standards for welding screens and curtains have different requirements. The aim is to compare the protection requirements of examples of welding curtain material and to assess compliance with the international and national standards. Spectral transmittance values (ultraviolet, visible, and infrared) of 21 samples were obtained from the records of an ISO/IES 17025 accredited test laboratory and performance/compliance was assessed according to each of the standards. In the ultraviolet, 10 samples passed and seven failed all standards. In the visible/infrared region, four samples passed and 10 failed all standards. Four samples passed the U.S. and international standards but failed the Australian/New Zealand standard in the blue-light transmittance requirement. One sample failed both the U.S. and Australian/New Zealand standards but the result for the international standard was borderline, one sample passed ISO but failed the blue-light requirements, and one failed ISO but passed the blue-light requirements. The derivations of the various requirements are not well documented. The Australia/New Zealand standard is significantly more stringent in the ultraviolet and blue-light regions. A review of the optical radiation hazards and revision of the standards are indicated. It is possible that curtains, other than those tested, that comply with the international standard might transmit hazardous levels of blue light and, conversely, adequate ultraviolet and blue-light protection is available with curtains that do not comply with the international standard.
    MeSH term(s) Australia ; Humans ; Light ; Occupational Exposure/analysis ; Occupational Exposure/prevention & control ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Welding
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-24
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2131820-7
    ISSN 1545-9632 ; 1545-9624
    ISSN (online) 1545-9632
    ISSN 1545-9624
    DOI 10.1080/15459624.2021.1921183
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  9. Article ; Online: Development of color vision discrimination during childhood: differences between Blue-Yellow, Red-Green, and achromatic thresholds.

    Ling, Barbara Y / Dain, Stephen J

    Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision

    2018  Volume 35, Issue 4, Page(s) B35–B42

    Abstract: Nonvisual demands of tests affect vision test results in children. 150 children (79 females and 71 males, 5.3-12.7 years of age) were examined. Isoluminant Blue, Yellow, Red, Green, and Black and White thresholds were established with a four-alternative ... ...

    Abstract Nonvisual demands of tests affect vision test results in children. 150 children (79 females and 71 males, 5.3-12.7 years of age) were examined. Isoluminant Blue, Yellow, Red, Green, and Black and White thresholds were established with a four-alternative forced-choice and pseudo-10-bit system with adaptive staircase and gaming elements. Where Threshold=b
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Child, Preschool ; Color Perception Tests ; Color Vision/physiology ; Contrast Sensitivity/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Photic Stimulation ; Psychophysics ; Sensory Thresholds/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-04-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 283633-6
    ISSN 1520-8532 ; 1084-7529 ; 0740-3232
    ISSN (online) 1520-8532
    ISSN 1084-7529 ; 0740-3232
    DOI 10.1364/JOSAA.35.000B35
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Recognition of simulated cyanosis by color-vision-normal and color-vision-deficient subjects.

    Dain, Stephen J

    Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision

    2014  Volume 31, Issue 4, Page(s) A303–6

    Abstract: There are anecdotal reports that the recognition of cyanosis is difficult for some color-deficient observers. The chromaticity changes of blood with oxygenation in vitro lie close to the dichromatic confusion lines. The chromaticity changes of lips and ... ...

    Abstract There are anecdotal reports that the recognition of cyanosis is difficult for some color-deficient observers. The chromaticity changes of blood with oxygenation in vitro lie close to the dichromatic confusion lines. The chromaticity changes of lips and nail beds measured in vivo are also generally aligned in the same way. Experiments involving visual assessment of cyanosis in vivo are fraught with technical and ethical difficulties A single lower face image of a healthy individual was digitally altered to produce levels of simulated cyanosis. The color change is essentially one of saturation. Some images with other color changes were also included to ensure that there was no propensity to identify those as cyanosed. The images were assessed for reality by a panel of four instructors from the NSW Ambulance Service training section. The images were displayed singly and the observer was required to identify if the person was cyanosed or not. Color normal subjects comprised 32 experienced ambulance officers and 27 new recruits. Twenty-seven color deficient subjects (non-NSW Ambulance Service) were examined. The recruits were less accurate and slower at identifying the cyanosed images and the color vision deficient were less accurate and slower still. The identification of cyanosis is a skill that improves with training and is adversely affected in color deficient observers.
    MeSH term(s) Color Perception/physiology ; Color Vision/physiology ; Color Vision Defects/physiopathology ; Cyanosis ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Pigmentation ; Recognition (Psychology)/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-04-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 283633-6
    ISSN 1520-8532 ; 1084-7529 ; 0740-3232
    ISSN (online) 1520-8532
    ISSN 1084-7529 ; 0740-3232
    DOI 10.1364/JOSAA.31.00A303
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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