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  1. Article ; Online: Clinical practice - latest insights in optimizing the care of children with Down syndrome.

    van Gameren-Oosterom, Helma B M / Weijerman, Michel E / van Wieringen, Hester / de Winter, J Peter / van Wermeskerken, Anne-Marie

    European journal of pediatrics

    2023  Volume 182, Issue 5, Page(s) 2027–2039

    Abstract: An essential part of the care of children with Down syndrome is secondary screening for comorbidity. It is well known that comorbidity frequently occurs in these children. A new update of the Dutch Down syndrome medical guideline was developed to create ... ...

    Abstract An essential part of the care of children with Down syndrome is secondary screening for comorbidity. It is well known that comorbidity frequently occurs in these children. A new update of the Dutch Down syndrome medical guideline was developed to create a sound evidence base for several of these conditions. We present the latest insights and recommendations from this Dutch medical guideline which are based on the most relevant literature currently available and developed with rigorous methodology. The main focus of this revision of the guideline was on obstructive sleep apnea and other airway problems and hematologic disorders, such as transient abnormal myelopoiesis, leukemia, and thyroid disorders. Conclusion: This is a short summary of the latest insights and recommendations from the updated Dutch medical guideline for children with Down syndrome.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Child ; Down Syndrome/complications ; Down Syndrome/diagnosis ; Down Syndrome/therapy ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/diagnosis ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/therapy ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/epidemiology ; Comorbidity
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-10
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 194196-3
    ISSN 1432-1076 ; 0340-6199 ; 0943-9676
    ISSN (online) 1432-1076
    ISSN 0340-6199 ; 0943-9676
    DOI 10.1007/s00431-023-04890-9
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  2. Article ; Online: Decreased Antibody Response After Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Vaccination in Patients With Down Syndrome.

    Streng, Bianca M M / Bont, Marin / Delemarre, Eveline M / Binnendijk, Rob S / Smit, Gaby / den Hartog, Gerco / Coppus, Antonia M W / de Vries, Esther / Weijerman, Michel E / Lamberts, Regina / de Graaf, Gert / van der Klis, Fiona R / Vidarsson, Gestur / Rave, Neele / Bont, Louis J / Wildenbeest, Joanne G

    The Journal of infectious diseases

    2022  Volume 226, Issue 4, Page(s) 673–677

    Abstract: The risk of a severe course of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in adults with Down syndrome is increased, resulting in an up to 10-fold increase in mortality, in particular in those >40 years of age. After primary ... ...

    Abstract The risk of a severe course of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in adults with Down syndrome is increased, resulting in an up to 10-fold increase in mortality, in particular in those >40 years of age. After primary SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, the higher risks remain. In this prospective observational cohort study, SARS-CoV-2 spike S1-specific antibody responses after routine SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (BNT162b2, messenger RNA [mRNA]-1273, or ChAdOx1) in adults with Down syndrome and healthy controls were compared. Adults with Down syndrome showed lower antibody concentrations after 2 mRNA vaccinations or after 2 ChAdOx1 vaccinations. After 2 mRNA vaccinations, lower antibody concentrations were seen with increasing age.
    Clinical trials registration: NCT05145348.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Antibodies, Viral ; Antibody Formation ; BNT162 Vaccine ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Down Syndrome ; Humans ; Prospective Studies ; RNA, Messenger ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccination
    Chemical Substances Antibodies, Viral ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; RNA, Messenger ; BNT162 Vaccine (N38TVC63NU)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-07-18
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Observational Study ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 3019-3
    ISSN 1537-6613 ; 0022-1899
    ISSN (online) 1537-6613
    ISSN 0022-1899
    DOI 10.1093/infdis/jiac235
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  3. Article ; Online: Confounding of the association between radiation exposure from CT scans and risk of leukemia and brain tumors by cancer susceptibility syndromes.

    Meulepas, Johanna M / Ronckers, Cécile M / Merks, Johannes / Weijerman, Michel E / Lubin, Jay H / Hauptmann, Michael

    Journal of radiological protection : official journal of the Society for Radiological Protection

    2016  Volume 36, Issue 4, Page(s) 953–974

    Abstract: Recent studies linking radiation exposure from pediatric computed tomography (CT) to increased risks of leukemia and brain tumors lacked data to control for cancer susceptibility syndromes (CSS). These syndromes might be confounders because they are ... ...

    Abstract Recent studies linking radiation exposure from pediatric computed tomography (CT) to increased risks of leukemia and brain tumors lacked data to control for cancer susceptibility syndromes (CSS). These syndromes might be confounders because they are associated with an increased cancer risk and may increase the likelihood of pediatric CT scans. We identify CSS predisposing to leukemia and brain tumors through a systematic literature search and summarize prevalence and risk. Since empirical evidence is lacking in published literature on patterns of CT use for most types of CSS, we estimate confounding bias of relative risks (RR) for categories of radiation exposure based on expert opinion about patterns of CT scans among CSS patients. We estimate that radiation-related RRs for leukemia are not meaningfully confounded by Down syndrome, Noonan syndrome and other CSS. Moreover, tuberous sclerosis complex, von Hippel-Lindau disease, neurofibromatosis type 1 and other CSS do not meaningfully confound RRs for brain tumors. Empirical data on the use of CT scans among CSS patients is urgently needed. Our assessment indicates that associations with radiation exposure from pediatric CT scans and leukemia or brain tumors reported in previous studies are unlikely to be substantially confounded by unmeasured CSS.
    MeSH term(s) Brain Neoplasms/epidemiology ; Child ; Comorbidity ; Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic ; Diagnostic Imaging ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Leukemia/epidemiology ; Life Expectancy ; Male ; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/epidemiology ; Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Radiation Exposure ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/adverse effects
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-11-28
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 639411-5
    ISSN 1361-6498 ; 0952-4746
    ISSN (online) 1361-6498
    ISSN 0952-4746
    DOI 10.1088/0952-4746/36/4/953
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    Zs.A 1886: Show issues Location:
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  4. Article ; Online: Older mothers and increased impact of prenatal screening: stable livebirth prevalence of trisomy 21 in the Netherlands for the period 2000-2013.

    de Groot-van der Mooren, Maurike D / Tamminga, Saskia / Oepkes, Dick / Weijerman, Michel E / Cornel, Martina C

    European journal of human genetics : EJHG

    2018  Volume 26, Issue 2, Page(s) 157–165

    Abstract: In the Netherlands, there is no registry system regarding the livebirth prevalence of trisomy 21 (T21). In 2007, a national screening programme was introduced for all pregnant women, which may have changed the livebirth prevalence of T21. The aim of this ...

    Abstract In the Netherlands, there is no registry system regarding the livebirth prevalence of trisomy 21 (T21). In 2007, a national screening programme was introduced for all pregnant women, which may have changed the livebirth prevalence of T21. The aim of this study is to analyse trends in factors that influence livebirth prevalence of T21 and to estimate the livebirth prevalence of T21 for the period of 2000-2013. National data sets were used on the following: (1) livebirths according to maternal age and (2) prenatal testing and termination of pregnancy (ToP) following diagnosis of T21. These data are combined in a model that uses maternal age-specific risk on T21 and correction factors for natural foetal loss to assess livebirth prevalence of T21. The proportion of mothers aged ≥ 36 years has increased from 12.2% in 2000 to 16.6% in 2009, to gradually decrease afterwards to 15.2% in 2013. The number of invasive tests performed adjusted for total livebirths decreased (5.9% in 2000 vs. 3.2% in 2013) with 0.18% a year (95% CI: -0.21 to -0.15; p   < 0.001). Following invasive testing, a higher proportion of foetuses was diagnosed with T21 (1.6% in 2000 vs. 4.8% in 2013) with a significant increase of 0.22% a year (95% CI: 0.18-0.26; p < 0.001). The proportion of ToP subsequent to T21 diagnosis was on average 85.7%, with no clear time trend. This resulted in a stable T21 livebirth prevalence of 13.6 per 10,000 livebirths (regression coefficient -0.025 (95% CI: -0.126 to 0.77; p = 0.60).
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Age Factors ; Down Syndrome/diagnosis ; Down Syndrome/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Live Birth/epidemiology ; Netherlands ; Prenatal Diagnosis/statistics & numerical data
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-01-12
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1141470-4
    ISSN 1476-5438 ; 1018-4813
    ISSN (online) 1476-5438
    ISSN 1018-4813
    DOI 10.1038/s41431-017-0075-1
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    Zs.A 3589: Show issues Location:
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  5. Article ; Online: Nieuwe inzichten voor de begeleiding van kinderen met het syndroom van Down.

    Weijerman, Michel E / Broers, Chantal J M / van der Plas, Roos N

    Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde

    2013  Volume 157, Issue 6, Page(s) A5330

    Abstract: The prevalence of Down syndrome (DS) in the Netherlands is 14/10,000 live births; this is almost 1.5 times higher than during the 1980s and 90 s. In the Netherlands the uptake of prenatal screening is lower than in the rest of Europe and the percentage ... ...

    Title translation New insights into the support of children with Down syndrome.
    Abstract The prevalence of Down syndrome (DS) in the Netherlands is 14/10,000 live births; this is almost 1.5 times higher than during the 1980s and 90 s. In the Netherlands the uptake of prenatal screening is lower than in the rest of Europe and the percentage of pregnant women > 36 years has increased. The early diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart abnormalities means that mortality among DS children has fallen. Although their life expectancy has increased greatly, other comorbidities have come to the fore. Wheezing is reported in 1/3 of the children with DS; it seems unrelated to asthma and atopy. The percentage of mothers who start breastfeeding a child with Down syndrome is low (48%), despite the preventive effect on celiac disease and infections and its therapeutic value for speech and language development. Children with DS score lower on quality of life for the domains of lung and stomach problems, motor function and communication. Medical support and screening addressing specific comorbidities (heart, thyroid, lungs, hearing, vision) and special support for cognitive, motor and speech development in children with Down syndrome is worthwhile.
    MeSH term(s) Breast Feeding/statistics & numerical data ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Down Syndrome/diagnosis ; Down Syndrome/epidemiology ; Down Syndrome/prevention & control ; Down Syndrome/therapy ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Mortality ; Infant, Newborn ; Netherlands/epidemiology ; Prenatal Diagnosis ; Prevalence ; Quality of Life
    Language Dutch
    Publishing date 2013
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type English Abstract ; Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 82073-8
    ISSN 1876-8784 ; 0028-2162
    ISSN (online) 1876-8784
    ISSN 0028-2162
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  6. Article ; Online: Confounding of the Association between Radiation Exposure from CT Scans and Risk of Leukemia and Brain Tumors by Cancer Susceptibility Syndromes.

    Meulepas, Johanna M / Ronckers, Cécile M / Merks, Johannes / Weijerman, Michel E / Lubin, Jay H / Hauptmann, Michael

    publication RETRACTED

    Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology

    2015  Volume 25, Issue 1, Page(s) 114–126

    Abstract: Background: Recent studies linking radiation exposure from pediatric computed tomography (CT) to increased risks of leukemia and brain tumors lacked data to control for cancer susceptibility syndromes (CSS). These syndromes might be confounders because ... ...

    Abstract Background: Recent studies linking radiation exposure from pediatric computed tomography (CT) to increased risks of leukemia and brain tumors lacked data to control for cancer susceptibility syndromes (CSS). These syndromes might be confounders because they are associated with an increased cancer risk and may increase the likelihood of CT scans performed in children.
    Methods: We identify CSS predisposing to leukemia and brain tumors through a systematic literature search and summarize prevalence and risk estimates. Because there is virtually no empirical evidence in published literature on patterns of CT use for most types of CSS, we estimate confounding bias of relative risks (RR) for categories of radiation exposure based on expert opinion about the current and previous patterns of CT scans among CSS patients.
    Results: We estimate that radiation-related RRs for leukemia are not meaningfully confounded by Down syndrome, Noonan syndrome, or other CSS. In contrast, RRs for brain tumors may be overestimated due to confounding by tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) while von Hippel-Lindau disease, neurofibromatosis type 1, or other CSS do not meaningfully confound. Empirical data on the use of CT scans among CSS patients are urgently needed.
    Conclusions: Our assessment indicates that associations with leukemia reported in previous studies are unlikely to be substantially confounded by unmeasured CSS, whereas brain tumor risks might have been overestimated due to confounding by TSC.
    Impact: Future studies should identify TSC patients in order to avoid overestimation of brain tumor risks due to radiation exposure from CT scans.
    MeSH term(s) Brain Neoplasms/epidemiology ; Brain Neoplasms/etiology ; Brain Neoplasms/pathology ; Child ; Disease Susceptibility ; Humans ; Leukemia/epidemiology ; Leukemia/etiology ; Leukemia/pathology ; Meta-Analysis as Topic ; Neoplasm Staging ; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/epidemiology ; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/pathology ; Prevalence ; Prognosis ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors ; Syndrome ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/adverse effects ; United States/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-11-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Retracted Publication
    ZDB-ID 1153420-5
    ISSN 1538-7755 ; 1055-9965
    ISSN (online) 1538-7755
    ISSN 1055-9965
    DOI 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-15-0636
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  7. Article ; Online: Clinical practice. The care of children with Down syndrome.

    Weijerman, Michel E / de Winter, J Peter

    European journal of pediatrics

    2010  Volume 169, Issue 12, Page(s) 1445–1452

    Abstract: Down syndrome (DS) is one of the most common chromosomal abnormalities. Because of medical advances and improvements in overall medical care, the median survival of individuals with DS has increased considerably. This longer life expectancy requires ... ...

    Abstract Down syndrome (DS) is one of the most common chromosomal abnormalities. Because of medical advances and improvements in overall medical care, the median survival of individuals with DS has increased considerably. This longer life expectancy requires giving the necessary care to the individual with DS over their total longer lifespan. DS medical guidelines are designed for the optimal care of the child in whom a diagnosis of DS has been confirmed. We present an overview of the most important issues related to children with DS based on the most relevant literature currently available.
    MeSH term(s) Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases/genetics ; Cardiovascular Diseases/therapy ; Caregivers ; Child ; Comorbidity ; Delivery of Health Care/standards ; Down Syndrome/complications ; Down Syndrome/diagnosis ; Down Syndrome/epidemiology ; Down Syndrome/mortality ; Down Syndrome/therapy ; Gastrointestinal Diseases/epidemiology ; Gastrointestinal Diseases/genetics ; Gastrointestinal Diseases/therapy ; Humans ; Life Expectancy ; Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases/epidemiology ; Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases/genetics ; Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases/therapy ; Parents ; Practice Guidelines as Topic/standards ; Prevalence ; Respiratory Tract Diseases/epidemiology ; Respiratory Tract Diseases/genetics ; Respiratory Tract Diseases/therapy ; Risk Factors ; Vision Disorders/epidemiology ; Vision Disorders/genetics ; Vision Disorders/therapy
    Language English
    Publishing date 2010-07-15
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 194196-3
    ISSN 1432-1076 ; 0340-6199 ; 0943-9676
    ISSN (online) 1432-1076
    ISSN 0340-6199 ; 0943-9676
    DOI 10.1007/s00431-010-1253-0
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  8. Article ; Online: Does non-invasive prenatal testing affect the livebirth prevalence of Down syndrome in the Netherlands? A population-based register study.

    de Groot-van der Mooren, Maurike / de Graaf, Gert / Weijerman, Michel E / Hoffer, Mariette J V / Knijnenburg, Jeroen / van der Kevie-Kersemaekers, Anne-Marie M F / Kooper, Angelique J A / Voorhoeve, Els / Sikkema-Raddatz, Birgit / van Zutven, Laura J C M / Srebniak, Malgorzata Ilona / Huijsdens-van Amsterdam, Karin / Engelen, John J M / Smeets, Dominique / van Kaam, Anton H / Cornel, Martina C

    Prenatal diagnosis

    2021  Volume 41, Issue 10, Page(s) 1351–1359

    Abstract: Objective: To evaluate if non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) affects livebirth (LB) prevalence of Down syndrome (DS) in the Netherlands.: Method: Data from clinical genetics laboratories and the Working Party on Prenatal Diagnosis and Therapy (2014- ...

    Abstract Objective: To evaluate if non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) affects livebirth (LB) prevalence of Down syndrome (DS) in the Netherlands.
    Method: Data from clinical genetics laboratories and the Working Party on Prenatal Diagnosis and Therapy (2014-2018) and previous published data (1991-2013) were used to assess trends for DS LB prevalence and reduction percentage (the net decrease in DS LBs resulting from selective termination of pregnancies). Statistics Netherlands provided general population data.
    Results: DS LB prevalence increased from 11.6/10,000 in 1991 to 15.9/10,000 in 2002 (regression coefficient 0.246 [95% CI: 0.105-0.388; p = 0.003]). After 2002, LB prevalence decreased to 11.3/10,000 in 2014 and further to 9.9/10,000 in 2018 (regression coefficient 0.234 (95% CI: -0.338 to -0.131; p < 0.001). The reduction percentage increased from 26% in 1991 to 55.2% in 2018 (regression coefficient 0.012 (95% CI: 0.010-0.013; p < 0.001)). There were no trend changes after introducing NIPT as second-tier (2014) and first-tier test (2017).
    Conclusions: Introducing NIPT did not change the decreasing trend in DS LB prevalence and increasing trend in reduction percentage. These trends may be caused by a broader development of more prenatal testing that had already started before introducing NIPT.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Down Syndrome/diagnostic imaging ; Down Syndrome/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Live Birth/epidemiology ; Live Birth/genetics ; Netherlands/epidemiology ; Noninvasive Prenatal Testing/methods ; Noninvasive Prenatal Testing/standards ; Noninvasive Prenatal Testing/statistics & numerical data ; Pregnancy ; Prevalence ; Registries/statistics & numerical data
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-07-01
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 82031-3
    ISSN 1097-0223 ; 0197-3851
    ISSN (online) 1097-0223
    ISSN 0197-3851
    DOI 10.1002/pd.6003
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    Zs.A 1625: Show issues Location:
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  9. Article ; Online: Incidence and risk factors of post-operative arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death after atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) correction: Up to 47years of follow-up.

    Kharbanda, Rohit K / Blom, Nico A / Hazekamp, Mark G / Yildiz, Pinar / Mulder, Barbara J M / Wolterbeek, Ron / Weijerman, Michel E / Schalij, Martin J / Jongbloed, Monique R M / Roest, Arno A W

    International journal of cardiology

    2018  Volume 252, Page(s) 88–93

    Abstract: Background: Atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) has an incidence of 4-5.3 per 10.000 live births and is associated with Down syndrome (DS). Data on arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD) after AVSD correction is scarce.: Aim: To analyse the ... ...

    Abstract Background: Atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) has an incidence of 4-5.3 per 10.000 live births and is associated with Down syndrome (DS). Data on arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD) after AVSD correction is scarce.
    Aim: To analyse the incidence of post-operative arrhythmias and SCD after AVSD correction and explore risk factors.
    Methods: This is a retrospective multicenter study including patients after biventricular AVSD correction. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to explore risk factors.
    Results: A total of 415 patients were included with a mean follow-up duration of 9years (range; <30days-47years). Early post-operative SVTs were documented in 33 patients (8%) and late post-operative SVTs in 15 patients (3.6%). Non-syndromic AVSD (p=0.022, HR=2.64; 95% CI=1.15-6.04) and cAVSD (p=0.005, HR=3.7; 95% CI=1.39-7.51) were independent risk factors for early post-operative SVTs and significant more late post-operative SVTs occurred in non-syndromic patients (p=0.016, HR=6.38; 95% CI=1.42-28.71) and in pAVSD (p=0.045, HR=3.703; 95% CI=1.03-13.32). Fifteen patients (3.6%) received a pacemaker. Non-syndromic AVSD (p=0.008, HR=15.82; 95% CI=2.04-122.47), pAVSD (p=0.017, HR=6.26; 95% CI=1.39-28.28) and re-operation (p=0.007, HR=4.911; 95% CI=1.54-15.64) were independent risk factors for postoperative pacemaker implantation. Late life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and SCD occurred in 0.5% and 1.7% respectively.
    Conclusion: There is good long-term survival after AVSD correction and incidence of SCD is low. Non-syndromic AVSD and cAVSD are independent risk factors for early post-operative SVTs. Non-syndromic AVSD patients have significant more early 3rd degree AVB and late post-operative SVTs. Non-syndromic patients with partial AVSD who have undergone reoperation have a significant higher risk of pacemaker implantation.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac/diagnosis ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac/epidemiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Databases, Factual/trends ; Death, Sudden, Cardiac/epidemiology ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heart Septal Defects/diagnosis ; Heart Septal Defects/epidemiology ; Heart Septal Defects/surgery ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Complications/diagnosis ; Postoperative Complications/epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Time Factors ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-02-01
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Multicenter Study
    ZDB-ID 779519-1
    ISSN 1874-1754 ; 0167-5273
    ISSN (online) 1874-1754
    ISSN 0167-5273
    DOI 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.09.209
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  10. Article ; Online: Increased production of interleukin-10 in children with Down syndrome upon ex vivo stimulation with Streptococcus pneumoniae.

    Broers, Chantal J M / Gemke, Reinoud J B J / Morré, Servaas A / Weijerman, Michel E / van Furth, Anne Marceline

    Pediatric research

    2014  Volume 75, Issue 1-1, Page(s) 109–113

    Abstract: Background: Children with Down syndrome (DS) have an increased susceptibility to infections, due to altered humoral and/or cellular immunity. The aim of the study was to determine the cytokine production in whole blood of children with DS upon ... ...

    Abstract Background: Children with Down syndrome (DS) have an increased susceptibility to infections, due to altered humoral and/or cellular immunity. The aim of the study was to determine the cytokine production in whole blood of children with DS upon stimulation with heat-killed Streptococcus pneumoniae and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in comparison with their healthy siblings.
    Methods: Whole blood of 61 children with DS and 57 of their healthy siblings was stimulated with 200 ng/ml LPS and 4 × 10(7) colony-forming units/ml S. pneumoniae during 6, 24, and 48 h. Concentrations of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p70, and IL-10 were determined at all time points.
    Results: Children with DS show an increased IL-10 production upon stimulation with S. pneumoniae compared to their healthy siblings. At most time points, no significant differences were seen in cytokine production upon stimulation with LPS.
    Conclusion: Children with DS may be prone to a severe course of pneumococcal pneumonia, because of an increased anti-inflammatory response.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Down Syndrome/metabolism ; Humans ; Inflammation Mediators/metabolism ; Interleukin-10/biosynthesis ; Streptococcus pneumoniae/physiology
    Chemical Substances Inflammation Mediators ; Interleukin-10 (130068-27-8)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 4411-8
    ISSN 1530-0447 ; 0031-3998
    ISSN (online) 1530-0447
    ISSN 0031-3998
    DOI 10.1038/pr.2013.173
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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